SYLLABUS Guerilla Warfare and Terrorism IR 557

Research Professor Jessica Stern, Ph.D., Boston University [email protected] - 617-358-3774

Fall 2016: Fridays 9:00am-12:00pm in IRC 220 Office Location: 152 Bay State Road, Room 338 Office Hours: Fridays 1:00pm-3:00pm by appointment

Graduate Assistant: Christopher Stille - [email protected]

I. Course Description and Objectives

Why do terrorists do what they do? What can we do to stop them? This course will introduce students to the study of terrorism. We will cover the history and evolution of the tactic, from the Zealots to al Qaeda to ISIS. We will assess terrorists’ motivations and how they market their causes to various publics. We will explore risk factors at various levels, including global, national, group, and personal. Terrorists are exploiting social media to advertise their mission, boast about their successes, and to target potential recruits. What are the pros and cons or taking down their social media messages? What are the costs and benefits of traditional counter- terrorism measures, such as targeted killing using drones? After completing this course, students will have a much more nuanced and intellectually grounded understanding of terrorism.

Terrorism dominates the headlines, but few attempt to think critically about the origins and evolution of terrorist groups over the course of history. The history of terrorism, however, is rife with puzzles. What is terrorism? Why do groups take up arms against fellow civilians to effect political change? Why and how do terrorist groups evolve, and why and how do they end? What are the most effective ways to combat terrorism? The five primary goals of the course are to: (1) present leading theories and concepts for understanding terrorist behavior; (2) evaluate theories of terrorism; (3) apply these theories to analyze current terrorist trends and make predictions about future developments; (4) provide students an opportunity to conduct research and write an original paper; and (5) allow students to deepen their knowledge about several major terrorist groups around the globe.

Required Readings The readings for this course offer conflicting interpretations of theory and history. Students should read these texts with the goals of identifying, comparing, evaluating, and contesting contending arguments.

II. Course Requirements

Class Participation (20%): Students will be expected to attend regularly, read thoughtfully, and participate actively in class discussions. Students will be expected to be able to talk about current news stories relevant to the topic of the class.

Response Papers/Presentations (8% each, total 40%): Students will be asked to write five short (2-3 pages, double-spaced, 1inch margins) analytical response papers throughout the semester, and to spend five minutes at the start of each class presenting their findings. Any quotations must be cited appropriately. Help with citations is available at the Writing Center as well as on line. The response paper will summarize and analyze the core arguments for each of the day’s readings, and how the readings build on what we have already discussed in class. Response papers will be evaluated on the basis of comprehension, accuracy, clarity, and organization. Students will sign up for five topics on the first day of class and must submit the response papers to turnitin.com 48 hours before their assigned topic is discussed in class, that is, by 9 am Wednesday. Late response papers will be subject to substantial deductions. The most important gift I can give you as your instructor is to help you learn to write and present your thoughts succinctly. Frequent writing assignments are thus critical to your development not only as a scholar or a policy analyst, but in nearly any career you choose to pursue.

On line resources for help with writing are available here.

Undergraduate Students - Final Exam (40%): The undergraduate final exam will be a 7-8 page take-home essay. It will be distributed at the end of class on 12/2 and is due via turnitin.com by noon on 12/9.

Graduate Students -Research Paper (40%): In place of a final exam, graduate students must write a 20-page research paper. Students are required to present an abstract and preliminary list of sources in class on October 28th. Papers must be submitted via turnitin.com by noon on 12/9.

III. Course Policies

Electronics Policy: Computers and phones may not be used in class, except to look up facts at the request of the professor. The data are clear that note-taking by hand is more useful for learning. For example, according to experiments summarized in the Wall Street Journal, “Students who take notes by hand in class outperform students who type notes. As more students use their phones, laptops and tablets in class, they may be surprised to learn they will have more success learning new material if they write.”1 Students should also know texting or personal use of social media in professional settings makes students/employees appear unserious and unprofessional.

Academic Integrity: Cheating and plagiarism will be punished in accordance with BU’s Academic Conduct Code: http://www.bu.edu/academics/resources/academic-conduct-code/. Late Work: Late submissions will have a full-letter grade deducted each day beginning with the assignment deadline. Make up examinations will be granted only in exceptional cases.

Special Needs and Other Concerns: If you have any special needs or circumstances, such as a learning disability or health issue, please feel free to speak with me, and we can discuss suitable accommodations. The Office of Disability Services is the only office that may grant accommodations for students. When a student is in need of a short term release from an academic requirement and there is no clear “disability” involved, students may request clemency from their professors.

