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CITY of NEWTON CITY-WIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY: PUBLIC EDUCATION REPORT Setti D City of Newton CITY OF NEWTON CITY-WIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY: PUBLIC EDUCATION REPORT Setti D. Warren, Mayor Newton Department of Planning and Development Newton Community Preservation Committee TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1 NINETEETH-CENTURY LIFE IN NEWTON.........28 Nineteenth-Century Agricultural Pursuits............................ 28 WHAT IS ARCHAEOLOGY? ..........................................3 The "Garden City"................................................................ 29 Archaeological Signatures of Nineteenth-Century NATIVE AMERICAN NEWTON ............................. 5 Farming ................................................................................ 30 Paleoindian Colonizers..........................................................5 Nineteenth-Century Overland Transportation...................... 32 Archaic and Woodland Period Foragers...............................6 Nineteenth-Century Economy and Industry......................... 34 Late Woodland Farmers......................................................10 Nineteenth-Century Religious Societies .............................. 40 Native Contact with the Europeans.....................................10 Nineteenth-Century Burial Grounds .................................... 40 African-American Heritage in Newton ................................ 43 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF NEWTON........... 12 Nineteenth-Century Population Growth............................... 45 Seventeenth-Century Settlement.........................................12 Nineteenth-Century Civic Institutions.................................. 46 Historic Era Native Americans ...........................................12 City Utilities and Services.................................................... 48 Seventeenth-Century Civic Development...........................15 Taverns, Inns, Hotels, and Other Recreational Sites ............ 49 Seventeenth-Century Industrial Activity ............................16 Nineteenth-Century Settlement Patterns .............................. 50 Archaeological Evidence of European Settlement..............17 Archaeological Signatures of Nineteenth-Century Life....... 52 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LIFE IN NEWTON .... 19 TWENTIETH-CENTURY TRANSITIONS................... 54 Early Community Life ........................................................19 Eighteenth-Century Religious Activities and Structures ....19 PUBLIC HERITAGE........................................................ 55 Eighteenth-Century Industry...............................................21 Eighteenth-Century Settlement Patterns .............................23 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A HERTAGE School Districts and Villages..............................................25 PROTECTION PLAN .....................................................57 Eighteenth-Century Burial Traditions.................................25 Eighteenth-Century Archaeological Evidence....................26 ADDITIONAL READING................................................62 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF NEWTON Soon afterwards, Boston became the capital, The area along the river was soon occupied by N ewton is made up of thirteen distinct in large part because of its favorable trading a small number of farms varying in size from villages. While united under a City charter, ports. With the establishment of Harvard 100 to 1,000 acres. Between 1632 and 1641, each village has a distinct place in the City’s College in 1636, Newtown was renamed the General Court granted land within this area past and present. During its first period of Cambridge. including 30 acres to Mr. Philips, 1,000 acres settlement, the community was characterized As the settlement of Cambridge became to John Haynes, 500 acres to Thomas Dudley, by scattered farmsteads with small-scale established there was a need for more 500 acres to Simon Bradstreet and 450 acres to industrial activity along the Charles River. meadowland. In 1633, Cambridge obtained Mr. Mayhew. These parcels, developed as The river and a far-reaching Native trail large grants of land on the south side of the farms, were not owner occupied. Considered system provided the means to connect this Charles River (in present-day Newton and the area’s first permanent settler, John Jackson dispersed population. Brighton) that was known as Nonantum, the purchased a dwelling house with 18 acres of Algonkian term for “the place of rejoicing.” land along the Charles River in 1639. Seventeenth-Century Settlement Unlike other New England towns, the area to the south of the Charles River was not set- Newton' s Founding Families tled