Macadamia Variety Identifier

Macadamia information kit Reprint – information current in 1998 Macadamia Variety Identifier

REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ! Contributing authors For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au David Bell Eric Gallagher This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 1998. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research: Lindsay Bryen Ian McConachie • Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au • Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or Daryl Firth Paul O’Hare industry body to assist with identifying more current figures. Kim Jones Russ Stephenson • Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or contact the industry body. • Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require. • Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact Coordinating author the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and contact details for these agencies. • Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. Contact an Noel Vock agronomist, Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation for other suggested reading. Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending and existing growers. This publication was last revised in 1998. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland. This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in macadamia production. This information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice. While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in this publication. QAL9808

Queensland Horticulture Institute Department of Primary Industries, Queensland in conjunction with NSW Agriculture and Australian macadamia Society Ltd. 1 Macadamia Variety Identifier Introduction From the Agrilink Series A common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of the First published 1998 varieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristics ISSN 1328-0457 Agdex 246/33 Notes that may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management of nutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all be different for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing. Agrilink concept devised by Noel Vock and Brian Cull The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying the Agrilink products are proudly produced by the Agrilink Project Team: varieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varieties Information coordinators — Noel Vock, Jerry Lovatt, Irene Kernot including all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia and Publishing production — Loraine Chapman Hawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is: Editor — Glenis Ayling • either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin; Customer service — Lourelle Heintjes • in commercial use; • commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist. Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin are National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: not included.

Macadamia variety identifier ISBN 0 7242 6797 2 Layout 1. Macadamia nut - Varieties - Queensland. 2. Macadamia nut - Queensland - Identification. The identifier consists of three sections: I. Vock, N.T. (Noel Thomas), 1949 -. II. Bell, David, 1963 -. III. Queensland. Dept. Primary Industries. (Series: Agrilink: your growing guide to better farming). • The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit. 634.509943 • A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time. • Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented © The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries 1999 in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-hand Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, page. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locate reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written permission of the matching characteristics. Department of Primary Industries. Enquiries should be addressed to: Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old Agrilink Manager Note: Department of Primary Industries Tree, leaf and nut Maroochy Horticultural Research Station illustrations are derived PO Box 5269 SCMC from photos and have Leaf size is been selected as being Nambour 4560 Q Australia in scale most typical of the Ph: (07) 5444 9690 Fax: (07) 5444 9694 Int Code: + 61 7 throughout variety. Note that there the book. will be some variation E-mail: [email protected] Upper leaf from these illustrations. surface is Disclaimer shown in all This information product is distributed by the Department of Primary Industries as an information source only. cases. The information contained in the kit and other material incorporated by reference is provided solely on the Summary basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment of the content and seek professional of main advice. Readers must note that the information contained in this book has been developed for growers in characteristics Queensland and New South Wales, Australia and the Department of Primary Industries gives no warranty that the information is suitable for other areas.

262 3 Introduction Meaning of terms usedOwn Venture Contents Own Venture A common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of the Petiole – leaf stalk varieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristics Willowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang down Main identification characteristics Notes that may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management of Hilum – attachmentLeaf of nut to husk Tree Tree shape ...... Other characteristics 6 nutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all be Micropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters to Tree density & size ...... 7 different for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing. initiate germination Leaf length ...... 8 Raceme – flower stalk The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying the LeafFlowers width; tip shape ...... 9 Turkey’s neck – distinct break between main body of tree and the top varieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varieties slightly pointed tip Leaf spines; husk shape ...... 10 Sticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally long racemes (200 – 250 mm) including all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia and (as distinct from late fall green nuts) Distinctive shell features...... 11 Hawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is: short, late flowering Pre-germinationmany – germination on the tree before nuts fall • either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin; Precociousspines – starts bearing at an early age Key to major varieties • in commercial use; Undulating leaf margins – wavy leaf margins based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ...... 12 • commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist. Basal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shell Bunching habit Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin are Leaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node Individual varietysingles profiles and doubles not included. medium A4 ...... tendency to sticktights 14 Informationwidth on selecting varieties A16 ...... 16 Layout Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard. A38 ...... 18 Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the Agrilink A203 ...... 20 The identifier consists of three sections: Kernel Macadamia Information Kit. • medium to large • open canopy when young; small, A268 ...... 22 • The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit. • moderately upright more dense with age large, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape regular H2 ...... 24 • A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves undulating NG8 ...... 26 are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time. Precautionsmargin in using this guide Nut • Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented • Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of 246 ...... 28 the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland and in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-hand Husk 333 ...... 30 page. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locate northern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from these 344 ...... 32 illustrations for other districts and under different management systems. Key identifiers matching characteristics. long thin stalk 508 ...... 34 • Leaves used in the illustrations are mature leaves from the outside of the leaf large point 660 ...... 36 canopy exposed to full sun. offset to Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old medium• The to guide is not suitable for identifyingstalk trees less than about three years of age. 741 ...... long relatively narrow, spiny leaves 38 Note: long petiole medium neck Tree, leaf and nut • As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience. 781 ...... heavy flecking on shells 40 illustrations are derived dull, spotted 783 ...... 42 from photos and have dull light large nut Leaf size is been selected as being green colour 791 ...... 44 in scale most typical of the Shell very dense tree when mature throughout variety. Note that there 800 ...... 46 the book. will be some variation Acknowledgements 814 ...... late nut drop with a tendency to sticktights 48 Upper leaf from these illustrations. The authors wish to sincerely thank Loraineheavy Chapman for image scanning, artwork, page surface is flecking 816 ...... light green leaf colour 50 shown in all layouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text. 842 ...... 52 cases. The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical Development Summary Committee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the productionsmall of this micropyle book. 849 ...... 54 of main characteristics Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regional Daddow ...... 56 varietyLength trials: long conducted by DPI, NSW AgricultureSize: and the Australian Macadamia Society. Own Choice ...... 58 200 – 250 mm large Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher. Own Venture ...... 60 62 3 460 615 OwnTree Choiceshape TreeOwn density Choice & size

LeafSpreading TreeUpright Dense Other characteristics Open

Flowers rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm) extended out of season flowering few spines

Bunching habit tending to single nuts medium width prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination A4* 508* A16* 814* Kernel A4 NG8 A203 783 A38 816 A16 781 A38 791 A268 800 344 842 full, white slightly H2 783 A203 814 246 849 • large, round 791 • veryOwn dense Venture canopy rolling 246 800 A268 undulating333* margin Nut 333 816 Open when young; Round Upright with turkey’s neck 344 849 Key identifiersdense when older medium Husk 508 Own Choice length 660 large, round, very dense tree741 Daddow petiole short, thick 842 Own Venture very large pale to medium green leaves with few spines stalk point offset and slightly rolling, undulating margin to stalk very extended flowering and nut drop very dark moderate neck green Small pattern Medium Large prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germina- A16 A4 660 H2 741 Shell tion NG8 A38 783 246 781 slightly oval, slight dent from 791 slightly oval,A203 tan nuts 842with slight dent333 from 800 A4* golden brown hilum to micropyle 814 hilum to micropyleA268 849 344 816 A16* 508* shell with moderate 660 low dense Owntree skirtVenture 508 H2 781 flecking 741 small to medium Daddow Daddow micropyle NG8 814* Own Choice Length333*: short – medium Own ChoiceSize: large * Shape140 – 160 of thesemm varieties varies with environment, age and tree management. Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management.

