Metropolis Observatory 100 Resilient 03ISSUE PAPER The metropolitan scale of resilience

metro world association of the major metropolises observatory Contents Introduction page 3 Public health page 10 Affordable &adequate housing page 9 Sustainable mobility page 7 Climate changeadaptation page 5 resilience goals Metropolitan lensesfor page 4 Recommendations page 14 Security &socialcohesion page 12 Introduction

Cities stand at the intersection of the major chal- Addressing social division, economic inequity, and lenges of the 21st century. , climate inadequate transportation, infrastructure, and change, mass migration and rapid service delivery systems is becoming even more have converged to pose disproportionate pres- urgent to ensure resilience amid the growing un- sures on urban centers. Over 55% of the world’s certainties of the 21st century. population now lives in cities, a number due to rise to 70% by 2050. As today’s cities adapt to Resilience is the capacity of individuals, communi- these challenges, it is estimated that more than ties, institutions, businesses, and systems within 60% of metropolitan regions that will exist in 2050 a and region to survive, adapt, and grow no have yet to even form. matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience. Resilience requires cities These global pressures affect individuals and sys- and regions to take transformative actions that tems on the local level, in the cities where they make them better, in both the short- and long- live. While presidents and prime ministers must term, and allow them to not only endure, but slowly navigate national and international politics thrive, in both good times and bad. These trans- to reach a consensus on solutions, mayors and formative actions can only arise when cities re- city leaders are already innovating and deploying frame their challenges and opportunities to reflect new ideas, and making the investments that will the dynamics of their entire urban ecosystems. provide tangible benefits for their citizens. With cities leading the conversation and driving the As cities design and implement resilience strat- most impactful solutions, they must recognize the egies, they increasingly understand this and the urgency of planning meaningfully now. need to redefine previously established social, po- litical, functional and geographical borders, as well Often, a city’s most intransigent shocks and as engage with partners and stakeholders that stresses – including flooding, poor mobility, unaf- best align with the scope of the challenge. fordable and inadequate housing, and the conse- quences of climate change - transcend municipal Through case studies from the members that we boundaries and must be examined, explored and share with the 100 Resilient Cities network, this managed at the metropolitan level and through paper seeks to analyze the challenges and op- regional collaborations. portunities of metropolitan-scale planning, and its role in catalyzing resilience objectives. These This is especially true with increasing metropoli- examples show how the governance structures zation, as growing cities evolve into major met- and collaborations that arose across metropolitan ropolitan regions. As cities continue their rapid areas tackle the shocks and stresses experienced urbanization, they are expanding, and growing by cities. We hope, therefore, to contribute to the even more interdependent with their surround- understanding that all cities, big or small, have to ing , regions, and rural peripheries, look beyond their administrative borders when further entrenching symbiotic relationships with addressing their resilience challenges. them. Traditional boundaries are becoming less fixed and meaningful, and challenges more acute.

