Macadamia Nut Production in Hawaii (Report)
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Bush Foods and Fibres
Australian Plants Society NORTH SHORE GROUP Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden Bush foods and fibres • Plant-based bush foods, medicines and poisons can come from nectar, flowers, fruit, leaves, bark, stems, sap and roots. • Plants provide fibres and materials for making many items including clothes, cords, musical instruments, shelters, tools, toys and weapons. • A fruit is the seed-bearing structure of a plant. • Do not eat fruits that you do not know to be safe to eat. Allergic reactions or other adverse reactions could occur. • We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of this land and pay our respects to the Elders both past, present and future for they hold the memories, traditions, culture and hope of their people. Plants as food: many native plants must be processed before they are safe to eat. Flowers, nectar, pollen, Sugars, vitamins, honey, lerps (psyllid tents) minerals, starches, manna (e.g. Ribbon Gum proteins & other nutrients Eucalyptus viminalis exudate), gum (e.g. Acacia lerp manna decurrens) Fruit & seeds Staple foods Carbohydrates (sugars, starches, fibre), proteins, fats, vitamins Leaves, stalks, roots, apical Staple foods Carbohydrates, protein, buds minerals Plants such as daisies, lilies, orchids and vines Tubers, rhyzomes were a source of starchy tubers known as Carbohydrate, fibre, yams. The yam daisy Microseris lanceolata protein, vitamins, (Asteraceae) was widespread in inland NSW minerals and other states. The native yam Dioscorea transversa grows north from Stanwell Tops into Qld and Northern Territory and can be eaten raw or roasted as can those of Trachymene incisa. 1 Plant Description of food Other notes Acacia Wattle seed is a rich source of iron, Saponins and tannins and other essential elements. -
Macadamia Variety Identifier
Macadamia information kit Reprint – information current in 1998 Macadamia Variety Identifier REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ! Contributing authors For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au David Bell Eric Gallagher This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 1998. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research: Lindsay Bryen Ian McConachie • Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au • Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or Daryl Firth Paul O’Hare industry body to assist with identifying more current figures. Kim Jones Russ Stephenson • Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or contact the industry body. • Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require. • Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact Coordinating author the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and contact details for these agencies. • Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. -
Fossil Fruit of the Macadamieae (Proteaceae) in the Tertiary of Eastern Australia: Eureka Gen
Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature 55(1) © The State of Queensland (Queensland Museum) 2010 PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia Phone 06 7 3840 7555 Fax 06 7 3846 1226 Email [email protected] Website www.qm.qld.gov.au National Library of Australia card number ISSN 0079-8835 NOTE Papers published in this volume and in all previous volumes of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum may be reproduced for scientific research, individual study or other educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any papers should be addressed to the Editor in Chief. Copies of the journal can be purchased from the Queensland Museum Shop. A Guide to Authors is displayed at the Queensland Museum web site http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/About+Us/Publications/Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum A Queensland Government Project Typeset at the Queensland Museum Fossil fruit of the Macadamieae (Proteaceae) in the Tertiary of eastern Australia: Eureka gen. nov. Mary E. DETTMANN H. Trevor CLIFFORD Queensland Museum, Geosciences, Hendra Facility, 122 Gerler Rd, Hendra, Qld 4011, Australia. Email: [email protected] Citation: Dettmann, M.E. & Clifford, H.T. 2010 03 15. Fossil fruit of the Macadamieae (Proteaceae) in the Tertiary of eastern Australia: Eureka gen. nov.. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum — Nature 55(1): 147-166. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Accepted: 13 October 2009. ABSTRACT Eureka gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate fossil fruits recovered from several mid- Tertiary (early Oligocene-Miocene) sites in eastern Australia. The type (E. -
PROTEACEAE 山龙眼科 Shan Long Yan Ke Qiu Huaxing (邱华兴 Chiu Hua-Hsing, Kiu Hua-Xing)1; Peter H