658 597 LeafDaddow length Leaf width;Daddow tip shape

Short Leaf<150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Tree Long >200 mm Narrow <40 mm wide OtherMedium characteristics 40–50 mm Wide >50 mm wide

Flowers rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm)

moderate moderately intense, mid to late flowering spines, particularly at base Bunching habit many bunches with three to four A16nuts A268 A4Kernel H2 wide A38 round with moderate ridge 246 A203 783 333 NG8 791 781 • medium to large • very dense 344 800 814 undulating • moderately upright 508 816Key identifiers 842 margin; 660 Own Choice 849 some rolling at tip Nut 741 medium Ownto large, Venture upright to slightlyDaddow spread- Note:ing, Leaf very width dense varies treewith environment and tree age. Husk wide, undulating, moderately spiny leaves Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip dull, dark green; slightly with some rolling and mottling on older rough medium length medium stalk leaves petiole small point very prominent hilum and suture on nuts, in line with stalk very well which looked cracked old leaves dull and dark green; defined, raised young leaves light green neck short racemes with moderately intense mid A16 A4 660 A268 prone to mottling in older to late flowering H2 A38Shell 741 NG8 leaves extended late nut drop 344 A203 783 814large hilum 508 246 tea 791 842 H2 783mature leavesA16 dull and344 dark green; youngA4 coloured, very distinct suture 246 816 A203 660 A38 781 333 round, 800 849 leaves light green in colour Own Choice Daddowheavily 816 508 842 A268 800 NG8 striped very small micropyle 781 849 333 814 741 Own Venture Daddow Length: medium Size: Own Venture 791 Note:150 – Leaf 200 mmlength varies with environmentmedium and tree age. Own Choice

856 579 Leaf spines849 & husk shape Distinctive849 shell features Key to varieties based on leaf 842

No spinesLeaf One spine on tip Tree Basal spines Distinct sutureOther line characteristicsAdhering husk No One spine Basal only spines Few spines Other characteristics spines on top Short Medium Short Medium H2 A38 344 Narrow Wide 660 Flowers Flowers wide rounded tip 741 medium racemes (180 – 220 mm) long racemes (200 – 250 mm) aborted light, late flowering overembryo short cavity period adhered intense flowering over long period many A16 783 (H2 only) husk spinesFew spines Moderate spines Many spines A38 791 344 816 H2 Bunching habit 508 page 34 Bunching habit A16 791 NG8 842 A4 660 Daddow 791 H2 page 24 781 page 40 mainly two or three nuts, tending to small 783 page 42 mainly two or three nuts, with small clusters A203 814 246 849 A268 741 A38 page 18 344 page 32 660 page 36 wide508 816 333 bunches as tree gets older nuts tend to be concentrated towards the centre of club-781 800 Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes the tree shaped, tapering783 Daddow towardsOwn Choice Own Venture Kernel Kernel base • medium to large • moderately dense to • spreading dense canopy veins dull, cream, similar toA4 246 NG8 small to medium, round raised slightly flat A16 246 on upper Point offset to stalk Point in line with stalk Own Choice A16 page 16 leaf Nut good percentage of wholeA203 kernels 344 816 page 50 page 58 surface A268 660 A4 Husk Daddow 741 741 page 38 A16 Own Choice 783 Key identifiers very undulating medium, thick Key identifiers margin with stalk Own Venture 849 undulations medium to large, moderately upright tree wider near tip very small medium to large, spreading tree point offset slightly raised long, very wide leaves with many spines and to stalk neck Distinct long,groove wide, dark green leaves,Pointed wider at the hilum tip medium petiole small regular undulations on the margin smooth with many spines and very undulating mar- A203 page 20 A4 333 783 A16 very even, round, small, smooth nut in husk gins A38 508 800Shell A203 with very small point offset to a very short A268 660 814 344 light flowering over short period stalk and small neck H2 741 816 791 round but flattened Note: This is a simplified key slight to at hilum round nut with flattened area at hilum and intense, flowering over long period NG8 781 842 moderate Daddow slight to moderate flecking only — refer to the individual flecking variety profiles for full deatils lighter leaf colour than 849 246 849 late maturing nuts tend to pre-germinate Own Choice medium micropyle 781 814 A16 on each variety. veins raised on upper leaf surface Own Venture 800 842 Daddow Length: long Size: medium to large Own Venture 200 – 250 mm 791 page 44

1054 5511 12 53 Key to842 varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and842 leaf shape

No LeafOne spine Basal only spines Tree Few spines Few spines OtherMany spines characteristics Very spiny spines on top Short Medium Short Medium Long Medium Long Medium Long Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Flowers rounded tip long racemes (200 – 250 mm) intense flowering over long period many spines

Bunching habit H2 page 24 508 page 34 781 page 40 783 page 42 mainly two or three nuts, with small clusters A38 page 18 344 page 32 246 page 28 660 page 36 800 page 46 A4 page 14 nuts tend to Ownbe concentrated Venture towards the centre of 814 page 48 842 page 52 the tree page 60 A268 small, page 22 regular undulating Kernel margin • medium to large • open canopy when young; • moderately upright more dense with age small to medium, round

A16 page 16 very wide Own ChoiceNut 816 page 50 but more page 58 uniform Daddow width when Husk741 page 38 page 56 849 page 54 compared Key identifiers to 849 very even, very short round, smooth stalk NG8 page 26 medium to large, moderately upright tree very small point offset long, very wide leaves with many spines and small neck to stalk small regular undulations on the margin long petiole A203 page 20 very even, round, small, smooth nut in husk Shell lighter leaf colour when with very small point offset to a very short compared to 849 stalk and small neck Note: This is a simplified key 333 page 30 slghtly flat, distinct groove intense, flowering over long period only — refer to the individualoval, light variety profiles for full deatilsbrown shell lighter leaf colour than 849 with slight small to medium on each variety. flecking micropyle