Octavi de la Varga Metropolis Secretary General 04 metropolis observatory

Metropolitan lenses for resilience goals

As cities define metropolitan-scale developed ones, their experiences prove objectives to achieve their resilience goals, a constructive guide to cities currently Operating with it is crucial they consider their specific designing their resilience strategies, as well metropolitan conditions, and build on existing strengths as those already beginning implementation. lenses and assets. Many different metropolitan favors the governance models exist. While cities Some challenges most clearly require achievement of can and should take inspiration from one action at the metropolitan scale: the resilience goals another, they must tailor lessons and best impacts of climate change, inadequate and fosters practices to their own concrete needs and transportation, and lack of affordable housing, not only transcend traditional sustainability, capacities. Each city’s particular context municipal boundaries, but efforts to social cohesion gives rise to conditions that shape what kind of metropolitan structure and stakeholder address them reverberate across municipal and quality of coordination can and should be sought. territories and affect shocks and stresses life in the major among neighboring municipalities. In metropolises As observed in the recent ARUP report on other instances, shocks and stresses may “Case Studies in Metropolitan Governance,” not seem to trigger metropolitan scale what most new and more effective solutions, but should. This is the case of models do share is a more collaborative public health management, and security approach, concentrated in networks and and social cohesion concerns, which entities, in contrast to an institutionalized rely both on interventions that address hierarchy. Furthermore, according to the underlying stresses and the operation of OECD, over the past thirty years there has interrelated systems. been a shift from a hierarchy model to a more collaborative one. This allows for Building resilience requires an assessment greater creativity and innovation, and the of a city’s systems and how shocks and formation of strategies that may be more stresses operate on and within them. To organically derived, with a greater chance best address them, cities are creating for success. new partnerships and collaborations. This includes a renewed appraisal of at what scale Across the 100 Resilient Cities network, they should be addressed and with which a core group of members is approaching partners. Some sectors and challenges resilience-building efforts through more naturally require a metropolitan metropolitan institutions, and new scale. Others may not seem to, but do as collaborations with a variety of partners well. Below we describe some examples and stakeholders. From sectoral public of how operating with metropolitan lenses authorities, to informal metropolitan can favor achieving resilience goals, while cabinets, to voluntary associations, to fostering sustainability, social cohesion newly-formed metropolitan planning and quality of life in the major urban bodies, to more integrated and fully- agglomerations of the world. 05

Climate change adaptation

> Pollution exposes 70% of Parisians to poor air quality, causes 6,500 premature deaths in the great Paris , and costs up to 1.7 billion € each year to the . Source: 100 Resilient Cities

Natural ecosystems rarely adhere to such as the effect, and jurisdictional borders, and unless action is poor air quality, designing environmental coordinated through a metropolitan vision, interventions on the appropriate scale and they can rarely be planned for. While this may with the appropriate actors becomes even seem clear now, for many years, climate change more urgent for resilience building. And adaptation was seen as ideally addressed like other resilience-building interventions, at the local level - a consensus on the need which cut across sectors and systems, for a wider, metropolitan, scale is relatively Shi writes that, “in order to make efficient new. In recent years this was most clearly investments that mitigate risk effectively seen in the New York metropolitan area after and increase the resilience of a region, Hurricane Sandy, when three different states, capital planning decisions must address Ecosystems dozens of cities, and several interrelated shared local and regional goals, take into cross systems (electrical, transportation, waste account interdependencies between human jurisdictional management, housing and many others) were and natural systems, and result from a boundaries, not prepared with a coordinated response collaborative process.” and the and had not been developing their resilience individual objectives in collaboration to address joint Ecosystems most often cross jurisdictional regional concerns. boundaries, and the individual actions actions of cities of cities, whether to combat the effects to combat As Lina Shi writes in her dissertation, “A of climate change, or to manage other the effects New Climate for Regionalism: Metropolitan challenges, can also adversely affect the of climate Experiments in Climate Change Adaptation,” natural environment of their neighbors. change may “the local scale is increasingly seen as Unless actions are complementary and also adversely insufficient (to address climate change coordinated, individual actions by parts of adaptation) because it lacks economics of a regional whole may, at best, inefficiently affect the scale, authority over regional infrastructure catalyze change, and at worst, undermine it. environment of and ecological systems, and control over the their neighbors design of fiscal and regulatory systems.” With Many of the resilience challenges that Paris the increasing occurrence and severity of faces, for instance, require solutions that 100-year storms, as well as chronic stresses, extend beyond its immediate administrative 06 metropolis observatory

Territoriaux, EPT). This past October, Paris released its resilience strategy, which elevates the new body and commits to metropolitan resilience objectives.

Importantly, upon the release, the City of Paris also signed a memorandum of understanding with the Métropole du Grand Paris and the Association of Rural Mayors, acknowledging that building resilience must be done at the territorial level. The three signatory parties state that they will work together, with the help of 100RC, to identify and define areas of collaboration along several thematic areas:

