Terror As Strategy and Relational Process
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Jurisdiction Over Terrorists Who Take Hostages: Efforts to Stop Terror-Violence Against United States Citizens Elizabeth R
American University International Law Review Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 3 1987 Jurisdiction Over Terrorists Who Take Hostages: Efforts to Stop Terror-Violence Against United States Citizens Elizabeth R. P. Bowen Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Bowen, Elizabeth R. P. "Jurisdiction Over Terrorists Who Take Hostages: Efforts to Stop Terror-Violence Against United States Citizens." American University International Law Review 2, no. 1 (1987): 153-202. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTES AND COMMENTS JURISDICTION OVER TERRORISTS WHO TAKE HOSTAGES: EFFORTS TO STOP TERROR-VIOLENCE AGAINST UNITED STATES CITIZENS Elizabeth R. P. Bowen* INTRODUCTION ............................... 154 I. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: A GLOBAL CON- C ER N .......................................... 157 A. Hostage Taking: A Terror Tactic ............... 157 B. Definitional Dilemma: Terrorists v. Freedom Fighters ................................... 158 II. UNDERLYING AGITATORS .................... 162 A. State-Sponsored Terrorism ..................... 162 B. The Nature of Terrorist Warfare: Invisible Block- ades ........................................ 164 C. Television: The Role of the Media in the Growth of International Terrorism ........................ 165 1. First Amendment Balance ................. 166 2. Law Enforcement and Media .............. 167 D. Extradition: The Key to Prosecution ............. 168 III. UNITED STATES RESPONSE TO TERRORISM .. 171 A. Domestic Legislation .......................... 172 B. International Efforts of the United States ....... -
Governing Terrorism Through Preemption: a Comparative Analysis of Radicalization in Three Western Liberal Democracies Derek M.D
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 Governing Terrorism through Preemption: A Comparative Analysis of Radicalization in Three Western Liberal Democracies Derek M.D. Silva University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Silva, D. M.(2017). Governing Terrorism through Preemption: A Comparative Analysis of Radicalization in Three Western Liberal Democracies. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4278 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GOVERNING TERRORISM THROUGH PREEMPTION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RADICALIZATION IN THREE WESTERN LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES by Derek M.D. Silva Bachelor of Arts University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2012 Master of Arts Carleton University, 2014 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: Mathieu Deflem, Major Professor Andrea K. Henderson, Committee Member Carla A. Pfeffer, Committee Member Wadie E. Said, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Derek M.D. Silva, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION For Ali, Gilmour, and Gator. Gilmour, you were my best friend and true companion. I will never, ever forget the memories we shared as a family. You will live on in my heart forever. Rest in peace my boy. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, whose now infamous proclamation against “committing sociology” when considering issues of terrorism was in many ways the impetus for this project and my entire graduate research career. -
Preventing Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism And
Preventing Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism: A Community-Policing Approach Preventing Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism: A Community-Policing Approach Published by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Vienna, February 2014 © OSCE 2014 Designed in Warsaw by Homework Printed in Vienna by Stanzell Druck All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers. This restriction does not apply to making digital or hard copies of this publication for internal use within the OSCE, and for personal or educational use when for non-profit and non-commercial purposes, providing that copies be accompanied by an acknowledgment of the OSCE as the source. ISBN 978–92–9235–023–9 Transnational Threats Department Office for Democratic Institutions OSCE Secretariat and Human Rights Wallnerstrasse 6, A-1010 Vienna, Austria Ul. Miodowa 10, 00–251 Warsaw, Poland http://www.osce.org/atu http://www.osce.org/odihr The publication of this guidebook was made possible thanks to generous contributions from the Australian Government, through its Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Swiss Confederation, through its Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, the United States of Amer- ica, through its Department of State, and the Principality of Liechtenstein, through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The content of this publication, including the views, opinions, findings, inter- pretations and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of these donors. -
ABSTRACT BRUGH, CHRISTINE SHAHAN. Heterogeneity Across