Clinicians at Student Health Services generally do not write excuse letters or emails advocating for a student who is requesting release from an academic requirement. When meeting with a student our practice is to encourage students to speak directly with their professors. Clinicians will provide our business card to the students as proof of the visit. If a student is in an acute crisis and requires immediate clinical attention and will miss a class or assignment, an email may be sent to the necessary academic staff from the University Service Center.

1. Robert Lee Holtz, “Can Handwriting Make You Smarter,” Wall Street Journal, April 4, 2016.

Explanation of Letter Grades: http://www.bu.edu/reg/grades/explanation-of-grades/

IV. Final Paper for Graduate Students

Your job is to pose a question or present a problem. The first question the reader wants to know: Why should we care about this problem? You will need to craft a thesis or an answer to the problem you propose to address and support your position with carefully analyzed evidence. Please consider the kinds of evidence or arguments that would prove your position wrong, and respond to those arguments. Claims of fact must be supported by data or citation to scholarly sources. In your conclusion, suggest implications for policy.

Sources for Research Projects on Terrorism: • ARTICLES IN REFEREED JOURNALS The following are some of the leading scholarly journals: o Contemporary Security o Policy Critical Terrorism Studies o Democracy & Security o International Affairs o International Security o Journal of Policing, Intelligence, and Counter Terrorism o Studies in Conflict & Terrorism o Security Studies o Survival • POLICY JOURNALS The following are some of the leading policy journals:

o Fletcher Forum on World Affairs

o Georgetown Journal of International Affairs

o Foreign Affairs

o Foreign Policy

o Intelligence & National Security

o Washington Quarterly

o SAIS Review o The RUSI Journal • NEWS PERIODICALS AND MAGAZINES o Good sources include the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Financial Times, the Economist, Atlantic Monthly. • SPECIALIZED NEWS ANALYSIS/INTELLIGENCE SERVICES o Oxford Analytica and Jane’s Information Group are among the useful sources of news in this category, but are not always accessible through the library.

V. Weekly Readings

Week 1 (9/9): How to Study Terrorism? Some Definitions [81 pages]

Readings:

Sageman, Marc. “The Stagnation in Terrorism Research.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 4 (2014): 565-580.

McCauley, Clark and Sophia Moskalenko. “Some Things We Think We’ve Learned Since 9/11:” A Commentary on Marc Sageman’s ‘The Stagnation in Terrorism Research.’” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 4 (2014): 601-606.

Stern, Jessica. “Response to Marc Sageman’s ‘The Stagnation in Terrorism Research.’” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 4 (2014): 607-613.

Sageman, Marc. “Low Return on Investment.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 4 (2014): 614-620.

Stern, Jessica. “Introduction.” In Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill, xiii-xxxi. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

Berger, J.M. and Jessica Stern. ISIS: The State of Terror. New York: Harper Collins, 2015. 1-11.

Barsamian, David. “The U.S. Is Leading a Terrorist State: An interview with Noam Chomsky.” Monthly Review 53, no. 6 (2001).

Decker, Scott H. and David C. Pyrooz. “‘I’m Down for a Jihad:’ How 100 Years of Gang Research Can Inform the Study of Terrorism, and Extremism.” Perspectives on Terrorism 9, no. 1 (2015): 104-110.

Week 2 (9/16): Terrorism in Historical Context [63 pages]

Readings:

Richardson, Louise. “Where Have Terrorists Come From?” In What Terrorists Want, 21-38. New York: Random House, 2006.

Rapoport, David C. “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism.” In Attacking Terrorism, edited by Audrey Kurth Cronin and James M. Ludes, 46-73. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004.Available at: http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/files/Rapoport-Four-Waves-of-Modern-Terrorism.pdf

Rapoport, David C. “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions.” American Political Science Review 78, no. 4 (July 1984): 658–677. Available at: http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/files/fear- trembling.pdf

Week 3 (9/23): Risk Factors at the Individual Level [60 pages]

Readings:

Tobeña, Adolf. “Suicide Attack Martyrdoms: Temperament and Mindset of Altruistic Warriors.” In Pathological Altruism, edited by Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, Guruprasad Madhavan, and David Sloan Wilson, 207-224.New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Post, Jerrold. “Terrorist Psycho-logic: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Psychological Forces.” In Origins of Terrorism, edited by Walter Reich, 25-43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Thayer, Bradley A. and Valerie M. Hudson. “Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism.” International Security 34, no. 4 (Spring 2010): 37-62.