Source: 100 Resilient Cities sustainable food, food security, and resilient food systems; improving energy governance; mobility and co-working solutions; watershed > The Dakar borders. The city is one of smallest capitals management; and integrated economic expressed great interest in the world and the densest capital in planning (especially around local production for the improvement of and agribusiness). Their ultimate goals is to quality of life through ; it is the economic, political, and the launching of of the metropolitan area but sign a formal cooperation agreement in Fall programs such as the does not have the jurisdiction to coordinate of 2018. Environmental Action strategies that encompass this symbiotic Plan (PACTE). It is a relationship between the city and its In addition, a few months after its creation decision-making tool of good governance surroundings. in 2016, Métropole du Grand Paris was for integrating the selected to participate in an European environmental Without coordination with adjoining Union program regarding air quality, called dimension in the design municipalities, the city cannot effectively “Life Project 2016: Greater Paris for Air”. and implementation of projects and address shocks and stresses such as severe Led by the Métropole du Grand Paris, the interventions in favor of flooding, poor air quality, inadequate and project to mitigate air pollution aims to sustainable development. unaffordable housing, social and economic mobilize 131 mayors and is “an integrated The PACTE is part of the inequity and other entrenched problems that project based on governance to enhance Dakar Agenda 21 and defy administrative boundaries and require air quality, which is an opportunity to serves as a document of harmonization of the cross-jurisdictional solutions to achieve redefine governance and coordination efforts of the city in favor the systemic change resilience-building of local authorities’ actions to efficiently of the environment. requires. In the case of poor air quality, improve air quality, in synergy with other much of it is caused by commuters driving in environmental policies, including those from the surrounding , thus, a plan related to greenhouse gas reduction, noise addressing pollution then must consist of pollution, and biodiversity preservation.” cross-jurisdiction metropolitan integration. The project presents an opportunity for the metro region to collaborate and overcome To begin to address the limits of these previous challenges that undermined politically and historically-imposed efforts to address traffic congestion. Aiming boundaries, a new local authority – at talking air pollution through governance Métropole du Grand Paris was created is particularly relevant in the metropolitan in January 2016, consisting of Paris context, because 131 different mayors and and 130 other municipalities. The new administrations, tens of thousands of private body makes resilience central to its enterprises and seven million inhabitants development and to forming a link between have first to agree on a shared diagnosis, its 12 territories (Établissements Public and then to build solutions together. 07

Sustainable mobility

Mobility is an essential factor of quality of life, and urban mobility systems encompass For these reasons, mobility systems have Adequate several integrated metropolitan systems often served as “triggers” for metropolitan urban that trigger action on a metropolitan scale. scale planning. Triggers are common entry mobility and If some municipalities within a region do not points for new planning or governance transportation or cannot collaborate on an urban mobility reform. More than half of all metropolitan interventions system that cuts across metropolitan area areas have dedicated transport authorities borders, they can potentially undermine any and are common even in cities and have the effort to create meaningful urban resilience. countries that have otherwise no tradition potential to of sectoral authorities that cover the address several Adequate urban mobility and transportation territory of several municipalities. Data issues at once, interventions are key to resilience-building. provided by the OECD clearly confirms including social They have the potential to address several the importance of transportation as one cohesion, issues at once, including social cohesion, of three policy fields for metropolitan housing, economic development and public governance (the other two being regional economic health. Likewise, poor mobility options development and spatial planning). Several development, exacerbate a city’s stresses, including of our members have realized the need to housing and entrenched poverty, geographic isolation, plan for their urban mobility systems on an public health and often, racial inequity. For cities with intermunicipal scale and the potential for transportation systems already planned resilience-building by doing so. at the metropolitan or regional scale they also offer opportunities for addressing As in the case of de Chile, for other systems that must also be planned instance, a highly fragmented metropolitan for on that scale. Transportation plans can region has posed impossible obstacles to integrate strategies and housing creating effective transportation systems, plans, and achieve economic and social which in turn affect housing, economic cohesion objectives. Interventions that development, and public health.The produce multiple benefits are fundamental Metropolitan Region of Santiago has to building resilience. made metropolitan governance and a

> Santiago de Chile is implementing a system of public bicycles integrated within the transport system, which counts on a network of 400 km of pedestrian paths and bicycle lanes, as well as on public parking lots of long and short stay. Source: 100 Resilient Cities 08 metropolis observatory