ABSTRACT BRUGH, CHRISTINE SHAHAN. Heterogeneity across Terrorism Contexts and Actors: Improving the Evidence Base Supporting Counterterrorism Strategy. (Under the direction of Dr. Joseph Simons-Rudolph and Dr. Sarah L. Desmarais). Though the research on terrorism has grown vastly since the September 11th terrorist attacks, the field still grapples with critical questions regarding who is likely to perpetrate terrorist acts and how to intervene to prevent terrorist violence (Desmarais, Simons-Rudolph, Brugh, Schilling, & Hoggan, 2017). Annual global deaths from terrorism remain in the tens of thousands (Miller, 2018), making the study of terrorism is crucially important for effective, evidence-based counterterrorism strategy. As the methods used to study terrorism have become increasingly diverse, the consensus among researchers has moved away from a “one-size-fits all” approach to explain why individuals participate in terrorism to an understanding that terrorist participation must be studied with respect to individual differences, diverse community contexts, and changing sociopolitical circumstances (LaFree & Freilich, 2017). To that end, this dissertation examines heterogeneity across actors and contexts by 1) summarizing the extant literature on terrorism, 2) studying terrorism-involved women, and 3) comparing the characteristics of U.S. and European lone actor terrorists. In the first manuscript, the state of terrorism research is summarized using a systematic review approach. In the largest aggregate review of the research to date, 12,000 articles were screened, revealing trends and gaps in the extant literature base. Existing literature is predominately theoretical and written by authors from the United States. Articles often lacked specificity regarding the type of terrorist, action, or ideology of interest. -
Jessica Stern | Hoover Institution
Hoover Institution Stanford University . ideas defining a free society Jessica Stern MEMBER OF THE TASK FORCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND LAW Jessica Stern consults with various government agencies on counter- terrorism policy. In 2009, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship RECENT COMMENTARY for her work on trauma and violence. She has authored Terror in the Name of God , selected by the New York Times as a notable book of May 2, 2011 | Daily Beast the year; The Ultimate Terrorists ; and numerous articles on terrorism Osama Death Will Reopen and weapons of mass destruction. She served on President Clinton’s America's 9/11 Wounds National Security Council Staff in 1994–95 and is a member of the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations. She was named a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow, a National Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Fellow of the World Economic April 20, 2011 | Boston Forum, and a Harvard MacArthur Fellow. She has a BS from Barnard College in chemistry, an MA Globe from MIT in chemical engineering/technology policy, and a PhD from Harvard University in public Arab Revolutions Don’t Mean policy. End for Al Qaeda February 18, 2011 | Washington Post The military must take a harder line against sexual assault January 21, 2011 | Defining Ideas (Hoover Institution) What Motivates Terrorists? Op-ed archive Get Involved • Contact Us • Maps and Directions Copyright © 2011 by the Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University Phone: 650-723-1754 Hoover Institution Stanford University . ideas defining a free society Koret-Taube Task Force on National Security and Law The National Security and Law Task Force examines the rule of law, the laws of war, and American constitutional law with a view to making proposals that strike an optimal balance between individual Significant gifts for the freedom and the vigorous defense of the nation against terrorists both abroad and at home. -
OF Deathpeople Have Always Told Jessica Stern Their Secrets. What
ANSWERS FROM THE SHADOW OF DEATH People have always told Jessica Stern their secrets. What they told her about terror can make all of us a little safer. 28-51 Bostonia_WS17.indd 40 2/1/17 2:20 PM Winter–Spring 2017 BOSTONIA 41 28-51 Bostonia_WS17.indd 41 2/6/17 10:58 AM By Sara Rimer to do was to show he could domi- George Clooney, she is brainy, PHOTOGRAPHS BY JACKIE RICCIARDI nate me,” says Stern, recalling fl uent in Russian, hyperfocused, that meeting in early 2015, a and pretty. Unlike Kidman’s hu- four-hour marathon so intense morless know-it-all bureaucrat, that even as interviewer and in- Stern is warm, self-deprecating, terlocutor parried over countless and quick to laugh, at herself as cups of coff ee and tea, neither got often as not. Her students say up to use the bathroom. she’s a rock star—and a regular Stern was pursuing her own person. She calls herself a nerd. agenda: to understand the hid- Like Karadžić, Stern is trained den motivations behind the story in the art of energy healing— Karadžić insisted upon, the story Reiki, in her case—although in which he is the martyred hero, she didn’t tell him that. Sitting forced to defend his vulnerable at the table with Karadžić behind Serb countrymen against the her, she tried to focus on the en- IN A powerful Bosnian Muslims con- 5 ergy fl owing through her palms. spiring to establish an Islamist “There are 8,000 dead boys and room inside a maximum security state within the heart of Europe. -
