Exploring Harry Potter and Peter Pan and the Ties Between Them
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University of Iceland School of Humanities English Department Exploring Harry Potter and Peter Pan and the Ties Between Them A Study of Mothers and Motherless Heroes in J. K. Rowling‘s Harry Potter series and J. M. Barrie‘s Peter and Wendy B.A. Essay Lára Dawn Michelsen Kt.: 020996-2349 Supervisor: Anna Heiða Pálsdóttir May 2020 Abstract Among Carl Jung’s twelve archetypes adapted to literary analysis is the Orphan, who for centuries has remained an endearing and relatable character in literature. The archetype’s popularity has grown over time, particularly in children’s and young adult fantasy fiction, with some of the genre’s most famous and beloved stories having orphaned protagonists. An archetype that is arguably not as famous or celebrated in children’s literature is that of the Mother. Despite being a crucial figure in many orphan tales who carry strong themes regarding mothers, the archetype’s influence remains relatively underrated. In this thesis, the role of the Mother in J. K. Rowling’s fantasy book series Harry Potter (1997-2007) and J. M. Barrie’s Peter and Wendy (1911) is examined. It also explores the ties between the protagonists of these novels in the context of the two being motherless heroes to establish the archetype’s influence in their stories. In order to properly examine the impact the role of the Mother has on these novels, the essay first explores the archetype’s history and its importance in the genre of children’s literature. Secondly, it analyses the recurring topics and themes amongst motherless heroes, that is to say, orphaned protagonists whose stories have strong themes regarding mothers. This is to establish the characteristics in tales where the protagonist is an orphan, and the archetype of the Mother is prevalent. Thirdly, the essay analyses and compares the Harry Potter series to Peter and Wendy to establish similarities between the two in the relevant context. By exploring these two novels and mothers in children’s literature, it is evident that the Mother archetype is influential in shaping the orphaned protagonist and their tale. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Mothers in Children’s Fantasy Literature ...................................................................... 4 2.1. History of Mothers in Children‘s Fantasy .............................................................. 6 2.2. Features of Motherless heroes in Fantasy Novels .................................................. 9 3. Main Themes in Select Fantasy Novels with Motherless Heroes ............................... 12 3.1. Self-Worth, Rebellion, Selflessness, and Sacrificial Tendencies in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series ..................................................................................... 12 3.2. Insecurity, Loneliness, Facades and Selfishness in J.M. Barrie‘s Peter and Wendy ..................................................................................................................................... 14 4. The Motherly Ties Between Peter Pan and Harry Potter ............................................ 17 4.1. Absent Mothers and Orphanhood ......................................................................... 17 4.2. Motherly Figures .................................................................................................. 19 4.3. Villains and Immortality ....................................................................................... 22 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 25 Works Cited ..................................................................................................................... 27 Michelsen 1 1. Introduction Claudia Mills points out that “[a]s long as there have been novels about children, there have been novels about orphans” (227). The Orphan archetype has been a beloved figure in storytelling for hundreds of years, and their plight has fascinated generations of readers. In these tales, it is through their orphanhood that, unlike children with parents, they can brave any adventure the author has in store for them. The Orphan’s opportunities are seemingly endless, and their stories often speak out on social situations, teach moral lessons, and even inspire. Readers cry and rejoice as they follow the protagonist on their journey from lonely Orphan to brave hero. However, it is important to note that many of these Orphans do not overcome the struggles in their story alone. They receive help from not only their friends but often also adults who serve as parental figures. Many orphan tales feature motherly figures, and their stories even have prominent themes regarding mothers. According to Lisa Rowe Fraustino and Karen Coats, “whether living or dead, present or absent, sadly dysfunctional or happily good enough, the figure of the Mother carried an enormous amount of freight across the emotional and intellectual life of a child” (2-3). Therefore, it can be said that the archetype of the Mother yields incredible influence over child-aged protagonists, particularly orphaned main characters, as they are frequently much more vulnerable than children with parents. Despite many orphan tales featuring strong “Mother” themes, their importance in those tales has often been understated. The influence of the Mother, her absence, her death, and the motherly figures that come in her stead in the lives of these motherless heroes have a powerful impact on the protagonist and the plot. This is evident in many of the most well-known and adored orphan stories in the fantasy genre of children’s literature, such as the novels about Harry Potter and Peter Pan. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is three-fold: to examine the archetype and theme of mothers in children’s literature, explore recurring traits and topics in the stories of the two famous motherless heroes, Harry Potter and Peter Pan, and establish the ties between them in the context of the two being motherless heroes. It is demonstrated that despite the many differences in each story, both protagonists are deeply affected by their mother‘s absence, and her absence also enables the challenges in their life to occur. In order to demonstrate, this thesis relies on two of Carl Jung‘s archetypes: Mother and Orphan, as well as Marjorie McCormick‘s and Melanie Michelsen 2 Kimball‘s interpretation of the two concepts. Interestingly, apart from sharing elements of strong themes of the Mother and Orphan archetypes, both series have another distinctive feature in common: the main character is a male who unconsciously searches for a motherly figure in the women around him. The books featured in this thesis are the Harry Potter series (1997-2007) by J. K. Rowling and Peter and Wendy (1911) by J. M. Barrie. The focus of this thesis is on the seven books of the Harry Potter series, namely: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007) References will be made to all seven books, and they will be referred to as follows: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997) will be Philosopher’s Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998) will be Chamber of Secrets, etc. According to Anita C. Tarr and Donna R. White, the character of Peter Pan initially appeared in several chapters entitled Peter Pan in Kensington Garden in Barrie’s adult novel The Little White Bird, which was published in 1902 (vii). As the Orphan and his story grew in popularity, the more Barrie wrote about him. In 1904, two years after the publication of The Little White Bird, Peter’s story was adapted into a play entitled Peter Pan (ix). The play was then novelised in 1911 with the publication of Peter and Wendy with the novel differing considerably in comparison with the play, containing much more in-depth information regarding the characters and author commentary. The focus of this thesis is on the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy. Harry Potter and Peter Pan have many similarities, aside from living quite magical lives, with the Mother archetype having a powerful impact on them both. By examining the Mother’s significance in children’s fantasy fiction, establishing the Michelsen 3 characteristics of the motherless hero, and exploring the similarities between Harry and Peter –the importance of the archetype’s role in these novels can be seen. Michelsen 4 2. Mothers in Children’s Fantasy Literature According to Carl Jung, “children are educated by what the grownup is and not by what he says” (293). What he means by this is that children are primarily shaped by the behaviours of the adults around them, rather than the formal education which they are provided. For most children, these adults are their parents who crucially serve as authority figures and advisers and provide them the guidance they are in dire need of. Traditionally, the Mother spends the most time with the child while the father works outside the home to provide the family with an income. As fiction is frequently shaped by reality, the Mother often plays a crucial yet underrated role in children’s literature. Through the centuries, the role of the Mother in many children’s fantasy tales has resulted in