> Monorail feeders and light rail systems are to form an integral part of Bangkok’s mass transit system. Both systems are expected to provide more residents with multiple mobility options, as well as greater connectivity and access to multiple linkage points, complementing the main mass transit systems. The construction of light rail monorail feeders will start upon the completion of a comprehensive program and budget for the system’s operation. Source: 100 Resilient Cities

metropolitan vision central to its resilience a territorial planning process to accompany strategy, released in March of 2017. With it. This has resulted in inadequate coverage 52 different municipalities, and a highly and accessibility and lack of tariff integration centralized national government, the metro which has led to high travel costs and poor area has suffered from acute fragmentation user experience. With newly acquired stemming from lack of planning best tailored political power devolved from the national for each region. The strategy highlights the government, Santiago plans to create importance of work that can bridge the territorially integrated plans to overcome urban and rural divide and fill the gap of these major stresses. urban policy as well as rural policy that was missing before at the national level. However, in lieu of this, Santiago has already begun metro-wide work on One of the central pillars of the resilience urban mobility. A current master plan for strategy and its metropolitan vision is intermunicipal cycling paths that includes urban mobility and a connected Santiago. all 52 municipalities, began with local Without coordination between the different grassroots efforts on a single municipal municipalities, and without providing scale. It then developed into a pilot project better access to the urban core to those with seven municipalities, which involved in the rural periphery, and within the more stakeholders, which in turn attracted urban sprawl, deep economic and social even more partners and financing. inequities will continue to undermine the Eventually the governor became involved region’s resilience-building efforts. and brought it to a regional scale and an engagement with Itaú Bank. To address this, the strategy provides for a comprehensive inter-municipal transport While Santiago awaits legislative reform system between the 38 urban municipalities, required to achieve its metropolitan vision, Santiago’s strategy provides for an the success of these programs illustrate integration plan for urban-rural mobility. the potential in building on conditions and Santiago’s urban sprawl has grown without strengths that may already be present. 09

Affordable & adequate housing

More than many other challenges An example towards achieving this resilience to resilience-building, adequate and goal is given by the Metropolitan Community affordable housing is inextricably linked of Montréal / Communauté métropolitaine with the conditions of a city’s surrounding de Montréal (CMM), comprised of Montréal suburbs and municipalities. Especially in and 15 independent municipalities, and metropolitan regions where commuting off-island suburbs like Longueuil, Brossard, rates into one economic center are high, Saint-Lambert Boucherville and other the effect on housing is direct and often smaller ones, including more semi-rural presents one of the greatest pressures . CMM is in charge of planning, on other municipal and regional systems, coordinating, and financing economic > One of the major including transportation, public health, development, public transportation, and accomplishments of the and public service delivery. Unplanned sanitation across the metropolitan region. Montréal Metropolitan Community has been its urban sprawl, the proliferation of informal The CMM represents 52% of the population comprehensive housing settlements, and significant increases in of Québec and consists of a council with 28 plan, which integrates commuting times for those often least members. It is presided over by a president, 82 municipalities, 42 able to afford them, are only some of the an executive committee, a commission housing offices as well as stresses that can undermine a city’s social on economic development and finance, provincial and regional representatives of cohesion, economic equity, economic a transport commission, management partner organizations for development and most of the other commission, committee on social housing, affordable housing. systems of the city. an environmental commission and an agricultural advisory committee.

One of the CMM’s major accomplishments has been its comprehensive housing plan, entitled “The Metropolitan Action Plan for Social and Affordable Housing 2015-2020”. The plan integrates 82 municipalities, 42 housing offices as well as provincial and regional representatives of partner organizations for affordable housing. It complements the Metropolitan Planning and Development Plan (Plan Métropolitain d’Aménagement et de Développement) and consists of several actions designed specifically for the maintenance and development of social housing in the TOD (Transit-Oriented Development) areas which account for 40% of household growth.

