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Tracking the Columbia Summer Program Graduates, 1968-1974

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Tracking the Columbia Summer Program Graduates, 1968-1974 Training for Diversity in Journalism: Tracking the Columbia Summer Program Graduates, 1968 – 1974 A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Communication East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Professional Communication by Mary Alice Basconi May 2006 Dr. John M. King, Chair Dr. Jack Mooney Dr. Ardis Nelson Keywords: Minorities, diversity, retention, journalism training, journalism history, journalism education ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is dedicated to Ed Basconi, for immeasurable kindness and patience, and to my parents, Alicia Serafica Woodhams and Richard L. Woodhams, for showing the way. Special appreciation goes to Dr. John M. King for chairing the thesis committee, for believing in this endeavor, and for guidance through the mechanics of SPSS. Dr. Jack Mooney provided the spark for this project by challenging students to tell stories that make up journalism history. He and Dr. Ardis Nelson offered insight during the research and enlisted me in the bilingual newspaper project at ETSU. The School of Graduate Studies was generous in providing guidance and travel assistance, and Kelly Hensley at the Sherrod Library was helpful in locating research materials. Personal thanks also are due to Dr. Charles Roberts, Dr. Norma Wilson, Dr. Murvin H. Perry, Dr. Cecilia McIntosh, Dr. Andrea Clements, Dr. Rosalind Gann, and Janine Richardson. Several persons clarified information and guided me to the records: Ruth Friendly of the Fred Friendly Seminars, who provided access to her husband’s papers; Alexandra Bernet of the Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Anthony Malony of the Ford Foundation, Dr. Everett C. Parker of Fordham University, and Dr. David Weaver of Indiana University. I also am indebted to the faculty and staff of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism Summer Program, who were so gracious in sharing recollections. To the 110 Summer Program graduates who took part in the survey: Thank you for remembering so much, for caring enough to participate, and for words that teach lessons in journalism. 2 Copyright 2006 by Mary Alice Basconi All Rights Reserved 3 ABSTRACT Training for Diversity in Journalism: Tracking the Columbia Summer Program Graduates, 1968 – 1974 by Mary Alice Basconi Columbia University’s Summer Program, created by Fred Friendly, was the first enduring effort to prepare non-whites for jobs in the news media. It operated from 1968 to 1974 at the Graduate School of Journalism, training 223 journalists for print and broadcast jobs. Three decades after the closing of this elite program, 110 graduates responded to a telephone survey on attitudes toward first employers, careers, and their experiences at Columbia. Results from this exploratory study show respondents spent an average 17.6 years in news media after the Summer Program, and 30.9 percent of respondents spent thirty years or more in journalism. Nearly 42 percent of respondents said they were promoted in their first jobs, and 29.1 percent became managers or supervisors in mainstream media news. Those who left news media cited reasons that seem to contradict results of earlier retention studies on people of color. Graduates rated the training highly. 4 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 13 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 13 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................... 15 2. THE ‘WELCOME MAT’ .............................................................................................. 17 The Summer of 1967 ................................................................................................ 17 The Kerner Commission ........................................................................................... 20 The Mainstream-Media Newsroom .......................................................................... 22 Fred Friendly and the Ford Foundation .................................................................... 25 A Broadcast Pioneer ............................................................................................ 27 The FCC and License Renewals ............................................................................... 30 Television Access ..................................................................................................... 34 3. THE SUMMER PROGRAM ........................................................................................ 38 Laying the Groundwork ............................................................................................ 38 The Summer of 1968 ................................................................................................ 42 5 Chapter Page Diversity, Jobs, and Print .......................................................................................... 45 The Middle Years ..................................................................................................... 49 Finances ............................................................................................................... 49 The Partners ......................................................................................................... 51 A Threat to Survival .................................................................................................. 52 The Broadcast Class of 1971 .............................................................................. 53 Two Advocates ................................................................................................... 55 Black Leadership ....................................................................................................... 56 Visiting Editors ................................................................................................... 57 A Survival Course ............................................................................................... 58 The Michele Clark Fellowship Program ................................................................... 59 The Second Track The Second Track........................................................................ 62 Ambassadors for Journalism ..................................................................................... 65 4. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 73 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 73 What Research Said About Ethnicity ........................................................................ 73 The Makings of a Journalist ...................................................................................... 75 On the Job ................................................................................................................. 78 Covering Stories .................................................................................................. 80 First Job Longevity ............................................................................................. 82 6 Chapter Page Journalism Careers .................................................................................................... 83 Staying in Journalism or Switching Careers ....................................................... 85 Advancement Opportunity and Career Longevity .............................................. 88 Survey of the Summer Program ................................................................................ 89 Conclusions and Research Agenda ........................................................................... 89 5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS ....................................................... 91 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 91 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 92 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................ 93 Exploratory Research Questions ............................................................................... 93 Exploratory Question 1 ....................................................................................... 94 Exploratory Question 2 ....................................................................................... 94 Exploratory Question 3 ....................................................................................... 95 Exploratory Question 4 ....................................................................................... 95 Exploratory Question 5 ....................................................................................... 95 Exploratory Question 6 ....................................................................................... 96 Exploratory Question 7 ......................................................................................
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