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De!ning the Metropolis

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Association Deltametropolis jan 2011

Kaart bevolkingsgroei top 30 grootste stedelijke agglomeraties, geordend volgens grootte bevolking, bron: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social A!airs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. ( 1960 ( 1980 2000 2020 7KH0HWURSROLWDQ3URJUDP_'H¿QLQJWKH0HWURSROLV

What makes a big city a metropolis; its sublime location, its metro system, its inspir- ing history, its concentration of headquarters, its multicultural population, its exciting nightlife? "e Metropolitan Program is a design research that investigates the development of the metropolis. By examining several aspects of development a metropolis, at an international, regional and local scale, Association Deltametropolis in collaboration with the universities situated in the Randstad acquires more insight into the possible further development of the Randstad. More thinking about the further development of the Randstad, an urbanised area of 8 million inhabitants, form the appeal of a Metropolis is needed. "e population growth of the Randstad is expected to occur by the immigration and migration of youngsters out of the periphery towards the city. For these groups employment, education, acquaint- ances and kindred spirits are the main reasons for staying. If the Randstad is to compete with other urban agglomerations, employment, housing and facilities must be of top reputation.

‘De!ning the Metropolis’ researches the in#uence of global top urban programs on the development of urban agglomerations in the world. "is publication is an update of primarily results of the project.

"e research is based on the Index of Metropolitan Functions developed by the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban A$airs and Spatial Development. "e Index of Metropolitan Functions de!nes !ve areas: politics, economy, science, transport and culture. "e !ve areas of metropolitan functions are supported by indicators: speci!c urban programs. When allowed by available data, the global top list of these di$erent urban programs are used.

De!ning the Metropolis exist on the one hand of a quickscan of the distribution of the top urban programs in the world and on the other hand of the thirty largest (by population) urban agglomerations in the world in 2010 and 2025, valued by the presence of top urban programs.

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3ROLWLFV - national capitals, - o%ces of international organisations

2. Economy - heado%ces of the top 500 world largest corporations (2010, revenues), source: CNN, money - top 20 stock exchanges in the world (2009, Market Capitalization, USD billions), source: World Federation of Exchanges

3. Science - top 200 universities in the world (2010, overall score), source: Times Higher Education - top 20 international congress cities (2009), source: International Congress and Con- vention Association - top 20 international congress countries (2009), source: International Congress and Convention Association - top 50 countries with patent grants relative to the population

7UDQVSRUW - top 30 airports by passenger tra%c (2008, passengers), source: Airports Council Inter- national - top 50 airroutes by passenger tra%c (2010 seats per month), source: Centre for Asia Paci!c Aviation - top 30 airports for cargo (2009, Metric Tonnes), source: Airports Council International - top 30 world ports by container tra%c (2008, TEUs - Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units), source: American Association of Port Authorities

5. Culture - top 100 most visited museums in the world, source: "e Art Newspaper Annual Re- ports (http://www.theartnewspaper.com/) - top 20 most visited cities by international tourist arrivals, (2007-2008), source: Wiki- pedia - number of Olympic Games, World Championship Football and World Exihibitions, source: Wikipedia

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3ROLWLFDOVWDELOLW\ "ere is a clear north-south division in the transcontinental organisations. On the Sou- thern Hemisphere there is a group of 77, a loose coalition of developing nations, desig- ned to promote its members’ collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity within the United Nations. On the Northern Hemisphere there are the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the world’s largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an intergovernmental military al- liance between North America and di$erent countries of Europe. Both organisations are a result of World war II and the Cold War. "eir head o%ces are situated in Europe.

(FRQLPLFDOVWDELOLW\ Almost every country in the world is a member of the IMF, an organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development through the enforcement of liberalising economic policies on other countries as a condi- tion for loans, restructuring or aid. Two third of all the countries in the world are a member of the World Trade Organisa- tion (WTO), which intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. "e G20 economies comprise 85% of global gross national product and 80% of world trade. Most of these countries also belong to the Bank of International Settlements, which “fosters international monetary and !nancial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks.” Generally speaking, the Western World (North America, Europe, Japan and Australia) is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a plat- form to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identifying good practices, and co-ordinating domestic and international policies of its members. Speci!c for oil, there is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), of whom half of the participating countries also are part of the largest exporting countries in the world (export relative to population). "e head o%ces of most of these organizations are located in Europe.

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Worldtrade South-America is mainly an exporting continent (export relative to population) and the United States is the main importer of the world. Asia, the Middle-East and Europe have a mix of importing and exporting countries. "e European Union is the biggest exporter of the world. East-Asia has the highest concentrations of harbours and cargo airports in the world. Northwest-Europe has a concentration of medium-sized harbours and cargo airports. America has mostly cargo airports, situated more inland, which form concentrated points of cargo transport. "e mainstock exchanges are located in the proximity of the big international cargo hubs.