Week 4 (9/30) Risk Factors at the Societal Level [87 pages]

Readings:

Crenshaw, Martha. “The Causes of Terrorism.” Comparative Politics13, no. 4 (July 1981): 379-399.

Brockhoff, Sarah, Tim Krieger, and Daniel Meierrieks. "Great Expectations and Hard Times: The (Nontrivial) Impact of Education on Domestic Terrorism." Journal Of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 7 (2015): 1186-215.

Elbakidze, L., and Y. H. Jin. "Are Economic Development and Education Improvement Associated with Participation in Transnational Terrorism?" Risk Analysis 35, no. 8 (2015): 1520-535.

Chenoweth, Erica. “Terrorism and Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science, (May 2013): 355-378.

Week 5 (10/7): Organizational Dynamics [87 pages]

Readings:

Crenshaw, Martha. “Causes of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches.” In Inside Terrorist Organizations, revised edition, edited by David Rapoport, 13-31. London: Routledge, 2001.

Bandura, Albert. “On Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement.” In Origins of Terrorism, edited by Walter Reich, 161-191.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Shapiro, Jacob N. and David A. Siegel. “Moral Hazard, Discipline, and the Management of Terrorist Organizations.” World Politics64, no. 1 (2012): 39-78.

Week 6 (10/14): Is Violence Contagious? [57 pages]

Readings:

Kruglanski, Arie and Shira Fishman. “The Psychology of Terrorism: ‘Syndrome’ Versus ‘Tool’ Perspectives.” Terrorism and Political Violence 18, no. 2 (2006): 193-215.

Slutkin, Gary. “Violence Is a Contagious Disease.” Contagion of Violence: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press (2013): 94-111.

Victoroff, Jeffrey. “Emotional and Evolutionary Aspects of Contagious Violence.” Violence: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press (2013): 112-130.

Week 7 (10/21): Case Study: Self-Starters and Lone Wolves [93 pages]

Readings (Econometrics)

Chase, Alston. “Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber.” Atlantic Monthly 285, no.6 (June 2000): 41-65. Available

Reitman, Janet. "Jahar's World." Rolling Stone. 17 July 2013.

Gill, Paul, John Horgan, and Paige Deckert. “Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 2 (2014): 425-435.

Gruenewald, Jeff, Steven Chermak, and Joshua D. Freilich. “Statistical Analysis Comparing ‘Loner’ Attacks from Other Domestic Violence.” Criminology and Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 65-91.

Borum, Randy, Robert Fein, and Bryan Vossekuil. "A Dimensional Approach to Analyzing Lone Offender Terrorism." Aggression and Violent Behavior 17, no. 5 (2012): 389-96.

Week 8 (10/28): Case Study: Identity Christians and neo-Nazis [91 pages]

Abstract Required

Readings:

"Stormfront." South Poverty Law Center. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist- files/group/stormfront

Dewey, Caitlin. "Inside the ‘manosphere’ that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger" The New York Times. (May, 27, 2014) https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/05/27/inside-the- manosphere-that-inspired-santa-barbara-shooter-elliot-rodger/

Stern, Jessica. “Alienation.” In Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill, 9-32. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

Stern, Jessica. “X: A Case Study of a Swedish Neo-Nazi.” Behavioral Sciences and the Law 32, no. 3 (May/June 2014): 440-453.

Stern, Jessica. “Inspirational Leaders and Their Followers.” In Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill, 147-172. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

Schafer, Joseph, Christopher Mullims, and Stephanie Box. “Awakenings: The Emergence of White Supremacist Ideologies.” Deviant Behavior 35, no. 3 (2014): 173-196.

Week 9 (11/4): Recruitment: Jihadis– Readings to be added based on current events

Readings:

Dodwell, Brian, Daniel Milton, and Don Rassler. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point: The Caliphate's Global Workforce: An Inside Look at the Islamic State's Foreign Fighter Paper Trail. (April 2016) https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Caliphates-Global-Workforce1.pdf

Gambetta, Diego and Steffent Hertog. “Relative Deprivation Probed.” In Engineers of Jihad: The Curious Connection between Violent Extremism and Education, 60-84. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.