The Committee on Social Housing consists of eight members representing all geographic sectors of Montréal and presided over by the Mayor of Contrecoeur, Suzanne Dansereau. Envisaging affordable access to quality social housing for every household in the Montréal Metropolitan Community, the committee held a consultation with all municipalities in 2005, and identified three

Source: 100 Resilient Cities challenges: 10 metropolis observatory

1. Ensure better coordination between actions, it aims to: provide funding for policies from higher levels of government the development and sustainability of In metropolises and the needs of the population of the social and affordable housing; develop where metropolitan area of Montréal. social and affordable housing as a main commuting pillar of Greater Montréal’s overall rates into 2. Strengthen cooperation of the 82 munici- economic development; and achievement palities in the region. of sustainability goals; and foster greater one economic social cohesion. center are 3. Optimize the metropolitan financial high, the effect framework in social and affordable Building resilience requires these types on housing is housing. of holistic interventions that work across direct and often several sectors with key stakeholders to presents one The Metropolitan Action Plan for social achieve multiple benefits. With its metro- and affordable housing, 2015-2020 is seen wide mandate, CMM’s housing plan has of the greatest as the centerpiece of the development of the kind of vision and scope that can pressures on Greater Montréal. Through 13 concrete achieve this. the territory

Public health

Public health offers another example of a system that may not, at first blush, seem to need a metropolitan lens. However, in many metropolitan areas, access to primary care is uneven and as a result some areas and medical centers are overburdened, further exacerbating the pressures on public health service delivery. Furthermore, the underlying stresses that cause these disparities themselves cut across systems and sectors that may be best addressed at a broader scale. Poor community health is often correlated with economic and social inequity, access to education, and other equity indicators.

A common stress in cities is the lack of adequate health care options for those Source: GBCA living in informal settlements, geographic > Representatives of different levels of government (city, state isolation, without health insurance, or and nation) presented together the emergency health care those with other reasons for lack of access system of the metropolitan area of . to clinical care. Equity challenges and 11

policy gaps often lead to an overutilized outside Buenos Aires. At present, 50- emergency management system, accessed 60% of those seeking treatment within for non-emergency medical reasons, or an the city are actually from surrounding overburdened medical care system in those communities. With money from the IDB, areas of the city and region that do offer the Metropolitan Cabinet worked to create it. Underlying stresses, thus, lead to public a system of electronic records to help health stresses, and vice versa. empower primary care centers outside of the city. This will promote public health for Focusing on public health as a natural individuals where they live and also allow convener for addressing other stresses, medical institutions within the city to work such as poverty, education, and cultural more efficiently and optimize their own and geographical isolation offers great systems. potential for a city’s resilience-building efforts. Public health interventions can thus A second initiative, for the first time, mitigate negative public health trends, lead provides Buenos Aires with an integrated to more efficient use of funding once used city and province emergency management for unnecessary emergency care or care for system. Much like the initial cycling those from other parts of the metropolis programs in Santiago that became region- who have no other options. This can enable wide, this program began on a smaller a city to better address other challenges, scale and then expanded, though from a and, through creative interventions, it can top-down governance process rather than also address several stresses at once. a grassroots campaign. The SAME & SAME Provincial (Sistema de Atención Médica de Buenos Aires, the political, economic, and Emergencias) began with 11 municipalities cultural capital of Argentina, provides an and now cover 20: Almirante Brown, Bahía interesting example on this subject. Although Blanca, Berisso, Brandsen, Ensenada, Ezeiza, itis not a fully integrated metropolitan Florencio Varela, General Pueyrredón, structure, Gran Buenos Aires includes the General Rodríguez, José C. Paz, La Plata, city and surrounding districts (at present 24, Lanús, Lomas de Zamora, Morón, Pilar, with six to be more fully incorporated), and Punta Indio, Quilmes, San Isidro, Tres de city and provincial leaders increasingly see Febrero y Escobar). Some of the difficulties the value of formalizing one. In December of integrating more municipalities had to The underlying 2015, a new mayor and governor were do with the complexities of the current stresses elected, presenting a political alignment that healthcare system. has enabled the design and implementation that cause of new metropolitan scale policy, including While the Cabinet has achieved significant disparities in the creation of a Metropolitan Cabinet. success in addressing challenges that the access to The Metropolitan Cabinet is an informal required a metropolitan approach, the city public health structure. At the time of its formation, the and state have concluded that it needs a cut across government decided that they did not want more formal structure to be able to truly systems and to create a new layer of government but scale initiatives. They are currently in the rather develop a high level but less formal process of exploring how to achieve this. sectors that arrangement. Despite its informal structure, may be best the Cabinet has already enacted several addressed at a concrete initiatives, including two major metropolitan public health initiatives. scale The first addresses the use of the city’s medical systems by those living 12 metropolis observatory Security & social cohesion

