Falconidae Species Tree

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Falconidae Species Tree Falconidae: Falcons, Caracaras Laughing Falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans Buckley’s Forest-Falcon, Micrastur buckleyi Herpetotherinae Collared Forest-Falcon, Micrastur semitorquatus Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon, Micrastur mirandollei Barred Forest-Falcon, Micrastur ruficollis Cryptic Forest-Falcon, Micrastur mintoni Plumbeous Forest-Falcon, Micrastur plumbeus Lined Forest-Falcon, Micrastur gilvicollis Spot-winged Falconet, Spiziapteryx circumcincta Southern Caracara / Southern Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus Crested Caracara / Northern Crested Caracara, Caracara cheriway Caracarinae ?Guadalupe Caracara, Caracara lutosa Red-throated Caracara, Ibycter americanus Black Caracara, Daptrius ater Yellow-headed Caracara, Milvago chimachima Chimango Caracara, Phalcoboenus chimango Striated Caracara, Phalcoboenus australis Carunculated Caracara, Phalcoboenus carunculatus Mountain Caracara, Phalcoboenus megalopterus White-throated Caracara, Phalcoboenus albogularis Pygmy Falcon, Polihierax semitorquatus Philippine Falconet, Microhierax erythrogenys Polihieracini Collared Falconet, Microhierax caerulescens Pied Falconet, Microhierax melanoleucos Black-thighed Falconet, Microhierax fringillarius White-fronted Falconet, Microhierax latifrons White-rumped Falcon, Neohierax insignis Falconinae Banded Kestrel, Falco zoniventris Lesser Kestrel, Falco naumanni Fox Kestrel, Falco alopex Greater Kestrel, Falco rupicoloides Falconini Seychelles Kestrel, Falco araeus Malagasy Kestrel, Falco newtoni ?Reunion Kestrel, Falco duboisi Mauritius Kestrel, Falco punctatus Rock Kestrel, Falco rupicolus Spotted Kestrel, Falco moluccensis Eurasian Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus Nankeen Kestrel, Falco cenchroides American Kestrel, Falco sparverius Red-footed Falcon, Falco vespertinus Amur Falcon, Falco amurensis Merlin, Falco columbarius Gray Kestrel, Falco ardosiaceus Dickinson’s Kestrel, Falco dickinsoni Brown Falcon, Falco berigora Bat Falcon, Falco rufigularis Orange-breasted Falcon, Falco deiroleucus Australian Hobby, Falco longipennis Oriental Hobby, Falco severus Eleonora’s Falcon, Falco eleonorae Sooty Falcon, Falco concolor Eurasian Hobby, Falco subbuteo African Hobby, Falco cuvierii New Zealand Falcon, Falco novaeseelandiae Aplomado Falcon, Falco femoralis Red-necked Falcon, Falco chicquera Prairie Falcon, Falco mexicanus Gray Falcon, Falco hypoleucos Taita Falcon, Falco fasciinucha Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus Barbary Falcon, Falco pelegrinoides Lanner Falcon, Falco biarmicus Laggar Falcon, Falco jugger Black Falcon, Falco subniger Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus Saker Falcon, Falco cherrug Source: Fuchs et al. (2015)..
Recommended publications
  • Australian Diurnal Raptors and Airports
    Australian diurnal raptors and airports Photo: John Barkla, BirdLife Australia William Steele Australasian Raptor Association BirdLife Australia Australian Aviation Wildlife Hazard Group Forum Brisbane, 25 July 2013 So what is a raptor? Small to very large birds of prey. Diurnal, predatory or scavenging birds. Sharp, hooked bills and large powerful feet with talons. Order Falconiformes: 27 species on Australian list. Family Falconidae – falcons/ kestrels Family Accipitridae – eagles, hawks, kites, osprey Falcons and kestrels Brown Falcon Black Falcon Grey Falcon Nankeen Kestrel Australian Hobby Peregrine Falcon Falcons and Kestrels – conservation status Common Name EPBC Qld WA SA FFG Vic NSW Tas NT Nankeen Kestrel Brown Falcon Australian Hobby Grey Falcon NT RA Listed CR VUL VUL Black Falcon EN Peregrine Falcon RA Hawks and eagles ‐ Osprey Osprey Hawks and eagles – Endemic hawks Red Goshawk female Hawks and eagles – Sparrowhawks/ goshawks Brown Goshawk Photo: Rik Brown Hawks and eagles – Elanus kites Black‐shouldered Kite Letter‐winged Kite ~ 300 g Hover hunters Rodent specialists LWK can be crepuscular Hawks and eagles ‐ eagles Photo: Herald Sun. Hawks and eagles ‐ eagles Large ‐ • Wedge‐tailed Eagle (~ 4 kg) • Little Eagle (< 1 kg) • White‐bellied Sea‐Eagle (< 4 kg) • Gurney’s Eagle Scavengers of carrion, in addition to hunters Fortunately, mostly solitary although some multiple strikes on aircraft Hawks and eagles –large kites Black Kite Whistling Kite Brahminy Kite Frequently scavenge Large at ~ 600 to 800 g BK and WK flock and so high risk to aircraft Photo: Jill Holdsworth Identification Beruldsen, G (1995) Raptor Identification. Privately published by author, Kenmore Hills, Queensland, pp. 18‐19, 26‐27, 36‐37.