Flora of China 5: 192-199. 2003. PROTEACEAE 山龙眼科 shan long yan ke Qiu Huaxing (邱华兴 Chiu Hua-hsing, Kiu Hua-xing)1; Peter H. Weston2 Trees or shrubs. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple or variously divided. Inflorescences axillary, ramiflorous, cauliflorous, or terminal, simple or rarely compound, with flowers borne laterally either in pairs or sometimes singly, racemose, sometimes spicate, paniculate, or condensed into a head; bracts subtending flower pairs usually small, sometimes accrescent and woody; floral bracts usually minute or absent. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual and dioecious, actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Perianth segments (3 or)4(or 5), valvate, usually tubular in bud; limb short, variously split at anthesis. Stamens 4, opposite perianth segments; filaments usually adnate to perianth and not distinct; anthers basifixed, usually 2-loculed, longitudinally dehiscent, connective often prolonged. Hypogynous glands 4 (or 1–3 or absent), free or variously connate. Ovary superior, 1-loculed, sessile or stipitate; ovules 1 or 2(or more), pendulous, laterally or basally, rarely subapically attached. Style terminal, simple, often apically clavate; stigma terminal or lateral, mostly small. Fruit a follicle, achene, or drupe or drupaceous. Seeds 1 or 2(or few to many), sometimes winged; endosperm absent (or vestigial); embryo usually straight; cotyledons thin or thick and fleshy; radicle short, inferior. About 80 genera and ca. 1700 species: mostly in tropics and subtropics, especially in S Africa and Australia: three genera (one introduced) and 25 species (12 endemic, two introduced) in China. The family is subdivided into Bellendenoideae, Caranarvonioideae, Eidotheoideae, Grevilleoideae, Persoonioideae, Proteoideae, and Sphalmi- oideae; all Chinese genera belong to Grevilleoideae. -
Macadamia Tetraphylla Proteaceae Johnson
Macadamia tetraphylla Johnson Proteaceae LOCAL NAMES English (rough-shelled bush nut,Queensland nut,macadamia nut) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Macadamia tetraphylla is a small to medium sized, densely branched tree, up to 18 m with a diameter of 45 cm (dbh). The outer bark greyish-brown, smooth or finely wrinkled, with numerous cream horizontal lenticels. Branchlets brown to greyish-brown, young shoots hairy. Leaves in whorls of 4, simple, the margins always pricky-toothed with 33- Macadamia nut. (French B.) 40 teeth on each side, oblong or oblong lanceolate, 7-25 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, abruptly rounded to a short sharp point at the tip, rigid in texture. Inflorescence axillary or on the branches, 10-25 cm long; flowers creamy pink to mauve, 10 mm long. Fruit 20-35 mm in diameter, greyish-green, turning brown. Seed 15-30 mm long, pointed at the apex and warty. The name tetraphyla is derived from tetra-four phylon-leaf, in allusion to Macadamia flower and foliage. (French B.) the grouping of leaves in whorls of four. BIOLOGY Flowers appear August - October and fruits ripen in January. Fruits (French B.) Agroforestry Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009) Page 1 of 5 Macadamia tetraphylla Johnson Proteaceae ECOLOGY M. tetraphylla is found on sub-coastal low hills and plateau, basaltic shelfs, rocky slopes, ravines, rocky off-shore islands and headlands and in warm, protected fertile valleys of coastal river systems. It is restricted to eastern Australia and extends from extreme north eastern New South Wales to overlap with M. integrifolia in southern Queensland. It occurs in warm sub-humid and humid zones. -
Tropical and Subtropical Nuts Macadamia
Tropical and Subtropical Macadamia Nuts Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia SEE ARTICLE ON Family Proteaceae Two species cultivated for their nuts: CHRONICA Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche HORTICULTURAE v. 45, n. 2 Macadamia tetraphylla L. Johnson Both species native to the east coast of Australia, from rain forest-like climates 1 Macadamia integrifolia Commonly known as the Queensland nut or A favorite food of the Australian aborigines Australian nut First described by German botanist Baron integrifolia, from the Latin integer = whole, Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich Von Mueller and folia = leaf He named the species in honor of his friend John Macadam (1827-1865), Australian doctor and chemist M. integrifolia is more tropical in its Nuts were brought to Hawaii and California in requirements than M. tetraphylla the late 1880's Industry is based on the former Some of the original trees brought to Hawaii are still alive Small production in southern California is based on the latter The islands soil and weather conditions provided ideal growing conditions The largest macadamia plantings are on the Big Island, followed by Maui, Oahu and Kauai Only the Hawaiians developed nut culture, whereas the Californians used it as an ornamental Not considered an important crop until the 1950s Hawaii’s harvest of macadamia nuts brings in over 40 million pounds a year 2 Botany Medium sized, tropical Leaves are linear- evergreen tree, with obovate, 4-6" long, spreading, full sparsely dentate with sharp teeth, and thick; canopies, reaching -