Some of the most successful strategies to maintain and improve the city’s social for addressing urban violence have arisen services, housing and critical infrastructure. A metropolitan from metropolitan scale interventions Informal settlements, far removed from vision enables targeting social cohesion and the commercial hub at its center, left new intersystemic infrastructure. Many cities struggle with arrivals disconnected from one another strategies the stresses caused by economic, racial and from opportunity. The city became to face the and social inequity - which more often extremely vulnerable to the cartels and to than not have geographic dimensions, petty crime. stresses that with either economic or racial segregation undermine patterns. A broader vision, connecting After years of failed attempts at reform, the social cohesion different communities to one another city adopted a more holistic view, making and lead to and to economic centers has shown to be the interdependence of its systems and violence an effective means of addressing these levels of government central to its success. inequities and their consequences. One major factor in achieving this greater resilience was the introduction in 1980 Like public health challenges, strategies of the Área Metropolitana del Valle de to address social cohesion and its Aburrá (AMVA), a metro body consisting consequences for security do not of ten municipalities. The AMVA has immediately seem to invoke the jurisdiction over planning and coordination metropolitan scale. The stresses that between the different cities; the public undermine social cohesion and can transportation system; and environmental lead to violence are many and include concerns. The AMVA played a major role economic and geographic isolation, rapid in addressing some of the main issues urbanization that leads to the proliferation contributing to urban violence: social and of informal settlements, inequitable economic inequity. The communities living provision of public services, and lack of in the hillsides were not only disconnected access to other fundamental aspects of from the economic opportunities found civic life and individual quality of life. An in the valley floor below, they also lived integrated approach is required, one that in isolation from one another. The AMVA addresses the intersystemic relationships made possible the famous MetroCable of these stresses. A metropolitan vision system that now links the barrios to each can enable these types of intersystemic other and to the city center. strategies that combine seemingly disparate sectors and functions in a city, Other metropolitan-wide measures have giving rise to creative solutions. built on this successful approach to social cohesion as a means to combat violence. Once described as “the most dangerous In 2004, a strategy known as the “Medellín city in the world,” by Time Magazine, Model” was adopted by the city to further Medellín now often symbolizes the power entrench this policy and the importance of integrated metropolitan planning in of the interdependence of social cohesion combating seemingly intransigent urban and physical infrastructure. Like previous problems. Medellín had to contend with efforts, the plan’s implementation required conditions currently common to many the collaboration of the mayor, private rapidly urbanizing metropolitan areas. sector, civic organizations and academia, Between 1951 and 1973, Medellín grew with the mayor given a central role as from just over 350,000 people to over the coordinator between the different one million, at a time of huge economic actors and sectors. It also focused on: upheaval. Operating with diminished strengthening the central role of the resources, the city could not keep pace Government Secretariat; a coordination with the rate of expansion and was unable between the different Secretariats, 13

especially those involved with public space; strengthening the Company for Urban Safety (ESU), a decentralized agency for logistical support of public intervention; creation of local government committees to facilitate the construction of a local plan for security and peaceful coexistence of each commune. The strategy focuses on six areas of intervention: education; social planning, public space, and housing; Source: Metropolis Secretariat General inclusion and equity; arts & culture; security and coexistence; and competitiveness and a culture of entrepreneurship.

Medellín’s experience illustrates not only the important role a metropolitan structure can play, but how it can do so through its integration with other resilience-building strategies, such as the inter-systemic approach the city was already pursuing to untangle the shocks and stresses plaguing it.