by groups of people from similar back- n 1632, after the founding of Charlestown, grounds, rather settlers were from various ar- Boston, Dorchester, Watertown, and I 1639 John Jackson, London eas in England as well as other Massachusetts Roxbury, the establishment of a fortified towns. town as a place of refuge in case of an Indian 1640 Samuel Hyde, London attack became a priority. Each town was to 1643 Edward Jackson, London Historic Era Native Americans build a “new town” at common expense. A 1644 John Fuller, England palisade 1 ½ miles long was constructed that contained upwards of 100 acres of land; this 1647 Jonathan Hyde, London t the time of Cambridge’s expansion, a town was named Newtown. While Newtown 1647 Richard Park, Cambridge A Native American group of Massachuset was originally expected to be the capital of 1649 Capt. Thomas Prentice, England were living in a cluster of wigwams on Nonan- the Colony, this expectation was never met. tum Hill in the north-east section of the settle- 1650 John Ward, Sudbury In 1636, Reverend Thomas Hooker led about ment. The native settlement proved advanta- a hundred Newtown residents overland to 1650 Vincent Druce, Hingham geous to the early settlers who were able to form a new settlement at Hartford along the 1650 Thomas Hammond, Hingham utilize existing Native American trails in the settlement process. These trails were typically Connecticut River. This was in large part a 1650 John Parker, Hingham result of religious and political differences 12 to 18 inches wide and, if frequently trodden, between Newtown’s residents and the 1650 James Prentice, England a foot deep. A major north-south trail, leadership of the Massachusetts Bay colony. 1650 Thomas Prentice, 2nd, England present-day Centre Street to Crystal Lake, a 12 major east-west trail, present-day Washington The relationship between the two groups Native women were taught to spin and make Street to Weston, and a number of secondary appears to have been friendly, for in 1647 the items, such as brooms and baskets for the mar- trails allowed settlers to explore and settle settlers contracted with their leader, Waban, ket. The Natives surrounded their growing interior areas. to take care of 60 head of cattle for which community with ditches and stone walls. Evi- Waban was to be paid eight dence of that time period, a stone wall con- pounds. The site of structed around the native settlement, was re- Waban’s “wigwam” is called a hundred years later by Newton histo- indicated south of rian Dr. Jonathan Homer. Known as the Nonantum Hill in an “Indian fence,” Homer described helping to eighteenth century tear down the wall on his father’s farm. The reconstructed map of Nonantum community along with other Pray- Newton. At this time the ing Indian groups moved to South Natick in natives also had a fish weir 1650/1651. constructed along the upper falls of the Charles River where they caught alewives he Eliot family has a rich and shad. T history in Newton. The In the 1640s, the first missionary Rev. John Eliot, of Rev. John Eliot’s mentioned above, also translated “Praying Indian” the Bible (left) for use in the villages, Nonantum, was "Praying Indian" villages. His son, located by Waban’s Rev John Eliot , Jr. served as residence. The goal of Newton's first pastor. The Rev. these praying Indian villages John Eliot, Jr. Parsonage was lo- was the acculturation of cated on Centre Street just north of local Native American Mill Street. It stood near the Ed- groups by Christian missionaries. Eliot attracted mands estate and dated to 1664. neighboring Native groups The probable site was located as a to Nonantum as he helped result of a reconnaissance survey of them obtain tools for Boston College in 1994. The entire farming and building, and campus underwent an intensive even imported fruit trees survey by Timelines, Inc. in 1995 from England for their but no artifacts associated with the farms. Not only were the parsonage were identified. Native men engaged in husbandry and newly acquired trades, but the 13 hroughout the seventeenth and T eighteenth centuries, religious activities in Newton were centered on the Puritan First Church. The first meeting house was constructed in 1660 on an acre of land on Centre Street in the East Parish Burying Ground, which was given by John Jackson. The first minister of record was Rev. John Eliot Jr., son of Rev. John Eliot, minister to the Praying Indians. While Eliot, Jr. was not ordained until 1664, he began preaching about 1658 two years after his graduation from Harvard. As the church records were lost in a fire in 1770, little information remains on the early days of the church. Following Eliot, Jr.’s death in 1668, the town went six years without a minister until Nehemiah Hobart was selected in 1674. When Hobart arrived, the first meeting house was enlarged, and in 1681, the town voted to “make
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