O CORPO DA ROUPA a Pessoa Transgênera Entre a Transgressão E a Conformidade Com As Normas De Gênero

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O CORPO DA ROUPA a Pessoa Transgênera Entre a Transgressão E a Conformidade Com As Normas De Gênero LETÍCIA LANZ (Geraldo Eustáquio de Souza) O CORPO DA ROUPA A pessoa transgênera entre a transgressão e a conformidade com as normas de gênero Projeto de Dissertação apresentado como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Sociologia, no Curso de Pós- Graduação em Sociologia, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Miriam Adelman CURITIBA 2014 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ SETOR DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS LETRAS E ARTES - SCHLA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS – DECISO Coordenador da Pós-graduação em Sociologia Prof. Dr. Alfio Brandenburg Catalogação na publicação Fernanda Emanoéla Nogueira – CRB 9/1607 Biblioteca de Ciências Humanas e Educação – UFPR Lanz, Letícia O corpo da roupa : a pessoa transgênera entre a transgressão e a conformidade com as normas de gênero / Letícia Lanz – Curitiba, 2014. 342 f. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Miriam Adelman Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia) – Setor de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. 1. Identidade de gênero. 2. Transgeneridade. 3. Pessoas transgêneras. 4.Transexuais. 5. Travestis. I.Título. CDD 306.77 Dedicatória À memória do meu pai, Geraldo de Souza, o melhor homem que conheci em toda a minha vida, que sempre me aceitou e me amou de todo o seu coração, apesar do esforço que teve que fazer, desde cedo, para me entender com a cabeça. À População Transgênera do Brasil – travestis, transhomens, transexuais, crossdressers, andrógin@s, transformistas, drag-queens, homens femininos, mulheres masculinas e demais identidades gênero- divergentes – desejando que este trabalho contribua indistintamente para o aumento da inclusão, da tolerância e do respeito a todas as identidades gênero-divergentes, ou seja, que estão fora do binômio homem-mulher e, por isso mesmo, são consideradas transgressivas e tratadas com preconceito, discriminação e estigma pela sociedade. Agradecimentos A Angela Autran Dourado, companheira de muitas décadas, por ter me estimulado a fazer esse mestrado e me animado a prosseguir, todas as inúmeras vezes que eu pensei em desistir dele. À Profª Drª Maria Rita César, pela presença e estímulo permanentes, junto com o inestimável, oportuno e competentíssimo direcionamento que necessitei durante toda a fase de revisão final deste trabalho. À Profª Drª Marlene Tamanini, pela propriedade dos comentários feitos, bem como pela disponibilidade pessoal em me orientar na realização de modificações metodológicas para formatação final deste trabalho. À minha amiga Luana Souza (Morgana Intensex), pela paciente ajuda na leitura e revisão técnica deste trabalho. À Prof ª Drª Miriam Adelman por ter me aceitado como sua orientanda. Como contadora de histórias reais, a pergunta que me move é como cada um inventa uma vida. Como cada um cria sentido para os dias, quase nu e com tão pouco. Como cada um se arranca do silêncio para virar narrativa. Como cada um habita-se. (BRUM, Eliane. Meus Desacontecimentos: A História da Minha Vida com as Palavras. São Paulo : Leya Editora, 2014). RESUMO Muito se escreveu e ainda se escreve sobre travestis, transexuais, crossdressers e dragqueens no Brasil, mas praticamente não há registro escrito a respeito da condição transgênera – ou transgeneridade – como é internacionalmente conhecido o fenômeno sociológico de desvio ou transgressão das normas de conduta estabelecidas pelo dispositivo binário de gênero, fato que caracteriza todas essas identidades, fazendo com que elas sejam consideradas gênero-divergentes e, em razão disso, marginalizadas, excluídas e estigmatizadas pela sociedade. Transgênero é um termo ‗guarda-chuva‘, destinado a reunir debaixo de si todas essas identidades gênero-divergentes, ou seja, identidades que, de alguma forma e em algum grau, descumprem, ferem e/ou afrontam o dispositivo binário de gênero. Transgênero tampouco diz respeito ao gay (ou lésbica ou bi) ‗mais afetado‘, como não deve ser considerado como doença mental ou comportamento depravado, tratando-se apenas e tão somente de uma circunstância sociopolítica de inadequação às normas de conduta de gênero. A pessoa transgênera vive permanentemente dividida e tensionada entre a transgressão dessas normas e a busca pela conformidade com elas, só que, em geral, dentro de uma categoria de gênero que é oposta àquela em que a pessoa foi enquadrada ao nascer. Mas o ‗estado de conflito‘ em que a pessoa transgênera é habitualmente descrita nunca foi dela com ela mesmo, ou da sua subjetividade com a sua corporalidade, mas a consequência imediata da sua transgressão das normas sociais de gênero, através de ‗pensamentos, palavras, atos e omissões‘ . Se o dispositivo binário de gênero