DOCSLIB.ORG

9781906876302.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
9781906876302.Pdf China’s ‘Tibetan’ Frontiers Inner Asia Book Series Edited by David Sneath Caroline Humphrey Uradyn E. Bulag VOLUME 6 Th e titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/ias China’s ‘Tibetan’ Frontiers Sharing the Contested Ground by Beth Meriam LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meriam, Beth. China’s “Tibetan” frontiers : sharing the contested ground / by Beth Meriam. p. cm.–(Inner Asia series. vol.9) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-906876-30-2 ISBN-10: 1-906876-30-4 1. Ethnology–China–Yushu Zangzu Zizhizhou . 2. Yushu Zangzu Zizhizhou (China)–Social conditions. 3. Yushu Zangzu Zizhizhou (China)–Ethnic relations. 4. Yushu Zangzu Zizhizhou (China)–Politics and government. I. Title. II. Series. GN635.C5M47 2011 306.0951–dc23 2011031358 ISBN 978 19 06 87630 2 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly toTh e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. In memory of my grandparents ~ George and Mary Dent ~ With love CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................. xi A Note on Transliteration and Transcription .............................. xiii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................... xv Maps and Plans ................................................................................ xvii Preface .............................................................................................. xxi Introduction: Opening Vistas, Bordering Spaces ....................... 1 I. Reclassifi ed Societies ............................................................. 55 II. Stressing Development .......................................................... 82 III. Cultivating Nationalities ....................................................... 116 IV. Civilizing Culture .................................................................. 148 V. Empowering Locales ............................................................. 179 VI. Other Modernities ................................................................. 212 VII. Revisualizing Nationalities ................................................... 244 Conclusion: Common Ground ..................................................... 276 Appendix One: Chronology of China’s Reform Era ................... 299 Appendix Two: Glossary of Principal Political Terms ............... 301 References ........................................................................................ 303 Index ................................................................................................. 321 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am especially grateful to the staff and students at Trinde County Nationalities Middle School Number One for making this research possible and for contributing so much to it. Special gratitude goes to the two Headmasters, my three literary and local dialect language teach- ers, to my friends and all thirty-seven Gao Yi, Yi Ban English option students in the 2003–4 class. Th anks to the directors of the NGO who arranged my Yushu placement, and Dr Stuart in Xining for his help with contacts and sources. Th e following people were gift ed and gen- erous translators in the creation of this book: Xiao Li, Jamji, Tenzin Jamtsho, Dawa Khandro, Nyizong, Palden Tashi, Jayang Drolma, Ye Lianwen, Xiao Guo, Tashi Tsering, Jesse Isom and Rebecca Schulz. In the UK and elsewhere, I am extremely grateful to Dr David Sneath (Cambridge) for his unstinting support and perspicacious guidance throughout his time as my doctoral supervisor. Also, I appreciate Dr Martin Mills’ (Aberdeen) insightful comments and suggestions in his capacity as a regional adviser. Th is project benefi ted from the assis- tance of Drs Hildegard Diemberger (Cambridge) and Robert Barnett (Columbia) during its inception. Professor Alan Macfarlane and Drs Charles Ramble (Oxford), Jill Sudbury (Oxford) and Richard White- cross (Edinburgh) provided valuable feedback and knowledge on later draft s of this work, which has been highly benefi cial. Th anks to Jon Aldridge at Passages for creating the national and regional maps that are included in this book. Th is research was made possible by funding from the Economic and Social Research Council of the United Kingdom. Many thanks also go to Trinity Hall for their fi nancial support of this research. I am immensely grateful to my family and friends for all the help and encouragement they have given in the course of bringing this book into being. ~Tsering!~ LIST OF FIGURES 1&2 Pastoralist homesteads and valleys, Trinde County ..... 7 3 View of Trinde town ....................................................... 9 4&5 Seasonal views of Trinde School ................................... 16 6 Physically deconstructing and reconstructing Trinde ............................................................................... 