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Main Points

1) Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics -- Subclasses and -- Infraclass (Marsupialia), Orders Monotremata through Dasuyuromorphia

2) Modern distributions of prototherians and metatherians -- adaptive radiations -- example: Wallace’s line and continental vs. oceanic islands

3) Reproductive strategies in dasyuromorphs -- example: the evolution of semelparity

Prereading: Mon Sep 16 = Wong Weds 18 Sep = Sykes et al 2014

Terms: diagnostic, oviparous, , altricial, marsupium, adaptive radiation, continental island, oceanic island, hallux, monotypic, derived, iteroparity, semelparity 1 Evolutionary Distinctiveness of Mammalia

evolutionary distinctiveness high

low

Holt et al. 2013. 2 Evolutionary Distinctiveness of Class Mammalia

evolutionary distinctiveness high

low

Holt et al. 2013. 3 Six Zoogeographic Regions

4 Subclass Prototheria

Gomez et al. 5 2016. Subclass Prototheria Subclass Prototheria

Prototheria

Gomez et al. 6 2016. Subclass Prototheria, Monotremata

Taxonomy: 5

Distribution: Australasian, in coastal, southeastern and ( only)

western long-beaked short-beaked echidna duck-billed

7 Subclass Prototheria, Order Monotremata

Taxonomy: 5 species

Distribution: Australasian, in coastal, southeastern Australia and New Guinea (echidnas only)

Diagnostic characters: 1) oviparous

2) mammary glands lacking

3) no pinnae

4) no teeth

5) cloaca 8 Subclass Prototheria, Order Monotremata

short-beaked echidna nose poking

9 Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria

Metatheria Theria

Gomez et al. 10 2016. Subclass Theria, Infraclass Metatheria

Taxonomy: 7 orders

Distribution: 4 orders Australasian, 3 orders Neotropical

11 Wallace’s Line and Oceanic vs Continental Islands

12 Discussion Q: what types of islands would you expect to have more similar to the mainland? What types of mammals would you most expect to see on islands?

13 Late , ~150 MYA

14 Subclass Theria, Infraclass Metatheria sugar glider flying squirrel white-tailed deer red kangaroo

black-tailed jackrabbit rabbit-eared fishing cat tiger

15 Subclass Theria, Infraclass Metatheria

Taxonomy: 7 orders

Distribution: 4 orders Australasian, 3 orders Neotropical

Diagnostic characters: 1) dental formula = 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4 = 50 teeth

2) brain and braincase are relatively small

3) young are born altricial, and are carried in marsupium

4) cloaca

5) scrotum anterior to

16 Order Didelphimorphia:

Taxonomy: 63 species

Distribution: Neotropical, 1 species Nearctic

Characteristics: -- most generalized metatherians -- clawless hallux (big toe) -- prehensile tail Virginia

common opossum yapok

17 Order : opossums

Taxonomy: 6 species

Distribution: Neotropical (Andes mountains)

Characteristics: -- no marsupium -- convergent with

18 Order : monito del monte

Taxonomy: 1 species (monotypic order)

Distribution: Neotropical (Andes mountains)

Characteristics: -- genetically similar to Australian metatherians -- hibernates

19 Order :

Taxonomy: 61 (or 62?) species

Distribution: Australasian

Antechinus spp.

20 21 Order Dasyuromorphia: marsupial “carnivores”

Taxonomy: 61 (or 62?) species

Distribution: Australasian

Characteristics: -- well-developed canines -- derived dental formulae (42-46 teeth) -- marsupium usually absent spp. Tasmanian devil numbat

22 Order Dasyuromorphia: marsupial “carnivores”

Taxonomy: 61 (or 62?) species

Distribution: Australasian

Characteristics: -- well-developed canines -- derived dental formulae (42-46 teeth) -- marsupium usually absent -- some semelparity (not diagnostic) Antechinus spp. Tasmanian devil numbat

23 Evolution of Semelparity 1.0 vival 0.8 nual sur nual n 0.4 0.6 prob. a 0.2

0 2 4 6 8

annual fecundity (# of kids per litter)

24 Evolution of Semelparity 1.0 vival 0.8 typical nual sur nual metatherian n 0.4 0.6 prob. a 0.2

0 2 4 6 8

annual fecundity (# of kids per litter)

25 Evolution of Semelparity

1.0 Antechinus spp. vival 0.8 typical nual sur nual metatherian n 0.4 0.6 prob. a 0.2

0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8

annual fecundity (# of kids per litter)

26 constant year 1 year 1 year 2 year 2

# kids per prob survival mean # kids prob survival mean # kids litter 1 0.8 0.8 0.64 0.64

2 0.75 1.5 0.56 1.13

4 0.6 2.4 0.36 1.44

6 0.2 1.2 0.04 0.24

8 0 0 0 0 .8 1.0 vival typical metatherian 0.6 0 nual sur nual n 0.4 prob. a 0.2

27 0 2 4 6 8 constant year 1 year 1 year 2 year 2

# kids per prob mean # kids prob survival mean # kids litter survival 1 0.8 0.8 0.64 0.64

2 0.75 1.5 0.56 1.13

4 0.6 2.4 0.36 1.44

6 0.2 1.2 0.04 0.24

8 0 0 0 0 .8 1.0 vival typical metatherian 0.6 0 nual sur nual n 0.4 prob. a 0.2

28 0 2 4 6 8 constant year 1 year 1 year 2 year 2

# kids per prob mean # kids prob mean # kids litter survival survival 1 0.8 0.8 0.64 0.64

2 0.75 1.5 0.56 1.13

4 0.6 2.4 0.36 1.44

6 0.2 1.2 0.04 0.24

8 0 0 0 0 .8 1.0 vival typical metatherian 0.6 0 nual sur nual n 0.4 prob. a 0.2

29 0 2 4 6 8 Evolution of Semelparity

1.0 Antechinus spp. ival 0.8 typical

ual surv metatherian nn 0.4 0.6 ob. a pr 0.2

0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8

annual fecundity

30 12

10 typical cundity metatherian 8

6

lifetime fe Antechinus spp. 4

2 estimated 0 0 2 4 6 8 annual fecundity 31