fosse algo ao menos flexível, se não comportasse apenas duas e somente duas identidades socialmente legitimadas (masculino e feminino) não haveria a menor possibilidade de ocorrer qualquer tipo de transgressão de gênero, nenhuma pessoa seria classificada como transgênero ou gênero- divergente. Neste trabalho perguntamos até que ponto a transição de um gênero para outro pode ser considerada transgressão do dispositivo binário de gêneros ou constitui apenas ‗uma outra forma‘ de confirmação e ratificação dessa mesma norma? Dito de outra forma, até que ponto a transição de um gênero para outro representa afronta e violação das normas e estereótipos de gênero ou não passa de premeditada e deliberada estratégia de reinserção ao dispositivo binário de gênero? Isso nos demanda investigar em que o comportamento transgênero viola e subverte a ordem binária de gêneros, apresentando elementos de transgressão e de subversão do dispositivo de gênero e em que ele apenas reifica e ratifica essa mesma ordem, apresentando elementos de conformidade e aceitação da ordem binária de gêneros. Palavras-chave: transgênero, transgeneridade, transgressão de gênero, estudos transgêneros, travesti, transexual, crossdresser, crossdressing, travestismo masculino, identidade de gênero, identidades gênero-givergentes, expressão de gênero, dispositivo binário de gênero, normas de gênero, transfobia, transição, passabilidade. ABSTRACT Much has been written and still writes about transsexuals, crossdressers and dragqueens in Brazil, but there are virtually no written record about the transgender or about transgenderism, the sociological phenomenon of social deviation of gender binary which consists essentially in the transgression of the gender norms that causes individuals to be considered gender-deviant and because of this, marginalized, excluded and stigmatized by society. Transgender is an 'umbrella' term, designed to gather all these gender-deviant identities, ie, identities that in some way and to some degree violate, injure and/or confront the gender binary. The word transgender definitely don´t refer to gay (or lesbian or bissexual) people which occasionally crossdress and/or look forward sex reassignement, as well as transgender should not be regarded as mental illness or perverted behavior. Transgender is solely a sociopolitical circumstance of one‘s gender behavior doesn´t match the gender standards of society. A transgender person lives permanently divided and stretched between the transgression of these rules and the quest for compliance with them, only that, in general, within a category of gender that is opposite to that in which the person was framed at birth. The 'state of permanent conflict' in which transgender people is usually described is not within them, but outside, in the very time and society where they live. If gender norms were more flexible, if there were much more possibilities than just two social recognized gender identities (man and woman), there would be no possibility of any kind of gender transgressions, no one would be no more classified as gender-deviant. In this paper we ask to what extent the transition from one gender to another can be considered gender transgression or just a desperate way of searching inclusion in gender norms and standards? In other words, to which extent gender transition is outraging and violating gender norms, gender roles and gender stereotypes or it is a simple strategy to reintegrate gender-identity deviants in the gender binary? This requires at least a deep investigation to find out which transgender behavior subverts the gender binary and which behavior just reifies and ratifies the gender norms. Keywords: transgender, transgender studies, transsexual, crossdresser, crossdressing, transvestism, transvestite, gender transgression, gender deviance, gender deviant, gender identity, gender expression, gender binary, gender norms, transphobia, transition, passability. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES QUADRO 1 – SEXO, GÊNERO E ORIENTAÇÃO SEXUAL 41 QUADRO 2 – O GUARDA-CHUVA TRANSGÊNERO 71 FIGURA 1 – CUERPO Y FORMA BODY TREATMENT: HANGER 266 LISTA DE SIGLAS APA – American Psychiatric Association APA – American Psychological Association CID – Classificação Internacional de Doenças, publicado pela OMS DSM – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, publicado pela American Psychiatric Association ACPA – College Student Educators International NASPA –Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education. BCC – Brazilian Crossdressers Club NCTE - National Center For Transgender Equality, com sede em Washington-DC OMS – Organização Mundial de Saúde TGEU TGEU – Transgender Europe LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS cf. Conforme ed. Edição Ed. Editor p. Página trad. Tradutor MtF – masculino transitando p/ feminino (direção da transição) FtM – masculino transitando p/ feminino (direção da
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