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Stanley Bréhaut Ryerson (1911-1998) Et L'analyse De Sa Pensée Sur La Question Nationale Au Québec De 1934 À 1991

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Stanley Bréhaut Ryerson (1911-1998) Et L'analyse De Sa Pensée Sur La Question Nationale Au Québec De 1934 À 1991 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL STANLEY BRÉHAUT RYERSON (1911-1998) ET L'ANALYSE DE SA PENSÉE SUR LA QUESTION NATIONALE AU QUÉBEC DE 1934 À 1991 MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN HISTOIRE PAR JOËL BISAILLON JANVIER 2008 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «cohformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais tout d'abord exprimer ma gratitude à mon directeur de maîtrise, M. Robert Comeau, pour ses précieux conseils et son intérêt pour mes recherches. Je veux également remercier mes parents, Gisèle Beauregard et André Bisaillon, ma famille et mes amis pour leur soutien et leur encouragement. Je désire spécialement remercier mon père pour ses suggestions et pour son aide précieuse dans la correction de mon mémoire. Je suis non moins reconnaissant au personnel des Archives nationales du Canada à Ottawa et du Service des archives et de gestion des documents de l'UQAM pour leur assistance, et d'une manière plus spécifique à Mme Claude Cantin, technicienne en archives, de ce dernier dépôt d'archives. Je tiens à souligner ma gratitude envers les membres de la Fondation Aubin et du centre de recherche Stanley-Bréhaut-Ryerson de Montréal. J'ai beaucoup apprécié nos échanges et nos discussions, et vous sais gré de votre gentillesse et de votre accueil chaleureux. Finalement, pour leur appui financier, je remercie la Chaire Hector-Fabre d'histoire du Québec de l'UQAM, ainsi que la Fondation Aubin oeuvrant pour l'avancement des connaissances en SCIences humaines et sociales engagées au Québec et au Canada. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES vii P~SUMÉ viii INTRODUCTION 1 Esquisse biographique _ 1 La problématique 6 L'historiographie 13 Méthodologie et sources 18 Le plan 21 PREMIÈRE PARTIE LE MILITANTISME COMMUNISTE DE STANLEY B. RYERSON, 1934-1965 23 CHAPITRE 1 LA CRISE ÉCONOMIQUE ET LE FRONT POPULAIRE ANTIFASCISTE: LES PREMIERS EFFORTS DE RÉFLEXION, 1934-1939 24 1.1 Ryerson et le contexte de la crise économique et du Front populaire 24 1.2 Le PCC, Ryerson et la non-reconnaissance du statut de nation aux Canadiens français 28 1.3 La connexion entre fascisme/corporatisme et nationalisme 30 1.4 Le lexique employé par Ryerson 34 1.5 Les inégalités sociales et économiques des Canadiens français 39 1.6 Les moyens privilégiés pour en finir avec l'infériorité économique et sociale des Canadiens français 44 1.7 Ryerson, les Rébellions de 1837-1838 et la question nationale au Québec 48 1.8 Conclusion 53 IV CHAPITRE II LA DEUXIÈME GUERRE MONDIALE: RECONNAISSANCE DE LA NATION CANADIENNE-FRANÇAISE, 1939-1945 59 2.1 Du déclenchement de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale en septembre 1939 à ['invasion de l'URSS par l'Allemagne en juin 1941 60 2.1.1 Le contexte international et national, et le PCC. « Contre la guerre impérialiste» 60 2.1.2 Les communistes canadiens-français et le rapprochement avec les nationalistes québécois 62 2.1.3 L'activité de Ryerson 63 2.2 De l'invasion des forces nazies en URSS en juin 1941 à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en septembre 1945 67 2.2.1 Le contexte international et national, et le PCC/POP. Le « Front national pour la victoire» 67 2.2.2 Le PCCfPOP, les Canadiens français et la conscription au Québec 69 2.2.3 Ryerson, l'effort de guerre et la crise de la conscription 71 2.2.4 La reconnaissance de la nation canadienne-française par Ryerson 79 2.3 Conclusion 85 CHAPITRE III LA GUERRE FROIDE: STAGNATION MALGRÉ LA RECONNAISSANCE DU DROIT À L'AUTODÉTERMINATION, 1945-1965 89 3.1 Ryerson reconnaît le droit à l'autodétermination nationale des Canadiens français 91 3.2 Ryerson, le Ve congrès provincial du POP au Québec et la crise de 1947 95 3.3 Ryerson, le POP et l'impérialisme américain 106 3.3.1. Les grandes orientations du POP dans les années 1950 et 1960 : indépendance canadienne et impérialisme américain 106 v 3.3.2 Le POP et le Canada français dans les années 1950 107 3.3.3 Ryerson et le thème de l'impérialisme américain 109 3.3.4 Le travail de Ryerson dans les années 1950 110 3.4 Conclusion III DEUXIÈME PARTIE