Inside the Mind of ISIS: Understanding Their Goals and Ideology to Better Protect the Homeland
Boston University Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies 152 Bay State Road Boston, Massachusetts 02215 www.bu.edu/PardeeSchool Inside the Mind of ISIS: Understanding their goals and ideology to better protect the Homeland Prepared Testimony for a Hearing before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, January 20, 2016 Jessica Stern Research Professor Pardee School of Global Studies Boston University Chairman Johnson, Ranking Member Carper, and distinguished members of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security, I wish to thank you for inviting me to discuss the question of what ISIS wants. It is an honor to appear before you. I thank you for your efforts to keep the American people safe from harm. My name is Jessica Stern. I have been researching terrorism since 1988, when I was a doctoral student at Harvard. I recently joined the faculty of Boston University’s Pardee School of Global Studies. I believe that one of the major gaps in our response to ISIS is the lack of investment in developing and disseminating effective counter-narratives that are compelling to the millennial youth who are ISIS’s principal targets for recruitment. To do this effectively, we need to listen closely to what ISIS says it wants to achieve, and to what it claims to offer youth. Next Fall, I will be offering a course called P2P: Challenging Extremism, under the auspices of EdVentures Partners, the State Department and Facebook. This course is quite relevant to the subject of this hearing, in that it provides a pathway for university students in 30 countries (so far) to develop their own counter-narratives and digital responses to ISIS’s and other terrorist groups’ propaganda. -
Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management I olume 3, luue 4 2006 Artic:le 2 A Precis of Suicide Terrorism Daniel B. Kennedy .. • Um\crsuy of Detroit \lcrcy. daniclbkcnncdyra comcasl.net Copyright (c)2006 The 13crkclcy flcctroruc Press. All rights reserved TSA 15-00014 - 001364 A Precis of Suicide Terrorism Daniel B. Kennedy Abstract Smce the early 19~0s, su1c1de bombmgs have become the deadlle'>t form oftcrromm. Suic1dc bomber.. arc not generally chmcally demnged and arc soc1ally and pohllcally mOII\ated. rurther morc, the motives ofsu1c1dc bomber.. can be considered scpamtely from those ofthc1r sponsoring organintions. Secunty personnel arc adv1scd to watch for seven signs of terrorist act1vity and to be mmdful of ccrtam bcnanoralmd1cator., of subjects ubout to attack. Terrorism must be prevented at the source, during pre-attack phase-.. and at the target KE' WORDS: tcrmrbm, suicide bombings. terrorism sign'>, profiling TSA 15-00014 - 001365 Kennedy Suicide Tcrruri\m INTRODUCTION Broadly defined, terrorbm i., the u~e of extreme violence again~t innocent civilian<, in order to create fear for the purpo~e of forcing political, social, or religious change. Terrori-.m has been defined in numerous way<, by academics, political leaders, and the popular pres-.. Cooper (200 I) and Hoffman ( 1998) dic;cuss the debate' surrounding the multiple definllion~ of terrori~>rn. Although terromm will lik.ely remain a "conte..,tec..l concept" (Smelser and Mitchell 2002). Crenshaw ( 1983) ha.., c;uggested that terrorism can be distinguished from guerrilla warfare by the former's emphlli.i~ on nonmilitary targets, unconventionaJ weaponry, and unlikelihood of VICtory in the traditional sense of the word. -
Rescuing Policy and Terror Victims: a Concerted Approach to the Ransom Dilemma
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 37 Issue 4 2016 Rescuing Policy and Terror Victims: A Concerted Approach to the Ransom Dilemma C. Elizabeth Bundy University of Michigan Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the International Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the National Security Law Commons Recommended Citation C. E. Bundy, Rescuing Policy and Terror Victims: A Concerted Approach to the Ransom Dilemma, 37 MICH. J. INT'L L. 717 (2016). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol37/iss4/4 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE RESCUING POLICY AND TERROR VICTIMS: A CONCERTED APPROACH TO THE RANSOM DILEMMA C. Elizabeth Bundy* TABLE OF CONTENTS THE VALUE OF A HOSTAGE: PROFITABLE TRADE, PRECIOUS TREASURE ............................................. 717 I. AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR TERROR–DRIVEN KIDNAPPINGS ......................... 720 A. Terrorist Financing: An International Offense ........ 720 B. Implications of the Assets Freeze: Ransom as a Form of Terrorist Financing?.............................. 723 II. STATE PRACTICE: POLICY–ORIENTED APPROACHES AND SHORTCOMINGS ......................................... 728 A. “Hard” Policy: No Concessions ..................... 729 B. “Soft” Policy: A Permissive Approach, or Concealing Concessions? ....................................... 733 C. Bridging the Gap: A Deep Divide ................... 736 III. THE WAY FORWARD ................................... 737 A. State–centered Model: Responsibility–Shifting to the States .............................................. -
National Counterterrorism Center