2OGHFRQRP\QHZHFRQRP\ "e head o%ces of the world largest corporations are in Northwest-Europe (concentrated in Paris and London), North-America (concentrated in New York and San Fran- cisco) and Northwest-Asia (concentrated in Beijing and Tokio). "e 3 stock exchanges situated in New York, make New York the most important !nancial centre in the world. In Europe and East Asia the stock exchanges are spread over di$erent cities. Only New York, Tokio and Northwest-Europe have is a concentration of both the worlds largest corporations asndthe worlds most important stock exchanges. "e metropolitan economies in Northeast-Asia, India, East-Europe and North-Afri- ca are marked by a strong growth in income and employment during the crisis years between 2007 and 2010. "e metropolitan economies in Latin-America and Oceania performed average. "e metropolitan economies surrounding the high developed economies of New York and Northwest-Europe show a lesser decrease in income and unemployment than high developed economies.

(FRQRPLFDQGPRQHWDU\XQLRQV "e Eurozone, as a large economic and monetary union, is unique in the world. In the coming decades more economical and monetary unions will be formed in Africa (the participating countries sometimes even overlap), South-America and Southwest-Asia. Potential economic and monetary Unions are located in North-America, the Middle- East and Oceania.

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.QRZOHGJHGHYHORSPHQWUHJDUGLQJNQRZOHGJHGLVWULEXWLRQ "e top 50 universities in the world are concentrated on the East and West Coast of the USA, around Chicago, in Northwest Europe (mainly London, Paris and Switzerland) and spread over East-Asia and Southeast-Oceania. "e countries where the most international congresses take place, are mainly countries with top universities. When speci!cally looking at cities with the highest concentration of international congresses, it shows that these are noth the cities with the top universities.

.QRZOHGJHGHYHORSPHQW "e 50 countries top with the highest amount of patent grants relative to the population are situated in North-America, the European Union, Russia and some East-European countries, Japan, South-Korea, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand. Except China, all countries with top universities are also in the top 50 of countries with the highest amount of patent grants relative to population.

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3DVVHQJHUWUDI¿F USA has many passenger airports, spread over the country. Between the big cities on the East and West Coast there is a strong air connection. In East-Asia and Oceania air traf- !c is concentrated between the big cities. "ese have the largest airports for passenger tra%c in Asia. "e largest airports for passenger tra%c in Europe are concentrated in Northwest-Eu- rope and in Madrid and Rome. London-New York is the only transcontinental #ight in the top 50 passenger #ights.

&DUJRWUDI¿F East-Asia has the highest concentrations of harbours and cargo airports in the world. Northwest-Europe has a concentration of medium-sized harbours and cargo airports. America has mostly cargo airports, situated more inland, which form concentrated points of cargo transport.

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o o o etric o M o go (2009, r o op 30 airports by passenger tra ! c (2008), source: Airpo op 50 airroutes by passenger tra ! c (2010), source: Centre for Asia Paci " Aviation op 30 airports by ca top 30 world ports by container tra ! c (2008, TEU’s Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units), source: American t t t o o

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&XOWXUDOWRSIDFLOLWLHVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOWRXULVWLFWRSORFDWLRQV A concentration of top museums, opera and concert halls are situated in the European Union and the East Coast of the USA. "ese facilities are strongly connected to Western Culture, so it is not surprising that there are no concentrations in Asia, except from Japan. "e cities, which are mostly visited by international visitors are located in Europe and the east coast of Asia.

6SRUWLQJHYHQWV Countries in North-, South-America and Europe have organised, some even more then once, the World Championship Football. Since 2002 the World Championship Football is heading East (Japan, South-Korea and Russia) and South (South-Africa). "e Olym- pic Summer and Winter Games have taken place in Europe, the USA, West-Russia, Nor- theast Asia and Australia. At times the World Championship, organised by a country, and the Olympic Games, organised by a city, take place in one country within a couple of years.

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"e average annual growth of the top 30 urban agglomerations between 1950 and 2025 has an upward trend until 2000. Looking at the separate urban agglomerations there are two peaks visible, one in the period 1960-80 and one in the period 1990-2005. "e period between 1960-80: Cities in Latin-America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City, Bogota), Northeast-Asia (Tokio, Osaka-Kobe en Seoul), West Coast of USA (Los Angelas-Long Beach-Sancta Ana) and Paris have the largest annual growth. A&er 1985 most of these cities have had an annual growth lower than the average growth. A&er 2015 all of these cities will have an annual growth lower than the average growth. "e period between 1990-2005: Cities in East-China (Shangai, Bejing, Shenzen, Gu- angzhou, Hong Kong), West-America (New York-Newark and Chicago) and Europe (London and Moscow) have the largest annual growth. A&er 2025 these cities grow less strong and a&er 2025 they are all below the average of the top 30. Cities in West-Asia (New Delhi, Dhaka, Mumbai, Karachi and Calcutta) have had a strong growth since 1985. Around 2000 there is a peak, then a decline for a decade and from 2010 on their annual growth rises again far above the average annual growth.