85 7 Stylizing nationality arts ................................................. 140 8 Great Signifi cance Symbol ............................................. 169 9 Lhabab (‘gods descend’) layout ...................................... 181 10 Promoting uncontaminated nationality China ........... 201 11 Inter-national dress ......................................................... 208 12&13 Propagandizing the plateau ........................................... 222 14 Autoethnographic festivities .......................................... 247 15 Celebrating Trinde .......................................................... 248 16&17 Trinde Revolutionary Martyrs’ Festival ........................ 278 All photographs are the author’s own. A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION Trinde speech (Tr. Trindekey) is part of the bi-tonal forms of northeastern Kham dialect (one of three varieties of Kham speech) spoken through- out Yushu, and is marked throughout as (Tr.). Kham speech is one of the principal dialects of Tibetan, which is part of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Vernacular Tibetan forms are called ‘common speech’ (Tr. khakey or phalkey), which contrasts with the ‘respectful speech’ (Tr. gutshig or jeysa) used to speak or refer to religious practitioners. Th e ‘literary- language’ (Tr. yigi) is used in scriptures and classical works. Local dialects are divided into the ‘valley speech’ (Tr. yukey or rongkey) of agriculturalist town dwellers and ‘pastoralist speech’ (Tr. drokey) of plateau dwellers. In this book, Trinde Town speech has been given approximate phonetic renderings using a simplifi ed version of Hasler’s (1999) International Pho- netic Alphabet based Derge (Kham dialect) linguistic analysis. Trinde speech contains long nasal vowels (marked õ, and so on), which involve an integral nasal ng sound. Closed vowels are marked ö (which is pronounced akin to er in ‘her’). Trinde speech’s frequent unvoiced glottal stops are marked q. Literary-language equivalents (marked T.) have been included in the absence of any spoken equivalent, or when citing texts or ‘religious lan- guage’ (Tr. chökey). Th is text is transliterated as per Wylie (1959). Accord- ing to Goldstein, Shelling and Surkhang (2001), many local written and regionally published words are ‘misspelled’. Sanskrit terms are marked (S.). Putonghua (lit. ‘common speech’) is a standard form of Manda- rin (M. Hanyu) spoken across China. Th is form is transcribed as per the pinyin system of romanization. Th ese terms are marked (M.).1 In Yushu, people speak the Qinghai dialect form of Mandarin (M. Qin- ghaihua), which contains Turkic/Altaic infl uences. In the translations given below, the term that is most in use in Yushu generally appears fi rst in the parentheses. Further details on language (including notes on dia- lect, transliteration and transcription) are included in the Introduction, which forms part of a more in-depth discussion of the complex issue of language in local and research terms in this region of China. 1 Th e various dialects of Hanyu (which means ‘Han language’, or M. Beifanghua) are what most foreigners call ‘Mandarin’. Putonghua is the state-promoted ‘common- language’ based on Beifanghua (see Guldin 1994: 142). LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CCP Chinese Communist Party ETP English Training Programme NCR New Course Reform NGO Non-Governmental Organization PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s Republic of China SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (T)AP (Tibetan) Autonomous Prefecture (T)AR (Tibetan) Autonomous Region VCD Video Compact Disc MAPS AND PLANS Map of Qinghai within China xviii maps and plans Map of Yushu within Qinghai Map of Yushu Autonomous Prefecture KEY Residential Area Revolutionary Matyrs Pool Cenotaph Phakpa Shrine Spring Shrine Pastoralists’ Temporary Encampments ‘Guardian of the Soil’ Cairn Circumambulation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Materials of Buddhist Culture: Aesthetics and Cosmopolitanism at Mindroling Monastery
    Materials of Buddhist Culture: Aesthetics and Cosmopolitanism at Mindroling Monastery Dominique Townsend Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Dominique Townsend All rights reserved ABSTRACT Materials of Buddhist Culture: Aesthetics and Cosmopolitanism at Mindroling Monastery Dominique Townsend This dissertation investigates the relationships between Buddhism and culture as exemplified at Mindroling Monastery. Focusing on the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, I argue that Mindroling was a seminal religio-cultural institution that played a key role in cultivating the ruling elite class during a critical moment of Tibet’s history. This analysis demonstrates that the connections between Buddhism and high culture have been salient throughout the history of