Length: long Size: small 200 – 250 mm 791 page 44

1252 5313 816A4 816A4 A16 814

LeafLeaf TreeTree Other characteristics Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers Flowers longrounded pointed tip tip long racemes (200 – 250 mm) slightly pointed tip long racemes (200 – 250 mm) long racemes (250 – 300 mm) with spine light,short, late late, flowering intense flowering; prone to second short, light, late flowering veryvery few flowering in summer few spinyspines spines precocious Bunching habit Bunching habit Bunching habitmostly singles and doubles many small bunches

medium mainly singles width and tapering Kernel Kernel towards • medium, spreading to • leaf whorls fairly evenly wide base large, roundwhite, withfull, flathigh kernel recovery • small small, round •rounded medium to large • moderatelydivided dense between canopy 3 and • upright with willowing of branches •• moderate moderately to uprightopen canopy 4 leaves per node • moderate to dense canopy relatively good percentage of whole kernels narrowsmooth, slightly NutNut Nut undulating margin Key identifiers HuskHusk Key identifiers Husk short long, thin stalk moderately long flattened medium average length, spreading tree with open canopy petiole stalk margin long,point offset thick stalk medium to large, moderately upright tree Key identifiers moderately leaf whorls, some with three leaves; some moderate long petiole to stalk, with moderately dense canopy largeslightly point, rough with four leaves dull, distinctive medium point, in line green colour with stalk small, upright, open, precocious tree short to medium offsetsurface; to pale moderatelarge, raised neck pale lime green leaves with smooth margin or moderate neck stalklime green glossy pale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointed lengthlime green petiole neck only a few spines and long petiole long, wide, dull mid-green leaves with uneven colour leaves undulating margin light, late flowering with early nut drop ShellShell distinctive dent near micropyle, with micro- Shell small, round, even-sized nuts large,pyle on lime slight green point nut in husk, with raised raised hilum oval, out of round distinct suture many small bunches of nuts round with distinctive dent neck and thick stalk shape; thin, smooth, large, even sized, thin shelled, slightly oval oval, thin, little shiny golden brown pale nut with prominent suture mahogany shell dent near flecking golden brown nuts shell with moderate shell slightly with moderate micropyle flecking smallpointed to mediumat micropyle mainly single nuts on long racemes flecking micropyle very small small micropyle SizeSize: : Length: short Size: LengthLength:: mediummedium micropyle 150150 –– 200200 mmmm largemedium to very to large large 120 – 180 mm variable from small to large

1450 5115 16 49 816 A4 A16814 A16814

Leaf Tree Other characteristics LeafLeaf TreeTree Other characteristics

Flowers Flowers rounded tip slightlyslightly pointedpointed tiptip, long racemes (200 – 250 mm) long racemes (250 – 300 mm) withvariable spine short, late, intense flowering; prone to second short,condensed, light, latelate floweringflowering very few flowering in summer fewfew spines spinesspines precocious at stem end and Bunching habit tip Bunching habit manytends tosmall open bunches bunching medium mainly singles width and wide tapering Kernel Kernel towards wide base large, white, full, flat • small small,full, white round • medium to large • moderately dense canopy •• upright small, upright with willowing of• branches precocious — starts bearing • moderately upright •• moderate open canopy to dense canopyearly smooth, slightly Nut uneven, NutNut undulating slightly margin undulating Husk Key identifiers margin, HuskHusk shortprone to long, thin stalk Key identifiers medium average length, spreading tree with open canopy petiolerolling short, thick Key identifiers point offset thick stalk down- stalk small, moderate to dense upright tree with to stalk, leaf whorls, some with three leaves; some wards moderate long petiole dull, distinctive medium point,very in smallline willowing of branches slightly rough with four leaves point offset green colour with stalk moderate neck small, upright, open, precocious tree surface; pale large, raised medium to stalk no neck dull green, short and wide leaves with few lime green neck pale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointed length petiole long, wide, dull mid-green leaves with uneven lime green spines and short petiole colour leaves undulating margin Shell distinctive dent near micropyle, with micro- ShellShell thin shelled, oval mahogany nuts with a dent older leaves small, round, even-sized nuts raisedmedium hilum hilum pyle on slight point tend to yellow near a very small micropyle distinct suture many small bunches of nuts round with large, even sized, thin shelled, slightly oval oval,round thin, with transverse groove very late nut drop little slight (not from micropyle mahogany shell dent near flecking golden brown nuts flecking to hilum) small percentage of 4 leaf whorls with moderate micropyle small to medium mainly single nuts on long racemes flecking prone to sticktights micropyle medium verymicropyle small micropyle Length: medium Size: LengthLength:: shortlong SizeSize: : 150 – 200 mm medium to large 120200 –– 180>250 mm mm variablesmall from small to large

50 15 1648 4917 A38800 A38800

Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers oneslightly spine pointed on pointed tip apical long racemes (200 – 250 mm) tip very long racemes (more than 300 mm) with cream flowerslong flowering many large short, mid-season flowering spines

Bunching habit Bunching habitsingles to triples medium tends to very long, large bunches towards the bottom width centre of the tree narrow • large, very spreading • prone to twisted branches Kernel • very dense canopy (caused by copper round, white • medium wide lateral limb structure• verydeficiency) upright with willowing regular • verywhen open compared canopy to 246 of branches in later years Kernel undulating margin slightly flattened, cream slightly Nut undulating high percentage of whole kernels margin Husk Key identifiers mediummedium thick thick Key identifiers moderate stalkstalk large, very spreading, dense tree; highly prone medium medium to point, offset length petiole medium to wind damage long petiole to stalk very long racemes point offset regular undulating margin and many large to stalk large neck shortish narrow leaves with only one spine spines on leaves paler than on apical tip 246 leaves narrower and paler than 246 Shell tends to very long, large bunches towards distinct groove bottomslightly centrerough nutof tree surface with moderately (notsuture suture) line large micropyle round,slightly light very upright tree with very open canopy brown,rough glossy prone to twisted branches shellsurface with slight medium to large, uniform, round nuts medium micropyle round, white kernels flecking tends to long willowy branches in later years very small micropyle Length:: shortmedium – medium SizeSize: : 140150 – 160200 mm uniformlarge medium to large

1846 1947 A203791 A203791

Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers slightlypronounced pointed tip tip longlong racemesracemes (200(200 –– 250250 mm)mm) intense,extended short, flowering mid-season throughout flowering most of the year longish,few spines dull with few spines Bunching habit oldloose trees bunches tending with to manysingles doubles with no and large triples bunches

Kernel • small, upright • very precocious — medium • medium flattish and oblong narrow • irregular shape; appears starts bearing early full, white width, • slightly upright with slight willowing of branches straggly slightly • moderate to open canopy prominent ridge cupped Nut marginslightly Husk Key identifiers rollsundulating down rough surface towardmargin tip long,moderately thin stalk long, thick stalk slightlysmall, upright, pointed, irregular, longish, straggly narrow, tree dull, large point, long petiole in linesmall with point in mediumlongish, narrowgreen leaves leaves withwith pronouncedfew spines and tip stalkline with longand slightlypetiole undulating margins medium stalk largehigh, neck small sized petiole neck slightslightly dent cupped near leavesvery small with micropyleshort petiole mediumextended to flowering large, uneven through sized most nut of the year Shell intense,small point short on late husk flowering in line with stalk slightly flattened round, tan roughround surfacetan coloured on husk nut, and slightly nut flattened glossy, slightly slightat denthilum near with husk roughshell surface with adhering slightlyat hilum upright with no tree flecking with slight willowing no flecking micropyle with flecking ofleaves branches not evenly spaced on the whorl small micropyle

very small Length:: mediummedium –– longlong SizeSize: : prominent suture 150 – 230200 mm mediummedium to large micropyle