> One major factor in achieving greater resilience in Medellín was the introduction of the Metropolitan Area of Valle de Aburrá (AMVA), a metro body consisting of ten municipalities. The AMVA played a major role in addressing some of the main issues contributing to urban violence: social and economic inequity. 14 observatory metropolis Bibliography Deustche GesellschaftfurInternationale Communauté métropolitaine deMontréal. Bradley, JenniferandKatz,Bruce.(2013). ARUP 100ResilientCities,Cities Ahrend, R.,C.GamperandA.Schumann. • • • • • objectives Developing resilience Recommendations collaboration with UnitedNationsHuman Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)GmbH,in 2020. Social andAffordableHousing, 2015- June (2015).MetropolitanAction Planfor Institution Press,Washington,D.C.. The MetropolitanRevolution.Brookings Cities. Gobernanza Metropolitana.100Resilient Santiago. (2017).CasosdeEstudio 2014/4, OECDPublishing,Paris Regional DevelopmentWorkingPapers, in largeUrbanAgglomerations,”OECD Description ofGovernanceStructures Governance Survey:AQuantitative May (2014).“TheOECDMetropolitan strategies. effective plansthroughmetropolitan similar challengesandhavefound Collaborate withothercitiesthatface government. municipalities anddifferentlevelsof including stakeholdersfromneighboring committee ofaresiliencestrategy, metropolitan actorsonthesteering Consider the inclusion of regional and process, andwhentheyshoulddoso. in the resilience strategy development level stakeholders should participate Decide whichregionalandmetropolitan exceed jurisdictionalboundaries. Consider whichsystemsinyourcity a metropolitanscale. determine which must be addressed on When assessingthechallengesofacity, • • • building interventions Implementing resilience- • • UCLG (2016)ReportGOLDIV: Co-creating Shi, Lina.June(2017).ANewClimatefor Scruggs, Gregory.(2017).Parislaunches Sciences PoUrbanSchool,Capstone(2017). Sustainable Development. Unpacking MetropolitanGovernancefor Settlements Program.August(2015). metropolises, citiesandterritories. the urbanfuture.Theagenda of Massachusetts InstituteofTechnology. of UrbanStudiesandPlanning, Climate ChangeAdaptation. Department Regionalism: MetropolitanExperimentsin watchdog paris-launches-global-urban-air-pollution- Citiscope http://citiscope.org/story/2017/ global urbanair-pollutionwatchdog. Comparative Analysis. Resilience inMetropolitanAreas,A long-term action. foundation forsuccessfulshort-and with the best chance of forming a Develop ametropolitanarrangement objectives. best advancethecity’sresilience arrangement orstructurethatwould when designingametropolitan Consider yourcity’sparticularconditions required atthemetropolitanscale. academia, can help catalyze interventions including theprivatesector,NGOs,and Determine whichothercivicactors, Create reliablefinancingarrangements. intermunicipal scopeorspillovereffects. of successortopicswithclear initially onitemswithhighprobability Focus onagovernancereformprocess About the Author

100 Resilient Cities (100RC) is a network pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation which is dedicated to helping cities around the world become more resilient to the physical, social and economic challenges that are a growing part of the 21st century. Through 100 RC, city governments receive: financial and logistical guidance for es- tablishing an innovative new position in city government, a Chief Resilience Officer (CRO), who leads the city’s resilience efforts; technical support to develop a holistic resilience strategy that reflects each city’s distinct needs; access to an innovative platform of private sector and NGO services to support strategy development and implementation; and inclusion in the 100 Resilient Cities Network to share knowl- edge and best practices with other member cities. 100RC has staff and offices in New York, London, , and , who worked together to draft this issue paper for Metropolis.

Currently, Metropolis and 100RC have 22 members in common: , Addis Aba- ba, Amman, , Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Dakar, Durban, , , Lisboa, Medellín, Mexico City, Montevideo, Montréal, , Quito, Ramallah, , Santiago de Chile, and .

The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the institutional opinion of the World Association of the Major Metropolises (Metropolis). Neither the Metropolis Secretariat General nor any person acting on behalf of the association may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the contents of this work.

This work is licensed under the Crea- tive Commons Attribution-NonCom- mercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Supported by: Edition: November 2017

Secretariat General Avinyó, 15. 08002 Barcelona () Tel. +34 93 342 94 60 Fax: +34 93 342 94 66 [email protected] metropolis.org

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