Buddhism, rendering the project relevant to a broad range of fields within Asian Studies and the Study of Religion. As the first extensive Western-language study of Mindroling, this project employs an interdisciplinary methodology combining historical, sociological, cultural and religious studies, and makes use of diverse Tibetan sources. Mindroling was founded in 1676 with ties to Tibet’s nobility and the Fifth Dalai Lama’s newly centralized government. It was a center for elite education until the twentieth century, and in this regard it was comparable to a Western university where young members of the nobility spent two to four years training in the arts and sciences and being shaped for positions of authority. This comparison serves to highlight commonalities between distant and familiar educational models and undercuts the tendency to diminish Tibetan culture to an exoticized imagining of Buddhism as a purely ascetic, world renouncing tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhism in America
    Buddhism in America The Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series The United States is the birthplace of religious pluralism, and the spiritual landscape of contemporary America is as varied and complex as that of any country in the world. The books in this new series, written by leading scholars for students and general readers alike, fall into two categories: some of these well-crafted, thought-provoking portraits of the country’s major religious groups describe and explain particular religious practices and rituals, beliefs, and major challenges facing a given community today. Others explore current themes and topics in American religion that cut across denominational lines. The texts are supplemented with care- fully selected photographs and artwork, annotated bibliographies, con- cise profiles of important individuals, and chronologies of major events. — Roman Catholicism in America Islam in America . B UDDHISM in America Richard Hughes Seager C C Publishers Since New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seager, Richard Hughes. Buddhism in America / Richard Hughes Seager. p. cm. — (Columbia contemporary American religion series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ‒‒‒ — ISBN ‒‒‒ (pbk.) . Buddhism—United States. I. Title. II. Series. BQ.S .'—dc – Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    3/2006 Data Supplement PR China Hong Kong SAR Macau SAR Taiwan CHINA aktuell Journal of Current Chinese Affairs Data Supplement People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax:(040)4107945 Contributors: Uwe Kotzel Dr. Liu Jen-Kai Christine Reinking Dr. Günter Schucher Dr. Margot Schüller Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU JEN-KAI 3 The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC LIU JEN-KAI 22 Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership LIU JEN-KAI 27 PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries LIU JEN-KAI 30 PRC Laws and Regulations LIU JEN-KAI 34 Hong Kong SAR Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 36 Macau SAR Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 39 Taiwan Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 41 Bibliography of Articles on the PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, and on Taiwan UWE KOTZEL / LIU JEN-KAI / CHRISTINE REINKING / GÜNTER SCHUCHER 43 CHINA aktuell Data Supplement - 3 - 3/2006 Dep.Dir.: CHINESE COMMUNIST Li Jianhua 03/07 PARTY Li Zhiyong 05/07 The Main National Ouyang Song 05/08 Shen Yueyue (f) CCa 03/01 Leadership of the Sun Xiaoqun 00/08 Wang Dongming 02/10 CCP CC General Secretary Zhang Bolin (exec.) 98/03 PRC Hu Jintao 02/11 Zhao Hongzhu (exec.) 00/10 Zhao Zongnai 00/10 Liu Jen-Kai POLITBURO Sec.-Gen.: Li Zhiyong 01/03 Standing Committee Members Propaganda (Publicity) Department Hu Jintao 92/10 Dir.: Liu Yunshan PBm CCSm 02/10 Huang Ju 02/11
    [Show full text]
  • A Selective Study on Chinese Art Songs After 1950
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2021 A Selective Study on Chinese Art Songs after 1950 Gehui Zhu [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Music Performance Commons Recommended Citation Zhu, Gehui, "A Selective Study on Chinese Art Songs after 1950" (2021). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 8287. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/8287 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Selective Study on Chinese Art Songs after 1950 Gehui Zhu A Doctoral Research Project Submitted to College of Creative Arts at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in Voice Performance Hope Koehler, D.M.A, Committee Chair and Research Adviser William Koehler, D.M.A Matthew Heap, Ph.D. Victor Chow, Ph.D. School of Music Morgantown, West Virginia 2021 Keywords: Chinese Art Songs after 1950, Contemporary Chinese Art Songs, Chinese Poems, Chinese Art Songs for Classical Singers.