2044 2145 A268783 A268783

Leaf Tree Other characteristics

FlowersFlowers pointedrounded tip tip longmedium racemes racemes (200 (150 – 250 – 200mm) mm) short,extended condensed flowering; mid-season more intense flowering late in season manyslightly spinesundulating margin BunchingBunching habithabit tendencymany clusters to single nuts

wide KernelKernel and medium • medium to large long full,medium creamy white width •• spreading medium to habit large, • moderately dense • moderatespreading to open canopy canopy high percentage of whole kernels

Nut few spines mainly at base Husk Key identifiers round, dull, dark thick, medium Key identifiers undulations surface thin,length medium stalk length stalk inmedium margin medium to large, moderately dense, spread- towards tip long leaf with many spines and short petiole petiole smallvery point, small raised neck offset to stalk ing tree point offset very slightly medium to large spreading tree with to stalk raised neck moderaterelatively tonarrow open canopyleaves with rounded tip, small undulations and a few spines at base prominent ridge at dehiscing point leaves much larger than A4 short small point to husk; thick stalk with raised Shell small point on husk with thin stalk petiole neck distinct suture line very large, even sized nut with small evenround, sized even prominent ridge on husk at dehiscing point pebblynut; tomoder- rough micropyle and slightly rough surface shellately with flecked, moderate flecking; some nuts are whitish moderatesome whiteish flecking medium micropyle distinct suture line on nut very small Length:: longmedium SizeSize: : micropyle 200150 – 250200 mm verymedium large

2242 2343 781H2 781H2

Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers roundedrounded tip with no short – medium racemes (100 – 200 mm) point medium racemes (150 – 200 mm) with some branchinglight, late floweringpossible nosome late, short flowering spineslarge spines Bunching habit Bunching habitmainly singles, doubles, triples wide prone to tight bunches prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination slightly short, undulating Kernel wide margin medium to large •• large, very large, upright moderately upright •• dense moderately canopy dense canopy Kernel flat margin flat with moderate ridge with rolled down tip short, thick stalk Nut many whole kernels shortvariable to mediumsize Husk petiole round, smooth Key identifiers thick, medium Key identifiers length stalk yellowing of summer flush flattened, with no neck very large, moderately upright tree; moder- under heat stress veryvery small small point, small, slightly flattened nuts with distinctive offsetpoint to offsetstalk short thick ately dense canopy small neck lobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle and to stalk stalk short, wide, slightly undulating leaves with large hilum with piece of adhering husk some spines and some yellowing on summer Shell short,flush (caused wide leaf by with heat rounded intolerance) end, no spines, flat margin with rolled down tip distinct lobed shape large kernel but low yield to canopy area flat at hilium medium to long racemes with some branching slightlylarge, flat, large hilum with long, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nuts round, piece of adhering aborted distinct groove shell with thick base slightly husk large nuts, but can be variable embryo mark (not suture) (dimple)flecked prone to sticktight nuts medium to large large, dense, upright tree Length:: shortshort SizeSize: : mediummicropyle micropyle <<150 150 mmmm smalllarge

2440 2541 NG8741 NG8741

Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers pointedpointed tip tip longmedium racemes racemes (200 (150 – 250 – 200mm) mm) intense,prone to late light flowering flowering manyslightly spines (particularlyundulating late, concentrated flowering nearmargin base) Bunching habit Bunching habitsome open bunches, mainly singles

long, nutsnumerous hang downopen buncheson long racemes narrowrelatively leafnarrow, particularly • very small, round towards Kernel • open canopy base • large, upright • turkey’s neck • moderatelymoderate to precocious open canopy — starts bearing early mediumfull, slightly to large dull, cream very few whole kernels — mostly halves distinctive, Nut spurred, short, thin stalk basal slightspines Husk undulations on margin dark green medium to long Key identifiers large thickshort, stalk thin stalk medium to long petiole point, large verydistinctive small, open, spurred round basal tree spines on leaves offset to point, (more than 344 or 660) stalk moderate neck very dark green, long, narrow leaves short offset to very small neck large, upright tree; moderate to open canopy petiole stalk nuts prominent; hang singly on long racemes prominent point when nuts still growing with turkey’s neck, particularly when young bright brown nuts with moderate flecking Shell late, concentrated light flowering tend to dehusk on the ground numerous open bunches round, smooth precocious — starts bearing early; high yield bright brown raised at large point on husk, offset to stalk shellshell with with slight per canopy area flecking micropyle end moderate very few whole kernels — mostly halves flecking small micropyle small micropyle Note:dehusks It is on very the ground difficult to distinguish Length:: longmedium SizeSize: : between 660 and 741 200150 – 250200 mm mediummedium to large

2638 2739 246660 246660

LeafLeaf TreeTree Other characteristics

Flowers roundedslightly pointed tip tip mediumshort – medium to long racemes (150(less than– 200 100 mm) – 200 mm) concentratedextended, heavy flowering flowering moderateslightly spinesundulating variableprecocious timing — starts bearing early margin

Bunching habit variablefew bunches with of no nuts large bunches wide mainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age narrow Kernel •• medium large, spreading to large •• moderate moderately to dense dense canopy canopy • upright • turkey’s neck Kernel small, full, with slight ridge few slightly flat with a prominent ridge regular,spines, NutNut verymainly tendency to basal discolouring undulatingnear marginbase HuskHusk Key identifiers short, thick stalk moderately long, large point long petiole small point, wide stalk very dark Key green, identifiers narrow, slightly pointed offsetoffset to to Key identifiers stalkstalk leaves with spines mainly near the base large neck moderate neck long petiole medium to long large tree with spreading growth habit petiole smallregular, nuts, very variable even in undulating size margin on ShellShell darkupright green tree wide with leaf turkey’s neck slightly veryshort early racemes nut anddrop; extended tends to flowering germinate in flattened wetshort, conditions thick stalk slightly rough surfacepronounced with medium to large nut with large micropyle moderateflecking flecking small micropyle Note: It is very difficult to distinguish

LengthLength:: mediummedium SizeSize: : large micropyle between 660 and 741 150150 –– 200200 mmmm largesmall, variable