Hegghammer, Thomas. “Should I Stay or Should I Go?” American Political Science Review 107, no. 1 (February 2013): 1-15.

Cohen, Jared. “Digital Counterinsurgency.” Foreign Affairs. November/December 2015. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/digital-counterinsurgency.

Mastors, Elena and Rhea Siers. “Omar al-Hammami: A Case Study in Radicalization.” Behavioral Sciences and the Law 32 (March 2014): 377-388.

Miller, Greg and Souad Mekhennet. “Inside the Surreal World of the Islamic State’s Propaganda Machine.” The Washington Post. November 20, 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/inside-the- islamic-states-propaganda-machine/2015/11/20/051e997a-8ce6-11e5-acff-673ae92ddd2b_story.html.

Week 10 (11/11): Suicide/Murder – A Political Act or an Act of Suicide? 81 pages]

Readings:

Brym, Robert J. and Bader Araj."Are Suicide Bombers Suicidal?" Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35, no. 6 (2012): 432-443.

Merari, Ariel. “Studying Suicide Bombers: A Response to Brym and Araj's Critique.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35, no. 6 (2012): 444-455.

Bloom, Mia M. “Outbidding, Market Share, and Palestinian Suicide Bombing.” Political Science Quarterly 119, no. 1 (2004): 61-88.

Moghadam, Assaf. “Motives for Martyrdom: Al-Qaida, Salafi Jihad, and the Spread of Suicide Attacks.” International Security 33, no. 3 (Winter 2008/2009): 46-78.

Week 11 (11/18): How Terrorism Evolves [74 pages]

Readings:

Stern, Jessica. “The Protean Enemy.” Foreign Affairs (July/August 2003).

Cronin, Audrey. “How al-Qaeda Ends.” International Security 31, no. 1 (Summer 2006): 7–48. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/is3101_pp007-048_cronin.pdf

Piazza, James A. “Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?” International Studies Quarterly 52 (2008): 469-488.

Week 12 (12/2): Counterterrorism [81 pages]

Readings:

Khayat, M. “Jihadis Shift to Using Secure Communication App Telegram’s Channels Service.” Middle East Media Research Institute, Inquiry and Analysis Series Report No. 1198 (October 29, 2015).

Etzioni, Amitai. “NSA: National Security vs. Individual Rights.” Intelligence and National Security 30, no. 1 (2015): 100-136. 36

Brennan, John O. "The Efficacy and Ethics of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy." The Woodrow Wilson Center. (April 30, 2012) https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-efficacy-and-ethics-us-counterterrorism- strategy#sthash.Ojptl2fo.dpuf

Zenko, Micah. “Obama’s Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy.” The New York Times. (January 12, 2016) http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas- embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-a-lasting-legacy

Zenko, Micah and Amelia Mae Wolf. "Drones Kill More Civilians Than Pilots Do." Foreign Policy. (April 25, 2016). http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/25/drones-kill-more-civilians-than-pilots-do/

"Obama Administration Releases Death Toll from Airstrikes." The New York Times (July 1, 2016) http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/07/01/world/document-airstrike-death-toll-executive-order.html

Shane, Scott. "Drone Strike Statistics Answer Few Questions, and Raise Many." The New York Times. (July 3, 2016). http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/world/middleeast/drone-strike-statistics-answer-few-questions-and- raise-many.html

Week 13 (12/9): Can Terrorism Be Unlearned? [110 pages]

Readings:

Horgan, John and Kurt Braddock. “Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-radicalization Programs.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22, no. 2 (2010): 267-291.

Horgan, John. “What Makes a Terrorist Stop Being a Terrorist?” Journal for Deradicalization (Winter 2014/15): 1-4.

Bakker, Edwin. “EU Counter-radicalization Policies: A Comprehensive and Consistent Approach?” Intelligence and National Security 30, No. 2-3 (2015): 281-305.

Cragin, Kim, Melissa A. Bradley, Eric Robinson, and Paul S. Steinberg. "What Factors Cause Youth to Reject Violent Extremism?" RAND Corporation (2015): 1-20.

Stern, Jessica. “Mind Over Martyr: How to Deradicalize Islamist Extremists.” Foreign Affairs (January/February 2010).

Kruglanski, Arie, Michele Gelfand, Jocelyn Bélanger, Anna Sheveland, Malkanthi Hetiarachchi, and Rohan Gunaratna. “The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism.” Political Psychology 35 (2014): 69–93.