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El Caso De La Diáspora India

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El Caso De La Diáspora India Las diásporas en la arena internacional: el caso de la diáspora india Lía Rodríguez de la Vega* RESUMEN políticos. Se consideran para ello diversos auto- res que han abordado el tema y el reporte hecho Se estima que, en la actualidad, 214 millones por el Comité de Alto Nivel sobre la Diáspora de personas viven fuera de su país de origen India. Se concluye que distintas acciones de (oim, 2010). El fenómeno migratorio es tra- este segmento de la diáspora evidencian la ducido en este estudio como diáspora y ha ligazón de la esfera política internacional con sido vinculado a los distintos actores no es- la doméstica (de India) y su promoción de los tatales que ejercen su influencia a nivel local intereses de la India como grupo de presión, y global. Sheffer (1986) señala que las redes aunque el alcance de su accionar resulta aún creadas por diásporas étnicas forman parte de limitado, debido al pequeño volumen de sus una relación triádica que comprende al país de votantes, por lo que precisa profundizar su ac- origen, la diáspora y los países de residencia, y cionar en el congreso del país de residencia, y, a apunta que esa relación deviene en un aspecto su vez, debe extenderse a otras acciones, desta- integral y permanente del flujo de política de cándose también en ese panorama el accionar ambos niveles. de individuos y agentes económicos indios. Este trabajo aborda el caso del segmento Palabras clave: Diáspora india, identidad, de la diáspora india asentada en Estados Uni- articulación local/global, “poder blando”/ dos y su influencia en la política exterior de la diplomacia. India, a través de distintas acciones y procesos * Doctorado en Relaciones Internacionales. Responsable del Área de Asia y África de unicom, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora; investigadora de la Universidad de Palermo. Buenos Aires (Argentina). [email protected] Recibido: 4 de abril de 2015 / Modificado: 3 de junio de 2015 / ceptado:A 3 de junio de 2015 Para citar este artículo Rodríguez de la Vega, L. (2015). Las diásporas en la arena internacional: el caso de la diáspora india. oasis, 22, 23-47. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n22.03 Lía Rodríguez de la Vega 24 Diasporas in the International actions of individuals and Indian economic Arena: The Case of the Indian agents also stand out in this panorama. Keywords: Indian diaspora, identity, Lo- Diaspora cal-global articulation, soft power/diplomacy. ABSTT raC INTC RODUC IÓN The oim (2010) estimates that at present, 214 million people live outside of their country En la actualidad, de acuerdo con lo sostenido of origin. The migratory phenomenon is seen por la Organización Internacional para las in this study as that of diaspora and has been Migraciones (oim) (2010), se estima que 214 linked to the different non-state actors who millones las personas viven fuera de su país de exercise their influence at the local and global origen, representando el 3 % de la población levels. Sheffer (1986) notes that the networks mundial. El fenómeno migratorio supera el created by ethnic diasporas are a part of a plano nacional, pudiendo influir en las rela- relationship between the country of origin, ciones interestatales y de distintos actores no the diaspora and the countries of residence, estatales, y constituirse en instrumento de la pointing out that this relationship occurs as política exterior, con efectos al interior y exte- an integral and permanent aspect of the flow rior tanto de los países emisores como de los of politics at both levels. receptores. This work focuses on the case of the Las comunidades emigradas, bajo la de- segment of the Indian diaspora placed in the nominación de diáspora, aparecen entre los United States and its influence on the foreign actores no estatales, entidades no soberanas policy of India, across different actions and que ejercen una influencia significativa tanto political processes. To do that, we consider di- a escala nacional como global (Gupta, s. f.). Al fferent authors who have studied the topic and respecto, Sheffer (1986) señala que las redes the report on the Indian diaspora done by the creadas por diásporas étnicas poseen caracte- High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora. rísticas particulares dado que forman parte de Conclusions indicate that different actions of una relación triádica que comprende al país this segment of the diaspora demonstrate the de origen, la diáspora misma y los países de attachment of the international political sphere residencia, apuntando que esa relación devie- with the domestic one (of India), and its pro- ne en un aspecto integral y hasta permanente motion of the interests of India, as a lobbying del flujo de política de ambos niveles. Esta group. However, the scope of its actions turns relación evidencia dinámicas que articulan lo out to be limited due to the small volume of its global y lo local, y abarcan distintas temáticas, voters. Due to this, it needs a deeper approach