2836 2937 333508 508333 344 344

Tree LeafLeaf TreeTree Other characteristics Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers Flowers pointedrounded tip tip medium racemes (150 – 200 mm) pointed tip with long racemes (200 – 250 mm) spine medium length racemes (150 – 200 mm) midlate, tolong late flowering flowering of moderate intensity mid to late, light flowering manyfew few spinesspines spines, precocious — starts bearing early mainly Bunching habit near Bunching habit base mainlytending singles to singles Bunching habit can have sticktight nuts medium tends to tight bunches, particularly with toshort, long, short, light flowering verynarrow narrow wide Kernel leaf Kernel slightly flat Kernel •• large, medium spreading • large, upright, conical • moderately precocious •• moderate round to spreading to dense canopy• moderately dense canopy full, white • dense canopy flat, ridged, dull cream many short undulations on margin NutNut slightly Nut large undulating margin undula-medium to long HuskHusk Husk tionspetiole in Key identifiers Key identifiers margin medium short,very moderately short, thick length petiole short, thick stalk small large point, thickstalk stalk small point, large, upright, conical, dense tree medium to long offsetpoint, to medium toKey long, identifiers very wide, spiny,very dark in line with petiole short, narrow, dark green leaves with stalkoffset to green shiny leaves with undulating margins stalk stalk few spines moderate neck very large, spreading tree no neck very tough husk large neck round tree glossy, smooth glossy light flowering tough,short leaves pale greenwith rounded husk tip, few spines and very dark green small point on husk in line with stalk ShellShell verymany short, small thick undulations stalk Shell slightly flattened small, round nuts no neck on husk, short thick stalk with thick shell small point on husk slightly rough small point on husk compact and very dense tree when young surface with thick shell round, dull round minimal susceptible to yellowing and leaf scald under shell with flecking moderate heat stress small flecking smallsmall micropyle to micropyle (can mediumbe open) LengthLength:: mediumshort – long SizeSize:: Length: short Size: micropyle 150<150 – mm200 mm mediummedium <150 mm medium to large

3034 3135 32 33 508 333 344344 344344

Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics LeafLeaf TreeTree OtherOther characteristicscharacteristics

Flowers FlowersFlowers rounded tip pointedpointed tiptip withwith long racemes (200 – 250 mm) spinespine mediummedium lengthlength racemesracemes (150(150 –– 200200 mm)mm) mid to late flowering of moderate intensity midmid toto late,late, lightlight floweringflowering few fewfew spines spines,spines, precociousprecocious —— startsstarts bearingbearing earlyearly mainlymainly nearnear Bunching habit basebase mainly singles BunchingBunching habithabit tendstends to to tight tight bunches, bunches, particularly particularly with with short, short,short, lightlight floweringflowering narrow Kernel narrownarrow slightly flat KernelKernel • large, spreading •• large, large, upright,upright, conicalconical •• moderately moderately precociousprecocious • moderate to dense canopy •• dense dense canopycanopy flat,flat, ridged,ridged, dulldull creamcream many short undulations on margin Nut slightlyslightly NutNut undulatingundulating medium to long marginmargin petiole Husk HuskHusk KeyKey identifiersidentifiers Key identifiers mediummedium short, moderately lengthlength petiolepetiole short,short, thickthick stalkstalk small large,large, upright,upright, conical,conical, densedense treetree thick stalk medium to long, very wide, spiny,very dark smallsmall point,point, point, inin lineline withwith short,short, narrow, narrow, dark dark green green leaves leaves with with offset to green shiny leaves with undulating margins stalkstalk stalk fewfew spinesspines moderate neck round tree glossy,glossy, smoothsmooth nono neckneck glossy lightlight floweringflowering tough, pale green husk smallsmall pointpoint onon huskhusk inin lineline withwith stalkstalk Shell very short, thick stalk ShellShell nono neckneck onon husk,husk, shortshort thickthick stalkstalk small point on husk compactcompact andand veryvery densedense treetree whenwhen youngyoung thick shell round,round, dulldull round shellshell withwith moderatemoderate smallsmall fleckingflecking small micropyle micropylemicropyle (can be open) Length: short Size: LengthLength:: shortshort SizeSize:: <150 mm medium <150<150 mmmm mediummedium toto largelarge

34 31 3232 3333 333508 508333

Tree Leaf Tree OtherOther characteristicscharacteristics

FlowersFlowers pointedrounded tip tip longmedium racemes racemes (200 (150 – 250 – 200mm) mm) midlate, to long late flowering flowering of moderate intensity manyfew spines

BunchingBunching habithabit mainlytending singles to singles can have sticktight nuts medium toshort, long, verynarrow wide Kernel leaf Kernel slightly flat •• large, medium spreading •• moderate round to spreadingto dense canopy• moderately dense canopy full, white many short undulations on margin Nut large undula-medium to long Husk tionspetiole in Key identifiers margin short,very moderately short, thick small large point, thickstalk stalk medium to long offsetpoint, to medium toKey long, identifiersvery wide, spiny,very dark petiole stalkoffset to green shiny leaves with undulating margins stalk moderate neck very large, spreading tree very tough husk large neck round tree glossy tough,short leaves pale green with rounded husk tip, few spines and very dark green Shell verymany short, small thick undulations stalk slightly flattened small, round nuts with thick shell small point on husk slightly rough small point on husk surface with thick shell minimalround susceptible to yellowing and leaf scald under flecking heat stress small smallmicropyle to (can bemedium open) Length: mediumshort – long Size: micropyle 150<150 – mm200 mm medium

3034 3135 660246 246660

Leaf Tree OtherOther characteristicscharacteristics

FlowersFlowers slightlyrounded pointed tip tip shortmedium – medium to long racemesracemes (less(150 than – 200 100 mm) – 200 mm) extended,concentrated heavy flowering flowering slightlymoderate undulatingspines precociousvariable timing — starts bearing early margin

BunchingBunching habithabit fewvariable bunches with of no nuts large bunches wide mainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age narrow Kernel •• medium large, spreading to large •• moderate moderately to dense dense canopy canopy • upright • turkey’s neck Kernel small, full, with slight ridge few slightly flat with a prominent ridge regular,spines, Nut verymainly tendency to basal discolouring undulatingnear marginbase Husk Key identifiers short, thick stalk moderately long, large point long petiole small point, wide stalk very dark Key green, identifiers narrow, slightly pointed offsetoffset to to Key identifiers stalkstalk leaves with spines mainly near the base large neck moderate neck long petiole medium to long large tree with spreading growth habit petiole regular,small nuts, very variable even undulatingin size margin on Shell darkupright green tree wide with leaf turkey’s neck slightly shortvery earlyracemes nut anddrop; extended tends to flowering germinate in flattened short,wet conditions thick stalk slightly rough surfacepronounced with medium to large nut with large micropyle moderateflecking flecking small micropyle Note: It is very difficult to distinguish

Length: medium SizeSize: : large micropyle between 660 and 741 150 – 200 mm largesmall, variable

3628 2937 NG8741 NG8741

Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

long, nutsnumerous hang downopen buncheson long racemes narrowrelatively leafnarrow, particularly • very small, round towards Kernel • open canopy base • large, upright • turkey’s neck •• moderately moderate to precocious open canopy — starts bearing early mediumfull, slightly to large dull, cream very few whole kernels — mostly halves distinctive, Nut spurred, short, thin stalk basal slightspines Husk undulations on margin dark green medium to long Key identifiers large thickshort, stalk thin stalk medium to long petiole point, large verydistinctive small, open, spurred round basal tree spines on leaves offset to point, (more than 344 or 660) stalk moderate neck very dark green, long, narrow leaves short offset to very small neck large, upright tree; moderate to open canopy petiole stalk nuts prominent; hang singly on long racemes prominent point when nuts still growing with turkey’s neck, particularly when young bright brown nuts with moderate flecking Shell late, concentrated light flowering tend to dehusk on the ground numerous open bunches round, smooth precocious — starts bearing early; high yield bright brown raised at large point on husk, offset to stalk shellshell with with slight per canopy area flecking micropyle end moderate very few whole kernels — mostly halves flecking small micropyle small micropyle Note:dehusks It is on very the ground difficult to distinguish Length:: longmedium SizeSize: : between 660 and 741 200150 – 250200 mm mediummedium to large