    [Show full text]
  • Westernisation, Ideology and National Identity in 20Th-Century Chinese Music
    Westernisation, Ideology and National Identity in 20th-Century Chinese Music Yiwen Ouyang PhD Thesis Royal Holloway, University of London DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Yiwen Ouyang, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: 19 May 2012 I To my newly born baby II ABSTRACT The twentieth century saw the spread of Western art music across the world as Western ideology and values acquired increasing dominance in the global order. How did this process occur in China, what complexities does it display and what are its distinctive features? This thesis aims to provide a detailed and coherent understanding of the Westernisation of Chinese music in the 20th century, focusing on the ever-changing relationship between music and social ideology and the rise and evolution of national identity as expressed in music. This thesis views these issues through three crucial stages: the early period of the 20th century which witnessed the transition of Chinese society from an empire to a republic and included China’s early modernisation; the era from the 1930s to 1940s comprising the Japanese intrusion and the rising of the Communist power; and the decades of economic and social reform from 1978 onwards. The thesis intertwines the concrete analysis of particular pieces of music with social context and demonstrates previously overlooked relationships between these stages. It also seeks to illustrate in the context of the appropriation of Western art music how certain concepts acquired new meanings in their translation from the European to the Chinese context, for example modernity, Marxism, colonialism, nationalism, tradition, liberalism, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript Pas been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissenation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from anytype of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material bad to beremoved, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with smalloverlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back ofthe book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell &Howell Information Company 300North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521·0600 THE LIN BIAO INCIDENT: A STUDY OF EXTRA-INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY AUGUST 1995 By Qiu Jin Dissertation Committee: Stephen Uhalley, Jr., Chairperson Harry Lamley Sharon Minichiello John Stephan Roger Ames UMI Number: 9604163 OMI Microform 9604163 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction
    1. Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2 ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM .......................................................................................................................2 THE PRACTICE LINEAGES ....................................................................................................................3 The Kagyü Lineage........................................................................................................................3 The Nyingma Lineage.....................................................................................................................5 The Surmang Tradition..................................................................................................................5 VIDYADHARA, THE VENERABLE CHÖGYAM TRUNGPA, RINPOCHE .............................................................6 THE VAJRA REGENT ÖSEL TENDZIN......................................................................................................9 THE SAKYONG, JAMGÖN MIPHAM RINPOCHE .......................................................................................12 RELATED ORGANIZATIONS................................................................................................................14 Nalanda Foundation....................................................................................................................14 Naropa University.......................................................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • History of China: Table of Contents
    History of China: Table of Contents ● Historical Setting ● The Ancient Dynasties ❍ Dawn of History ❍ Zhou Period ❍ Hundred Schools of Thought ● The Imperial Era ❍ First Imperial Period ❍ Era of Disunity ❍ Restoration of Empire ❍ Mongolian Interlude ❍ Chinese Regain Power ❍ Rise of the Manchus ● Emergence Of Modern China ❍ Western Powers Arrive First Modern Period ❍ Opium War, 1839-42 Era of Disunity ❍ Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64 ❍ Self-Strengthening Movement ❍ Hundred Days' Reform and Aftermath ❍ Republican Revolution of 1911 ● Republican China ❍ Nationalism and Communism ■ Opposing the Warlords ■ Consolidation under the Guomindang ■ Rise of the Communists ❍ Anti-Japanese War ❍ Return to Civil War ● People's Republic Of China ❍ Transition to Socialism, 1953-57 ❍ Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 ❍ Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65 ❍ Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 ■ Militant Phase, 1966-68 ■ Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 ■ End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 ❍ Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 ❍ China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82 ❍ Reforms, 1980-88 ● References for History of China [ History of China ] [ Timeline ] Historical Setting The History Of China, as documented in ancient writings, dates back some 3,300 years. Modern archaeological studies provide evidence of still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B.C. in what is now central China and the lower Huang He ( orYellow River) Valley of north China. Centuries of migration, amalgamation, and development brought about a distinctive system of writing, philosophy, art, and political organization that came to be recognizable as Chinese civilization. What makes the civilization unique in world history is its continuity through over 4,000 years to the present century.
    [Show full text]
  • Salar Music and Identity: a "Sad" Sound a Master's Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty Liberty University By
    SALAR MUSIC AND IDENTITY: A "SAD" SOUND A MASTER'S THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BY ELIZABETH RUTH KEATING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ETHNOMUSICOLOGY December 8, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Elizabeth Keating CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................................ v Chapter I: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Why Research ..................................................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 2 Need for the Study ................................................................................................... 3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 4 Limitations and Assumptions of the Study ......................................................................... 5 Chapter II: Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Politics: China and Its National Oil Companies
    MASTER IN ADVANCED EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ANGLOPHONE BRANCH - Academic year 2012/2013 Master Thesis Petroleum Politics: China and Its National Oil Companies By Ellennor Grace M. FRANCISCO 26 June 2013 Supervised by: Dr. Laurent BAECHLER Deputy Director MAEIS To Whom I owe my willing and my running CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures v List of Abbreviations vi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Literature Review 2 1.2 Methodologies 4 1.3 Objectives and Scope 4 Chapter 2. Historical Evolution of Chinese National Oil Companies 6 2.1 The Central Government and “Self-Reliance” (1950- 1977) 6 2.2 Breakdown and Corporatization: First Reform (1978- 1991) 7 2.3 Decentralization: Second Reform (1992- 2003) 11 2.4 Government Institutions and NOCs: A Move to Recentralization? (2003- 2010) 13 2.5 Corporate Governance, Ownership and Marketization 15 2.5.1 International Market 16 2.5.2 Domestic Market 17 Chapter 3. Chinese Politics and NOC Governance 19 3.1 CCP’s Controlling Mechanisms 19 3.1.1 State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) 19 3.1.2 Central Organization Department 21 3.2 Transference Between Government and Corporate Positions 23 3.3 Traditional Connections and the Guanxi 26 3.4 Convergence of NOC Politics 29 Chapter 4. The “Big Four”: Overview of the Chinese Banking Sector 30 Preferential Treatment 33 Chapter 5. Oil Security and The Going Out Policy 36 5.1 The Policy Driver: Equity Oil 36 5.2 The Going Out Policy (zou chu qu) 37 5.2.1 The Development of OFDI and NOCs 37 5.2.2 Trends of Outward Foreign Investments 39 5.3 State Financing: The Chinese Policy Banks 42 5.4 Loans for Oil 44 Chapter 6.