National Counterterrorism Center 2007 Report on Terrorism 30 April 2008 National Counterterrorism Center This page intentionally left blank 1 2007 Report on Terrorism FOREWORD: Consistent with its statutory mission to serve as the U.S. Government's knowledge bank on international terrorism, the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is providing this report and statistical information to assist academics, policy makers and the public in understanding the data. The statistical information included in this report is drawn from the data NCTC maintains on the www.nctc.gov website. The report includes the following: -- this foreword, which provides important context for the contents of this report; -- a methodology section that explains how the data was compiled and the inherent limitations of the data; -- NCTC observations related to the statistical material; -- statistical charts and graphs; and -- summaries of high fatality attacks during 2007 -- academic letter on challenges to cataloging attacks Section 2656f(b) of Title 22 of the U.S. Code requires the State Department to include in its annual report on terrorism "to the extent practicable, complete statistical information on the number of individuals, including United States citizens and dual nationals, killed, injured, or kidnapped by each terrorist group during the preceding calendar year." While NCTC keeps statistics on the annual number of incidents of "terrorism," its ability to track the specific groups responsible for each attack involving killings, kidnappings, and injuries is significantly limited by the availability of reliable open source information, particularly for events involving small numbers of casualties. The statistical material compiled in this report, therefore, is drawn from the number of attacks of "terrorism" that occurred in 2007, which is the closest figure that is practicable for NCTC to supply in satisfaction of the above-referenced statistical requirements. -
Jessica Eve Stern
JESSICA EVE STERN Research Professor Pardee School for Global Studies Boston University Senior Preparedness Fellow, Harvard Chan School of Public Health [email protected] EDUCATION Graduate, Massachusetts Institute of Psychoanalysis, 2016. Ph.D., Harvard University: Public Policy, 1992. MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Technology Policy Program (Chemical Engineering), 1988. BA, Barnard College, Major: Chemistry. Minor: Russian. 1985. EMPLOYMENT Research Professor, Pardee School for Global Studies, Boston University Courses: Terrorism and Guerilla Warfare Countering Violent Extremism Mapping Dangerous Online Speech Lecturer, Harvard University Harvard College, 2013 to 2015, Law School (2007-2010), Kennedy School, (1999-2007). Courses: Seminar, Understanding Terrorism Terrorism and Non-State Threats to International Security Assessing Other Governments (Theory of intelligence), with Ernest May Religion and Conflict, with David Little (co-listed at Harvard Divinity School) Religion in Global Politics, with Sam Huntington and David Little (co-listed at Harvard Divinity School) Consultant on terrorism to US government agencies, 1998-present. Fellow, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, 2012-present. Director, Russian, Ukrainian and Eurasian Affairs, National Security Council, 1994- 95. Chaired interagency groups on nuclear smuggling and FSU nuclear security, established Nuclear Smuggling Response Group, helped to prepare President Clinton and Vice- President Gore for meetings with other leaders and for speeches, helped to oversee -
A Study of Terrorism Through the Looking Glass Approach
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 25, Issue 5, Series. 4 (May. 2020) 11-17 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org A Study of Terrorism through the Looking Glass Approach Sejalsri M Abstract: Terrorism is nothing but a question of perspective. Thus, sociologists have asserted that terrorism is a social construction. Contrary to the impression fostered by official incidence counts and media reports, terrorism is not a given in the real world but is instead an interpretation of events and their presumed causes. The social construction of terrorism can be studied through the looking glass self conception propounded by C.H. Cooley and Mead in this social-psychological analysis. The paper seeks to examine the role of self conception in the participation of terrorism. The problem that terrorism constantly faces is in explaining its causes. Thus, the following question has been answered: “Whether an individual‟s self conception as understood from the looking glass self has a role to play in motivating his subscription to a terrorist organization?” The scope of the paper limits itself to the study of psycho-social theories of terrorism to examine the motivation to partake in terrorism using the looking glass self theory. The paper first discusses the characteristics of terrorism and its participants, then discusses the looking glass self theory, following which the theory is applied to see if any correspondence can be drawn between an individual‟s self image and his participation in terrorism. Psycho-social theories of terrorism are discussed to identify a common element that follows through all these theories which may be explained by the Looking Glass Theory.