LE DÉPART DE RVERSON DU PCC. RVERSON : PROFESSEUR UNIVERSITAIRE ET INTELLECTUEL ENGAGÉ, 1965-1998 114 CHAPITRE IV LA RÉVOLUTION TRANQUILLE: RYERSON RÉPOND À L'AFFIRMATION NATIONALE QUÉBÉCOISE. TRANSfORMATION MAJEURE DE SA PENSÉE ET RUPTURE DÉCISIVE AVEC LE PCC, 1965-1971 115 4.1 La Révolution tranquille au Québec et le renouveau associé à la question nationale 116 4.2 Le PCC répond au renouveau national au Québec 119 4.3 Les réinterprétations et les fondements historiques de Ryerson 127 4.4 Ryerson répond à la « crise de la Confédération» 137 4.4.1 Ryerson pose les bases du débat et en clarifie les termes 138 4.4.2 Le mouvement national-démocratique au Québec et le droit à l'autodétermination contre l'impérialisme américain et la domination anglo­ canadienne 142 4.5 Les premiers signes d'éloignement entre Ryerson et le PCC 148 4.6 Tchécoslovaquie 1968 : point de rupture pour Ryerson et mise en lumière de la transformation majeure de sa pensée 152 4.6.1 Les événements en Tchécoslovaquie, Ryerson et le PCC 152 4.6.2 La question nationale au Québec et le départ de Ryerson 157 4.6.3 Les autres dimensions de divergence entre Ryerson et le PCC 163 4.7 Conclusion 166 VI CHAPITRE V LES RAPPORTS QUÉBEC/CANADA ET L'AUTODÉTERMINATION NATIONALE. L'APPROfONDISSEMENT, 1971-1998 171 5.1 Le contexte historique 172 5.2 Quelques précisions sur l'emploi du terme « nation» par Ryerson 174 5.3 Les rapports Québec/Canada, l'autodétermination et le mouvement national. 177 5.4 Considérations et stratégies politiques 185 5.5 Quelques remarques sur le « socialisme» de Ryerson 189 5.6 Conclusion 193 CONCLUSION 195 ANNEXE A Tableau 1 : Évolution approximative des effectifs québécois du Parti communiste de 1930 à 1960 205 ANNEXEB Tableau 2 : Effectifs du Parti communiste au Canada de 1921 à 1960 206 ANNEXEC Vie et œuvre de Stanley Bréhaut Ryerson - Repères chronologiques 207 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 209 LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES CC : Comité central CEC: Comité exécutif central CPC : Communist Party of Canada CSN : Confédération des syndicats nationaux Fonds CPC : Fonds d'archives « Communist Party of Canada» Fonds SBR : Fonds d'archives Stanley-Bréhaut-Ryerson LPP : Labor-Progressive Party IC : Internationale communiste CEN : Comité exécutif national CN : Comité national FTQ : Fédération des travailleurs du Québec Kominform : Bureau d'information des partis communistes PCC: Parti communiste du Canada PCF : Parti communiste français PCO : Parti communiste ouvrier PCUS : Parti communiste de l'Union soviétique POP: Parti ouvrier-progressiste PQ : Parti québécois SAGD : Service des archives et de gestion des documents UQAM: Université du Québec à Montréal URSS: Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire s'intéresse à l'analyse de la pensée et des positions intellectuelles de l'historien Stanley Bréhaut Ryerson (1911-1998) sur la question nationale au Québec, et cela dès l'amorce de son engagement communiste au début des années 1930 jusqu'en 1991. L'étude de la pensée de Ryerson s'avère profitable pour explorer la façon dont ce dernier a appliqué le matérialisme historique et la perspective marxiste pour rendre compte et analyser le fait national au Québec ou dit autrement, la « question nationale ». De plus, l'itinéraire professionnel et intellectuel de Ryerson est un cas d'étude d'un grand intérêt pour cerner la manière dont un intellectuel de gauche répond à l'évolution et aux multiples transformations du nationalisme. québécois tout au long du XXe siècle. Ryerson est né en 1911 à Toronto. C'est lors d'un séjour en France en 1931-1932 que Ryerson adhère au communisme. Il amorce décisivement son militantisme au sein du Parti communiste du Canada (PCC) en 1934 à Montréal. Tout au long d'un engagement de plus de trente-cinq ans dans ce Parti, Ryerson occupera des postes de direction et de responsabilité, étant dès la fin des années 1930 considéré comme l' « intellectuel du Parti» et ayant le statut de « révolutionnaire professionnel ». Il deviendra rapidement le spécialiste du Canada français et de la question nationale au Québec dans les rangs du Parti. Sur ces derniers sujets, ses analyses et ses réflexions contribuent grandement à définir et à orienter les positions et les politiques du PCc. Vers le milieu des années 1960, une transformation majeure de la pensée de Ryerson s'effectue.
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