2638 2739 781H2 781H2

Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers roundedrounded tiptip with no short – medium racemes (100 – 200 mm) point medium racemes (150 – 200 mm) with some branchinglight, late floweringpossible nosome late, short flowering spineslarge spines Bunching habit Bunching habitmainly singles, doubles, triples wide prone to tight bunches prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination slightly short, undulating Kernel wide margin medium to large •• large, very large, upright moderately upright •• dense moderately canopy dense canopy Kernel flat margin flat with moderate ridge with rolled down tip short, thick stalk Nut many whole kernels shortvariable to mediumsize Husk petiole round, smooth Key identifiers thick, medium Key identifiers length stalk yellowing of summer flush flattened, with no neck very large, moderately upright tree; moder- under heat stress veryvery small small point, small, slightly flattened nuts with distinctive offsetpoint to offsetstalk short thick ately dense canopy small neck lobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle and to stalk stalk short, wide, slightly undulating leaves with large hilum with piece of adhering husk some spines and some yellowing on summer Shell short,flush (caused wide leaf by with heat rounded intolerance) end, no spines, flat margin with rolled down tip distinct lobed shape large kernel but low yield to canopy area flat at hilium medium to long racemes with some branching slightlylarge, flat, large hilum with long, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nuts round, piece of adhering aborted distinct groove shell with thick base slightly husk large nuts, but can be variable embryo mark (not suture) (dimple)flecked prone to sticktight nuts medium to large large, dense, upright tree LengthLength:: shortshort SizeSize: : mediummicropyle micropyle <<150 150 mmmm smalllarge

2440 2541 A268783 A268783

LeafLeaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers pointedrounded tip tip longmedium racemes racemes (200 (150 – 250 – 200mm) mm) short,extended condensed flowering; mid-season more intense flowering late in season manyslightly spinesundulating margin Bunching habit tendencymany clusters to single nuts

wide Kernel and medium • medium to large long full,medium creamy white width •• spreading medium to habit large, • moderately dense • moderatespreading to open canopy canopy high percentage of whole kernels

Nut few spines mainly at base Husk Key identifiers round, dull, dark thick, medium Key identifiers undulations surface thin,length medium stalk length stalk inmedium margin medium to large, moderately dense, spread- towards tip long leaf with many spines and short petiole petiole smallvery point, small raised neck offset to stalk ing tree point offset very slightly medium to large spreading tree with to stalk raised neck moderaterelatively tonarrow open canopyleaves with rounded tip, small undulations and a few spines at base prominent ridge at dehiscing point leaves much larger than A4 small point to husk; thick stalk with raised short Shell small point on husk with thin stalk petiole neck distinct suture line very large, even sized nut with small evenround, sized even prominent ridge on husk at dehiscing point pebblynut; tomoder- rough micropyle and slightly rough surface shellately with flecked, moderate flecking; some nuts are whitish moderatesome whiteish flecking medium micropyle distinct suture line on nut very small Length:: longmedium SizeSize: : micropyle 200150 – 250200 mm verymedium large

2242 2343 A203791 A203791

Tree Leaf Tree Other characteristics

very small Length:: mediummedium –– longlong SizeSize: : prominent suture 150 – 230200 mm mediummedium to large micropyle

2044 2145 A38800 A38800 814 A16

Leaf TreeTree Other characteristics Leaf Tree Other characteristics

Flowers Flowers oneslightly spine pointed on pointed tip apical long racemes (200 – 250 mm) slightly pointed tip, long racemes (200 – 250 mm) tip very long racemes (more than 300 mm) with cream variable flowerslong flowering condensed, late flowering many large short, mid-season flowering few spines spines at stem Bunching habit end and Bunching habit tip Bunching habitsingles to triples tends to open bunching medium tends to very long, large bunches towards the bottom width centre of the tree narrow wide • large, very spreading • prone to twisted branches Kernel Kernel • very dense canopy (caused by copper round, white full, white • medium wide lateral limb structure• verydeficiency) upright with willowing • small, upright • precocious — starts bearing regular • verywhen open compared canopy to 246 of branches in later years Kernel • open canopy early undulating margin slightly flattened, cream slightly Nut high percentage of whole kernels uneven, Nut undulating slightly margin undulating Husk Key identifiers margin, Husk prone to Key identifiers mediummedium thick thick Key identifiers rolling short, thick moderate stalkstalk large, very spreading, dense tree; highly prone down- stalk medium small, moderate to dense upright tree with medium to point, offset wards length petiole medium to wind damage very small long petiole to stalk very long racemes willowing of branches point offset regular undulating margin and many large point offset to stalk large neck shortish narrow leaves with only one spine medium to stalk no neck dull green, short and wide leaves with few paler than spines on leaves length petiole on apical tip spines and short petiole 246 leaves narrower and paler than 246 Shell tends to very long, large bunches towards Shell thin shelled, oval mahogany nuts with a dent distinct groove bottomslightly centrerough nutof tree surface with moderately older leaves medium hilum tend to yellow near a very small micropyle (notsuture suture) line large micropyle round,slightly light very upright tree with very open canopy round with transverse groove very late nut drop brown,rough glossy prone to twisted branches slight (not from micropyle shellsurface with slight medium to large, uniform, round nuts flecking to hilum) small percentage of 4 leaf whorls flecking medium micropyle round, white kernels tends to long willowy branches in later years prone to sticktights very small micropyle medium micropyle Length:: shortmedium – medium SizeSize: : Length: long Size: 140150 –– 160200 mmmm uniformlarge medium to large 200 – >250 mm small

1846 1947 48 17 A16814 A16814

Leaf Tree OtherOther characteristicscharacteristics

FlowersFlowers slightly pointed tiptip, longlong racemesracemes (200(200 –– 250250 mm)mm) variablewith spine condensed,short, light, latelate floweringflowering few spines at stem end and BunchingBunching habithabit tip tendsmany tosmall open bunches bunching

wide KernelKernel wide • small full,small, white round •• small,upright upright with willowing of• branches precocious — starts bearing •• openmoderate canopy to dense canopyearly

uneven, Nut slightly undulating margin, Husk proneshort to long, thin stalk Key identifiers rollingpetiole short, thick down- stalk Key identifiers wards moderate small, moderate to dense upright tree with dull, distinctive medium point,very in small line willowing of branches green colour withpoint stalk offset moderate neck small, upright, open, precocious tree medium to stalk no neck dull green, short and wide leaves with few length petiole long, wide, dull mid-green leaves with uneven spinesundulating and short margin petiole Shell thin shelled, oval mahogany nuts with a dent older leaves small, round, even-sized nuts raisedmedium hilum hilum near a very small micropyle tend to yellow many small bunches of nuts oval,round thin, with transverse groove very late nut drop slight (not from micropyle mahogany shell dent near flecking to hilum) small percentage of 4 leaf whorls with moderate micropyle flecking prone to sticktights medium verymicropyle small micropyle Length: shortlong SizeSize: : 120200 – 180>250 mm mm variablesmall from small to large