Pollination Requirements Macadamia
" , f~' Ie II ST T£. :1:" l,et"T OF AGf,'C j TUR o ' LULU 14, HA ¥AIi TEcHNICAL BULLETIN No. 22 JUNE 1954 POLLINATION REQUIREMENTS OF MACADAMIA UKIO URATA HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII POLLINATION REQUIREMENTS OF MACADAMIA UKIO URATA UNIVE RSITY OF HAWAII COLLEGE OF AGRICULTU RE HAWAII AGRICU LTURAL EXPERIMENT STAT ION H ON OL U LU , H AW AII J UNE 1954 T ECHN ICAL B UJ.U:T1 N No. 22 THE AUT HO R Mr. Ukio Urata received the degree of Ma ster of Science from the University of Hawaii in J une 1953. The subject matter of this technical bulletin is from the thesis of NIr. Ura ta, which was submitte d to the Grad uate School of the University of Hawaii in par tial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. AUTHOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author acknowledges with thanks the help of Dr. Harry F. Clements who suggested this research probl em and directed the major portion of the work , and of D r. Will iam B. Storey and Dr. Edward ]. Britten who gave their encouragement and suggestions. Grateful appreciat ion is also expressed to the directors of Castle and Cooke, Ltd. for the gra nt of a 2-year fellowship, to the horticulture and plant physio logy departments of the College of Agriculture at the University of Hawaii for the use of their faciliti es, and to the Hawaiian Ma cad amia Nut Company and the Oahu Sugar Company for the use of their orchards. CONTENTS Page I N T HODUCTI ON S R EVI EW OF L IT ERAT UR E 6 P LAN T MATER IAL S 6 F LORAL lYIORI' HOLOGY AN D B EII AVIOR , 6 Anthesis ._. -
BEES and the POLLINATION of MACADAMIA Dr Helen Wallace University of the Sunshine Coast
TECHNICAL PAPERS….Page 71 BEES AND THE POLLINATION OF MACADAMIA Dr Helen Wallace University of the Sunshine Coast BACKGROUND self pollen clumps from the stigmas, and make contact with About 5 years ago I completed my Ph.D. at the approximately 30-40 stigmas (Wallace, unpublished data). University of Queensland on “Bees and the pollination of Each time they touch is a chance for pollination, although we macadamia”. This work has never been published in the don’t know just how many pollen grains they deposit on AMS bulletin as I immediately took up a position each visit. We also know that flowers that are bagged in the working on pollination of citrus and have since been day and unbagged at night do not set any nuts (Heard 1993), working on pollination for other horticultural industries. suggesting that whatever is pollinating macadamias only Given recent concern about pollination in macadamia works in the daytime. here is a summary of my work. The same study found that the more bee visits a flower WHY DO MACADAMIAS NEED BEES? receives, the higher the initial nut set. I am not saying that Most growers are aware of a large body of work on the wind pollination does not occur, but that all the evidence importance of cross pollination for high yields in suggests that if bees are present, they are much, much more macadamia (Trueman and Turnbull 1994, Wallace et al. effective pollinators than wind. If you think wind is the only 1996, McConchie et al. 1997). Some growers may not be thing pollinating in your orchard, you should consider aware of the importance of bees for pollination in introducing honeybees or Trigona bees. -
Gevuina Avellana
Phenolic, oxylipin and fatty acid profiles of the Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana): Antioxidant activity and inhibition of pro-inflammatory and metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes Liudis Leidy Pino Ramos, Felipe Jiménez-Aspee, Cristina Theoduloz, Alberto Burgos-Edwards, Raúl Domínguez-Perles, Camille Oger, Thierry Durand, Ángel Gil-Izquierdo, Luis Bustamante, Claudia Mardones, et al. To cite this version: Liudis Leidy Pino Ramos, Felipe Jiménez-Aspee, Cristina Theoduloz, Alberto Burgos-Edwards, Raúl Domínguez-Perles, et al.. Phenolic, oxylipin and fatty acid profiles of the Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana): Antioxidant activity and inhibition of pro-inflammatory and metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes. Food Chemistry, Elsevier, 2019, 298, pp.125026. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125026. hal- 02617123 HAL Id: hal-02617123 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02617123 Submitted on 3 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Food Chemistry 298 (2019) 125026 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Chemistry journal homepage: -