    [Show full text]
  • (Hrsg.) Strafrecht in Reaktion Auf Systemunrecht
    Albin Eser / Ulrich Sieber / Jörg Arnold (Hrsg.) Strafrecht in Reaktion auf Systemunrecht Schriftenreihe des Max-Planck-Instituts für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht Strafrechtliche Forschungsberichte Herausgegeben von Ulrich Sieber in Fortführung der Reihe „Beiträge und Materialien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht Freiburg“ begründet von Albin Eser Band S 82.9 Strafrecht in Reaktion auf Systemunrecht Vergleichende Einblicke in Transitionsprozesse herausgegeben von Albin Eser • Ulrich Sieber • Jörg Arnold Band 9 China von Thomas Richter sdfghjk Duncker & Humblot • Berlin Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. DOI https://doi.org/10.30709/978-3-86113-876-X Redaktion: Petra Lehser Alle Rechte vorbehalten © 2006 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. c/o Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht Günterstalstraße 73, 79100 Freiburg i.Br. http://www.mpicc.de Vertrieb in Gemeinschaft mit Duncker & Humblot GmbH, Berlin http://WWw.duncker-humblot.de Umschlagbild: Thomas Gade, © www.medienarchiv.com Druck: Stückle Druck und Verlag, Stückle-Straße 1, 77955 Ettenheim Printed in Germany ISSN 1860-0093 ISBN 3-86113-876-X (Max-Planck-Institut) ISBN 3-428-12129-5 (Duncker & Humblot) Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem (säurefreiem) Papier entsprechend ISO 9706 # Vorwort der Herausgeber Mit dem neunten Band der Reihe „Strafrecht in Reaktion auf Systemunrecht – Vergleichende Einblicke in Transitionsprozesse“ wird zur Volksrepublik China ein weiterer Landesbericht vorgelegt. Während die bisher erschienenen Bände solche Länder in den Blick nahmen, die hinsichtlich der untersuchten Transitionen einem „klassischen“ Systemwechsel von der Diktatur zur Demokratie entsprachen, ist die Einordung der Volksrepublik China schwieriger.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibetan Buddhism, Vajrayana, and the Lineage of Chogyam Trunpa
    Tibetan Buddhism, Vajrayana, and the lineage of Chögyam Trungpa, Rinpoche The Vajrayana is the third major yana or vehicle of buddhadharma. It is built on and incorporates the Foundational teachings (Hinayana) and the Mahayana. It is also known as the Secret Mantra. The Vajrayana teachings are secret teachings, passed down through lineages from teacher to student. They were preserved and developed extensively in Tibet over 1200 years. The beginnings of Vajrayana are in India, initially spreading out through areas of Mahayana Buddhism and later the Kushan Empire. By the 12th century most of the Indian subcontinent was overtaken by the Moghul Empire and almost all of Buddhism was suppressed. The majority of Vajrayana texts, teachings and practices were preserved intact in Tibet. Vajrayana is characterized by the use of skillful means (upaya), expediting the path to enlightenment mapped out in the Mahayana teachings. The skillful means are an intensification of meditation practices coupled with an advanced understanding of the view. Whereas the conventional Mahayana teachings view the emptiness of self and all phenomena as the final goal on the path to Buddhahood, Vajrayana starts by acknowledging this goal as already fully present in all sentient beings. The practice of the path is to actualize that in ourselves and all beings through transforming confusion and obstacles, revealing their natural state of primordial wisdom. This is accomplished through sacred outlook (view), and employing meditation techniques such as visualization in deity practice and mantra recitation. One major stream of Vajrayana is known as Mahamudra (Great Seal), which incorporates the techniques noted above in a process of creation (visualization, mantra) and completion (yogas) leading to the Great Seal.
    [Show full text]