especialmente asuntos relativos a lo identitario in the American congress, while at the same y los recursos y niveles de influencia. Agrega time expanding toward other actions. The que las diásporas étnicas surgen por migración oasis, No 22 • Julio-Diciembre 2015 • pp. 23-47 pi Rev Oasis 22_final.indb 24 12/16/15 11:10 AM Las diásporas en la arena internacional: el caso de la diáspora india 25 voluntaria o forzada y se asientan en uno o más sobre la Diáspora India comisionado para ello países, en los que permanecen como grupos (mea, 2002). minoritarios, preservando su identidad étnica y su solidaridad comunal, siendo este último BREVE ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN elemento el que permite mantener y promo- cionar el contacto entre elementos activistas de Al considerar la numerosa producción existen- estas diásporas que a su vez poseen significado te en las ciencias sociales sobre el fenómeno político, económico, cultural, etc., para las migratorio, Mitchell (2012) sostiene que el ad- diásporas mismas, sus países de residencia y el venimiento de un nuevo orden trajo consigo el país de origen. reconocimiento, por parte de los académicos, De ese modo, la dinámica transnacional de una gran variedad de nuevos actores (sobre de las diásporas se relaciona con el “naciona- todo no estatales), previamente ignorados en lismo de larga distancia”, enunciado por An- política internacional. En tal sentido, en lo que derson (1993), el “nacionalismo diaspórico” respecta a la temática de la migración / diáspora enunciado por Gellner (1988), etc., atendien- en las relaciones internacionales, apunta que, do a que las migraciones modificaron lo que ignorada por largo tiempo, recapturó la aten- anteriormente parecía ser una coincidencia ción tras el episodio de septiembre de 2001, natural entre un sentimiento nacional y la resultando de ello trabajos principalmente residencia en la tierra de origen. enfocados en la seguridad (asociados al control La consideración de los grupos diaspó- fronterizo, terrorismo, refugiados, solicitantes ricos ha derivado en un alcance interdiscipli- de asilo, el nexo con conflictos ambientales y el nario en el campo de las ciencias sociales, con rol específico de las diásporas en las relaciones conexiones teóricas entre las distintas discipli- internacionales). Agrega que, en la actualidad, nas, que traen al centro de la cuestión distintas la temática migratoria es considerada como de nociones asociadas al fenómeno abordado, “alta política” en la nueva agenda política, y que tales como cultura, identidad, comunidad, si bien se han registrado avances en su estudio vínculos primordiales y otros vínculos (Geertz, en el marco de las relaciones internacionales, 1963), autoimagen (Zolberg y Woon, 1999), la comprensión de las implicancias políticas de gestión de la diversidad cultural (Kymlicka, las migraciones es aún limitada. 1996), seguridad, etc. Ya Weiner (1985) plantea que el modo Este trabajo se propone abordar el caso como el Estado modela los movimientos de del segmento de la diáspora india asentada en población, cuándo estos llevan a situaciones Estados Unidos, y su influencia en la política de conflicto o de cooperación y qué hacen los exterior de su país de origen, a través de distin- gobiernos en sus políticas domésticas para in- tas acciones y procesos políticos. Para ello, se fluenciar los flujos migratorios son preguntas consideran diversos autores que han abordado que han recibido poca atención. Hollifield esta temática y otras relacionadas, y el reporte (2008) da una respuesta a tal situación, co- que sobre el tema hizo el Comité de Alto Nivel mentando que el periodo que se extiende entre oasis, No 22 • Julio-Diciembre 2015 • pp. 23-47 MigraciÓN pi Rev Oasis 22_final.indb 25 12/16/15 11:10 AM Lía Rodríguez de la Vega 26 1945 y 1990 estuvo dominado por la Guerra (2006) reúne autores de diversos países, que Fría, y en ese periodo los teóricos tendían a di- abordan temáticas tales como el marco insti- vidir la política en alta y baja política, y como tucional para el diseño y la implementación de la migración no afectaba de manera directa políticas públicas dirigidas a las comunidades el balance de poder, la disputa este-oeste o la residentes en el exterior; los derechos políticos naturaleza del sistema internacional –con ex- para la diáspora en su comunidad de origen (y cepción de los refugiados–, no logró llamar la en algunos casos, también en su comunidad de atención de los investigadores. Miller (1998), residencia); las políticas educativas y de salud, por su parte, apunta que la proliferación de y considera las implicancias que para la identi- actividad diplomática en relación con cuestio- dad del país de origen tiene el saberse tal lugar nes migratorias, y el avance de la integración de poblaciones diaspóricas. Xiang (2005), a socioeconómica, entre otras razones, contri- partir del estudio de la manera como China buyeron a visibilizar los nexos de la temática ha formado parte históricamente del sistema de la migración internacional con el de la internacional moderno y de su percepción de seguridad.
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