Bee Friendly: a Planting Guide for European Honeybees and Australian Native Pollinators
Bee Friendly A planting guide for European honeybees and Australian native pollinators by Mark Leech From the backyard to the farm, the time to plant is now! Front and back cover photo: honeybee foraging on zinnia Photo: Kathy Keatley Garvey Bee Friendly A planting guide for European honeybees and Australian native pollinators by Mark Leech i Acacia acuminata © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation All rights reserved. ISBN 978 1 74254 369 7 ISSN 1440-6845 Bee Friendly: a planting guide for European honeybees and Australian native pollinators Publication no. 12/014 Project no. PRJ-005179 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation and the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. -
Appendices 3.5 Parkway Landscaping Guidelines
CHAPTER 3 - APPENDICES 3.5 PARKWAY LANDSCAPING GUIDELINES 3.1 CITY TREE INVENTORY 3.6 HOW TO HELP URBAN TREES SURVIVE A DROUGHT (WATERING) 3.2 TREE SPECIES, NURSERY STOCK SELECTION AND PLANTING 3.7 TREE RISK MANAGEMENT 3.3 TREE PRUNING 3.8 STREET TREE DESIGNATIONS LIST 3.4 PLANNING AND THE PROTECTION OF PUBLIC TREES DURING 3.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS 3.1 CITY TREE INVENTORY The City tree inventory includes, but is not limited to, all publicly owned trees on street right-of-way (ROW), parks, City facilities and open spaces such as medians, beaches and the City part of the bluff below Palisades Park. A Global Positioning System (GPS) tree inventory will be maintained with a continuously updated database using the City’s standardized addressing system for all streets, parks and open space areas. The inventory data shall be formatted into an ESRI ArcView/ArcGIS compatible shapefile for interaction with the City’s Information System. The tree inventory will be capable of showing the location of all existing tree sites and vacancies on the City’s existing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) base maps for streets, parcels, addresses, ROW and hardscapes, etc. The tree inventory will be maintained by regular updating during urban forest operations. The data shall be compatible with the latest version of ArcGIS. Minimum accuracy shall not be more than three feet (3’).The data will be in a format suitable for use in i-Tree. Tree information to be collected includes, but may not be limited to: • Species • Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) • Height • Crown spread • Tree Condition • Work history City of Santa Monica Urban Forest Master Plan 2020 3.2 TREE SPECIES, NURSERY STOCK SELECTION AND PLANTING SELECTING SPECIES Santa Monica’s street tree species are identified by street segment within the Urban Forest Master Plan. -
Gevuina Avellana Proteaceae Mol
Gevuina avellana Mol. Proteaceae LOCAL NAMES English (gevuina nut,Chilean wildnut,Chilean nut,Chilean hazel); Spanish (gevuín,avellano,avellana) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Gevuina avellana is a medium-sized evergreen tree, 10-12 m, rarely over 15 m high; canopy compact but much more open under shady conditions; branches stout, pubescent; young shoots covered in dense reddish hair. Leaves large, bipinnate, leaflets glossy, coriaceous dark green with Gevunia avellana fruit (Ian Barclay) serrated margins. Inflorescence racemose, flowers snow- to ivory-white, borne on the outside of the canopy in pairs; tepals 4, fused into a single structure with stamens curving back at anthesis to reveal the simple style and ovary. Fruit a globose, woody drupe derived from an indehiscent follicle; 1.2-2.3 cm diameter, coral-red when mature then brown or black. Seed 1, globular with smooth, tough shell. Gevuina is a monospecific genus restricted to the southern Sub Antarctic forests of South America. The specific epithet means hazel or nut-brown. BIOLOGY The tree is hermaphrodite but seems to require or benefit from out- crossing. Flowering starts from February-May in the late Chilean summer and early autumn, attracting a variety of insect pollinators including honeybees. Fruits ripen at the following year’s flowering time. Trees take up to 7 years before fruiting. Agroforestry Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009) Page 1 of 5 Gevuina avellana Mol. Proteaceae ECOLOGY G. avellana is an understorey tree common in the Valdivian forests of southern Chile. These diverse subantarctic forests show many Gondwana affinities. It grows from the snowline of the Pacific slopes of the Andes to the coast in areas that have Mediterranean (mild moist temperate maritime) climate with occasional radiation freezes in spring and autumn, as well as winter frosts.