"e top 30 urban agglomerations have know a distinctive geographical shi& between 1950 and 2025:

1950 2000 2025 Africa 1 2 3 Asia 7 16 15 Europe 11 4 3 Latin-America 4 5 6 North-America 7 3 3 Highest population in top 30 12,34 million 34,45 million 37,09 million Lowest population in top 30 1,76 million. 6,67 million 9,94 million

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social A$airs, Population Divi- sion, World Urbanization Prospects: "e 2009 Revision.

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0,70

0,60

0,50

0,40

0,30 Manila 0,20 Cairo average of top 30 Jakarta 0,10

Type 1 fase 1 — 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25

-0,10

-0,20

0,80

0,70

0,60

0,50 Delhi Kinshasa Dhaka 0,40 Mumbai Karachi Calcutta 0,30

0,20 average of top 30

0,10

Type 2 fase 2 — 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25

-0,10

-0,20

0,80

0,70

0,60

0,50

0,40

0,30

0,20 Shanghai average of top 30 Beijing Shenzhen 0,10 Guangzhou Hong Kong New York- Newark London Chicago fase 3 — Moscow Type 3 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25

-0,10

-0,20

0,80

0,70

0,60

0,50

0,40

0,30

0,20 average of top 30 Lima Buenos Aires 0,10 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana Mexico City Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Type 4 fase 4 — Parijs 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 Tokio Osaka-Kobe -0,10 Seoul

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As a basis for further research, the 30 largest urban agglomerations in the world in 2010 and in 2025 were used. "is resulted in list of 33 urban agglomerations. Out of the annual growth of these 33 urban agglomerations, 4 types can be distinguished. "e 4 types each de!ne a di$erent phase of the growth (by population) of a city.

Type 1: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is increasing between 2000-25 and it is around the average annual growth of all the urban agglomerations.

Type 2: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is increasing between 2000-25 and it is higher then the average annual growth of all the urban agglomerations.

Type 3: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is decreasing between 2000-25 and it was at its peak between 1985-2000.

Type 4: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is decreasing between 2000-25 and it was at its peak between 1955-1985.

"e size of the population of the urban agglomeration (all the urban agglomerations have at least 6,7 million inhabitants) has no real in#uence on the presence of global top facilities, but there is a correlation between the growing phase of an urban agglomeration and the presence of global top facilities. Urban agglomerations in the !rst phase have a national or international political centre and have a top tra%c infrastructure. In the second phase top economic facilities are ad- ded. In phases 3 and 4 cities start to score on all the metropolitan functions. Science and culture mostly develop together.

THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS 7RSXUEDQSURJUDPVLQFLWLHV a-Kobe k Osa eoul S os Angeles - ong Beach - L L Sankta Ana o r es r is r a P io de Janei Type 4 Type R Buenos Ai y t io k o aulo T o Ci P c xi e Sao M Bogota ondon L oscow M , u Beijing Type 3 Type Guangzho Guangdong Chongqing Shenzhen k r Hong Kong -Newa k s or Shangai Y

Lima Lago Istanbul Chicago New inshasa K hi rac a e K r Laho Type 2 Type a k New Delhi Mumbai Dha alcutta C y m ono c e e c 30 million inhabitants scien 20 million inhabitants ta r a 10 million inhabitants k Ja politics t r e Type 1 Type o r r transpo anila ai C M cultu 1 2 3 4 5 0 17

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"e European urban agglomerations have a high rate of top facilities and a low number of inhabitants. "e North-American urban agglomerations have a high rate of top facilities and a medium to low number of inhabitants. "e Latin-American urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a mix of high and low number of inhabitants. "e East Asian urban agglomerations have a mix of low and medium rate of top facilities and a mix of low and high number of inhabitants. "e Southwest Asian urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a mix of medium and high number of inhabitants. "e African urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a low number of inhabitants.

THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS 7RSXUEDQSURJUDPVLQFLWLHV io k a-Kobe o k T Osa anila M eoul S Shangai , Guangdong Shenzhen u a eani Guangzho Beijing c Hong Kong O ta r a k Ja Chongqing a k Dha alcutta C New Delhi i rach a K sia Mumbai A e r Laho oscow o r M ai C Istanbul is r a ope P r inshasa u K E ica r f ondon L A Lagos o r es r aulo P Sao io de Janei R Buenos Ai d r -Newa k or Y

Latin-America New th-America r Chicago No y ts t n ts o Ci n Bogota c xi y ts e n m M Lima ono c e e c 30 million inhabita scien 20 million inhabita 10 million inhabita politics os Angeles - ong Beach - t L L Santa Ana r e r transpo cultu

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