4816 1749 816A4 816A4 842 spines, leaf size and leaf shape

Leaf Tree Other characteristics Leaf Tree Few spines Many spines Very spiny Long Medium Long Medium Long Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Flowers longrounded pointed tip tip longlong racemesracemes (250(200 –– 300250 mm)mm) rounded tip short,light, late late, flowering intense flowering; prone to second veryvery few flowering in summer many spinyspines spines precocious Bunching habit Bunching habitmostly singles and doubles 246 page 28 800 page 46 A4 page 14 mainly singles Own Venture medium 814 page 48 842 page 52 width and page 60 A268 tapering Kernel small, page 22 towards regular • medium, spreading to • leaf whorls fairly evenly base large,large, white,round withfull, flathigh kernel recovery undulating •rounded medium to large • moderatelydivided dense between canopy 3 and margin • medium to large • open canopy when young; •• moderate moderately to uprightopen canopy 4 leaves per node • moderately upright more dense with age relatively good percentage of whole kernels narrowsmooth, slightly Nut very wide Nut undulating but more margin Key identifiers uniform Daddow HuskHusk width when Husk page 56 Key identifiers 849 page 54 compared moderately long flattened medium average length, spreading tree with open canopy to 849 very even, very short stalk margin long,point offset thick stalk medium to large, moderately upright tree round, smooth stalk NG8 page 26 moderatelyto stalk, leaf whorls, some with three leaves; some long petiole with moderately dense canopy very small largeslightly point, rough with four leaves point offset short to medium offsetsurface; to pale moderatelarge, raised neck pale lime green leaves with smooth margin or small neck stalk glossy pale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointed to stalk length petiole lime green neck only a few spines and long petiole long petiole lime green leaves colour light, late flowering with early nut drop Shell distinctive dent near micropyle, with micro- Shell large, lime green nut in husk, with raised lighter leaf colour when pyle on slight point compared to 849 oval, out of round distinct suture 333 page 30 round with distinctive dent neck and thick stalk slghtly flat, distinct groove shape; thin, smooth, large, even sized, thin shelled, slightly oval little oval, light shiny golden brown pale nut with prominent suture flecking golden brown nuts brown shell shell with moderate shell slightly with slight small to medium flecking pointed at micropyle mainly single nuts on long racemes small to medium flecking micropyle micropyle small SizeSize: : Size: Length:: mediummedium micropyle Length: long 150 – 200 mm largemedium to very to large large 200 – 250 mm small

1450 1551 52 13 Key to842 varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and842 leaf shape

No LeafOne spine Basal only spines Tree Few spines Few spines ManyOther spines characteristics Very spiny spines on top Short Medium Short Medium Long Medium Long Medium Long Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Narrow Wide Flowers rounded tip long racemes (200 – 250 mm) intense flowering over long period many spines

Bunching habit H2 page 24 508 page 34 781 page 40 783 page 42 mainly two or three nuts, with small clusters A38 page 18 344 page 32 246 page 28 660 page 36 800 page 46 A4 page 14 nuts tend toOwn be concentratedVenture towards the centre of 814 page 48 842 page 52 the tree page 60 A268 small, page 22 regular undulating Kernel margin • medium to large • open canopy when young; • moderately upright more dense with age small to medium, round

A16 page 16 very wide Own NutChoice 816 page 50 but more page 58 uniform Daddow width when Husk741 page 38 page 56 849 page 54 compared Key identifiers to 849 very even, very short round, smooth stalk NG8 page 26 medium to large, moderately upright tree very small point offset long, very wide leaves with many spines and small neck to stalk small regular undulations on the margin long petiole A203 page 20 very even, round, small, smooth nut in husk Shell lighter leaf colour when with very small point offset to a very short compared to 849 stalk and small neck Note: This is a simplified key 333 page 30 slghtly flat, distinct groove intense, flowering over long period only — refer to the individualoval, light variety profiles for full deatilsbrown shell lighter leaf colour than 849 with slight small to medium on each variety. flecking micropyle

Length: long Size: small 200 – 250 mm 791 page 44

5212 1353 Leaf spines849 & husk shape Distinctive849 shell features

No spinesLeaf One spine on tip Tree Basal spines Distinct sutureOther line characteristicsAdhering husk

H2 A38 344 660 Flowers wide rounded tip 741 medium racemes (180 – 220 mm) aborted light, late flowering overembryo short cavity period adhered many A16 783 (H2 only) husk spinesFew spines Moderate spines Many spines A38 791 344 816 H2 Bunching habit A16 791 NG8 842 A4 660 Daddow 791 A203 814 246 849 A268 741 mainly two or three nuts, tending to small wide508 816 333 bunches as tree gets older club-781 800 Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes shaped, tapering783 Daddow towardsOwn Choice Own Venture Kernel base • medium to large • moderately dense to • spreading dense canopy veins dull, cream, similar toA4 246 NG8 raised slightly flat A16 246 on upperPoint offset to stalk Point in line with stalk leaf Nut good percentage of wholeA203 kernels 344 surface A268 660 A4 Husk Daddow 741 A16 Own Choice 783 very undulating medium, thick Key identifiers margin with stalk Own Venture 849 undulations wider near tip very small medium to large, spreading tree point offset slightly raised to stalk neck Distinct groovelong, wide, dark green leaves,Pointed wider at the hilum tip medium petiole A4 333 783 smoothA16 with many spines and very undulating margins A38 508 800Shell A203 A268 660 814 344 light flowering over short period H2 741 816 791 round but flattened slight to at hilum round nut with flattened area at hilum and NG8 781 842 moderate Daddow slight to moderate flecking flecking 246 849 late maturing nuts tend to pre-germinate Own Choice medium micropyle 781 814 A16 veins raised on upper leaf surface Own Venture 800 842 Daddow Length: long Size: 200 – 250 mm medium to large Own Venture

5410 1155 LeafDaddow length Leaf width;Daddow tip shape

ShortLeaf <150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Tree Long >200 mm Narrow <40 mm wide OtherMedium characteristics 40–50 mm Wide >50 mm wide

Flowers rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm)

moderate moderately intense, mid to late flowering spines, particularly at base Bunching habit many bunches with three to four A16nuts A268 A4Kernel H2 wide A38 round with moderate ridge 246 A203 783 333 NG8 791 781 • medium to large • very dense 344 800 814 undulating • moderately upright 508 816Key identifiers 842 margin; 660 Own Choice 849 some rolling at tip Nut 741 mediumOwn to large, Venture upright to slightlyDaddow spread- Note:ing, Leaf verywidth dense varies withtree environment and tree age. Husk wide, undulating, moderately spiny leaves Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip dull, dark green; slightly with some rolling and mottling on older rough medium length medium stalk leaves petiole small point very prominent hilum and suture on nuts, in line with stalk very well which looked cracked old leaves dull and dark green; defined, raised young leaves light green short racemes with moderately intense mid A16 A4 660 A268neck prone to mottling in older to late flowering H2 A38Shell 741 NG8 leaves extended late nut drop 344 A203 783 814large hilum 508 246tea 791 842 H2 783mature leavesA16 dull and344 dark green; youngA4 coloured, very distinct suture 246 816 A203 660 A38 781 333round, 800 849 leaves light green in colour Own Choice Daddowheavily 816 508 842 A268 800 NG8 very small micropyle Ownstriped Venture 781 849 333 814 741 Daddow Length: medium Size: Own Venture 791 Note:150 – Leaf 200 mmlength varies with environmentmedium and tree age. Own Choice

568 579 OwnTree Choiceshape TreeOwn density Choice & size Own Venture Contents Main identification characteristics LeafSpreading TreeUpright Dense Other characteristics Open Leaf Tree Tree shape ...... 6 Tree density & size ...... 7 Leaf length ...... 8 Flowers Leaf width; tip shape ...... 9 rounded tip short racemes (100 – 150 mm) slightly pointed tip Leaf spines; husk shape ...... 10 Distinctive shell features...... 11 extended out of season flowering few spines many spines Key to major varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ...... 12 Bunching habit tending to single nuts Individual variety profiles medium medium width prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination A4 ...... 14 width A16 ...... 16 A4* 508* A16* 814* Kernel A4 NG8 A38 ...... 18 A203 783 A38 816 A16 781full, white A38 791 A203 ...... 20 A268 800 344 842 • medium to large • open canopy when young; slightly H2 783 A203 814 small, A268 ...... 22 246 849 • large, round 791 • veryOwn dense Venture canopy • moderately upright more dense with age rolling 246 800 A268 regular H2 ...... 24 undulating333* undulating NG8 ...... 26 margin Nut 333 816 Open when young; margin Nut 246 ...... 28 Round Upright with turkey’s neck 344 849 Key identifiersdense when older medium Husk 508 Own Choice Husk 333 ...... 30 length 660 large, round, very dense tree741 Daddow 344 ...... 32 petiole short, thick 842 Own Venture long thin stalk very large 508 ...... 34 stalk pale to medium green leaves with few spines large point point offset 660 ...... 36 and slightly rolling, undulating margin offset to to stalk medium to stalk 741 ...... 38 very extended flowering and nut drop long petiole medium neck very dark moderate neck 781 ...... 40 green Small pattern Medium Large dull, spotted 783 ...... 42 prone to sticktight nuts and pre-germina- dull light A16 A4 660 H2 741 green colour 791 ...... 44 Shell tion Shell NG8 A38 783 246 781 800 ...... 46 slightly oval, slight dent from 791 slightly oval,A203 tan nuts842 with slight dent333 from 800 814 ...... 48 A4* golden brown hilum to micropyle heavy 814 hilum to micropyleA268 849 344 816 flecking 816 ...... 50 A16* 508* shell with moderate 660 low denseOwn tree Ventureskirt 508 842 ...... 52 H2 781 flecking 741 small to medium Daddow small micropyle 849 ...... 54 Daddow micropyle NG8 814* Own Choice Daddow ...... 56 Length333*: short – medium Own ChoiceSize: Length: long Size: Own Choice ...... 58 140 – 160 mm large 200 – 250 mm large * Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management. Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management. Own Venture ...... 60 586 597 60 5 Meaning of terms usedOwn Venture Contents Own Venture Petiole – leaf stalk Willowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang down Main identification characteristics Hilum – attachmentLeaf of nut to husk Tree Tree shape ...... Other characteristics 6 Micropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters to Tree density & size ...... 7 initiate germination Leaf length ...... 8 Raceme – flower stalk LeafFlowers width; tip shape ...... 9 Turkey’s neck – distinct break between main body of tree and the top slightly pointed tip Leaf spines; husk shape ...... 10 Sticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally long racemes (200 – 250 mm) Distinctive shell features...... 11 (as distinct from late fall green nuts) short, late flowering Pre-germinationmany – germination on the tree before nuts fall Precociousspines – starts bearing at an early age Key to major varieties Undulating leaf margins – wavy leaf margins based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ...... 12 Basal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shell Bunching habit Leaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node Individual varietysingles profiles and doubles medium A4 ...... tendency to sticktights 14 Informationwidth on selecting varieties A16 ...... 16 Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard. A38 ...... 18 Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the Agrilink A203Kernel ...... 20 Macadamia Information Kit. • medium to large • open canopy when young; small, A268 ...... 22 • moderately upright more dense with age large, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape regular H2 ...... 24 undulating NG8 ...... 26 Precautionsmargin in using this guide Nut • Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of 246 ...... 28 the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland and Husk 333 ...... 30 northern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from these 344 ...... 32 illustrations for other districts and under different management systems. Key identifiers long thin stalk 508 ...... 34 • Leaves used in the illustrations are mature leaves from the outside of the leaf large point 660 ...... 36 canopy exposed to full sun. offset to medium• The to guide is not suitable for identifyingstalk trees less than about three years of age. 741 ...... long relatively narrow, spiny leaves 38 long petiole medium neck • As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience. 781 ...... heavy flecking on shells 40 dull, spotted 783 ...... 42 dull light large nut 791 ...... 44 green colour very dense tree when mature Shell 800 ...... 46 Acknowledgements 814 ...... late nut drop with a tendency to sticktights 48 The authors wish to sincerely thank Loraineheavy Chapman for image scanning, artwork, page flecking 816 ...... light green leaf colour 50 layouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text. 842 ...... 52 The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical Development Committee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the productionsmall of this micropyle book. 849 ...... 54 Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regional Daddow ...... 56 varietyLength trials: long conducted by DPI, NSW AgricultureSize: and the Australian Macadamia Society. Own Choice ...... 58 200 – 250 mm large Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher. Own Venture ...... 60 604 615 Introduction A common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of the varieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristics Notes that may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management of nutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all be different for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing. The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying the varieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varieties including all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia and Hawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is: • either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin; • in commercial use; • commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist. Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin are not included.

Layout The identifier consists of three sections: • The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit. • A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time. • Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-hand page. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locate matching characteristics.

Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old Note: Tree, leaf and nut illustrations are derived from photos and have Leaf size is been selected as being in scale most typical of the throughout variety. Note that there the book. will be some variation Upper leaf from these illustrations. surface is shown in all cases. Summary of main characteristics

62 3