    [Show full text]
  • Birding Oxley Creek Common Brisbane, Australia
    Birding Oxley Creek Common Brisbane, Australia Hugh Possingham and Mat Gilfedder – January 2011 [email protected] www.ecology.uq.edu.au 3379 9388 (h) Other photos, records and comments contributed by: Cathy Gilfedder, Mike Bennett, David Niland, Mark Roberts, Pete Kyne, Conrad Hoskin, Chris Sanderson, Angela Wardell-Johnson, Denis Mollison. This guide provides information about the birds, and how to bird on, Oxley Creek Common. This is a public park (access restricted to the yellow parts of the map, page 6). Over 185 species have been recorded on Oxley Creek Common in the last 83 years, making it one of the best birding spots in Brisbane. This guide is complimented by a full annotated list of the species seen in, or from, the Common. How to get there Oxley Creek Common is in the suburb of Rocklea and is well signposted from Sherwood Road. If approaching from the east (Ipswich Road side), pass the Rocklea Markets and turn left before the bridge crossing Oxley Creek. If approaching from the west (Sherwood side) turn right about 100 m after the bridge over Oxley Creek. The gate is always open. Amenities The main development at Oxley Creek Common is the Red Shed, which is beside the car park (plenty of space). The Red Shed has toilets (composting), water, covered seating, and BBQ facilities. The toilets close about 8pm and open very early. The paths are flat, wide and easy to walk or cycle. When to arrive The diversity of waterbirds is a feature of the Common and these can be good at any time of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    3.79 31 Field Notes on the Black Falcon By GEORGE W. BEDGGOOD, Lindenow South, Victoria, 3866. Because of the dearth of published records for Falco subniger in Victoria and southern New South Wales, I have summarised all my observations from 1955 to 1978. Wheeler ( 1967) lists it as "rather rare" but records it for all districts of Victoria. Although a bird of the drier inland plains, its nomadic wanderings may result in unexpected appearances outside its normal range. Factors affecting a regular food supply, such as drought, no doubt are responsible for such movements. Because its non-hunting flight is so "crow-like" it could easily be mistaken as "a corvid". The dark sooty-brown plumage which appears black, particularly when the bird is some distance from the observer, or when seen in silhouette, its similar size and general outline could all contribute to mistaken identification. When hunting, its flight is typically falcon-like, swift and calculated. Due to its size and lack of pattern in the plumage it ought not be confused with any other falcon. Between September 1955 and December 1956 I was able to record the species at Jindera, N.S.W., and in Victoria at Bonegilla and Corryong. The Jindera bird was my first experience with the Black Falcon. A farmer travelling in the car and knowing my interest in birds remarked that a pair had been seen frequently in the district. Approaching Jindera we flushed a bird from a telephone post. The farmer immediately identified it as a Black Falcon. It flapped and glided to a windbreak some distance away, its flight no different to that of the many corvids we had passed since leaving Albury.
    [Show full text]
  • TOUR REPORT Southwestern Amazonia 2017 Final
    For the first time on a Birdquest tour, the Holy Grail from the Brazilian Amazon, Rondonia Bushbird – male (Eduardo Patrial) BRAZIL’S SOUTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 7 / 11 - 24 JUNE 2017 LEADER: EDUARDO PATRIAL What an impressive and rewarding tour it was this inaugural Brazil’s Southwestern Amazonia. Sixteen days of fine Amazonian birding, exploring some of the most fascinating forests and campina habitats in three different Brazilian states: Rondonia, Amazonas and Acre. We recorded over five hundred species (536) with the exquisite taste of specialties from the Rondonia and Inambari endemism centres, respectively east bank and west bank of Rio Madeira. At least eight Birdquest lifer birds were acquired on this tour: the rare Rondonia Bushbird; Brazilian endemics White-breasted Antbird, Manicore Warbling Antbird, Aripuana Antwren and Chico’s Tyrannulet; also Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher, Acre Tody-Tyrant and the amazing Rufous Twistwing. Our itinerary definitely put together one of the finest selections of Amazonian avifauna, though for a next trip there are probably few adjustments to be done. The pre-tour extension campsite brings you to very basic camping conditions, with company of some mosquitoes and relentless heat, but certainly a remarkable site for birding, the Igarapé São João really provided an amazing experience. All other sites 1 BirdQuest Tour Report: Brazil’s Southwestern Amazonia 2017 www.birdquest-tours.com visited on main tour provided considerably easy and very good birding. From the rich east part of Rondonia, the fascinating savannas and endless forests around Humaitá in Amazonas, and finally the impressive bamboo forest at Rio Branco in Acre, this tour focused the endemics from both sides of the medium Rio Madeira.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island
    A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island Operated by Chevron Australia This document has been printed by a Sustainable Green Printer on stock that is certified carbon in joint venture with neutral and is Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC) mix certified, ensuring fibres are sourced from certified and well managed forests. The stock 55% recycled (30% pre consumer, 25% post- Cert no. L2/0011.2010 consumer) and has an ISO 14001 Environmental Certification. ISBN 978-0-9871120-1-9 Gorgon Project Osaka Gas | Tokyo Gas | Chubu Electric Power Chevron’s Policy on Working in Sensitive Areas Protecting the safety and health of people and the environment is a Chevron core value. About the Authors Therefore, we: • Strive to design our facilities and conduct our operations to avoid adverse impacts to human health and to operate in an environmentally sound, reliable and Dr Dorian Moro efficient manner. • Conduct our operations responsibly in all areas, including environments with sensitive Dorian Moro works for Chevron Australia as the Terrestrial Ecologist biological characteristics. in the Australasia Strategic Business Unit. His Bachelor of Science Chevron strives to avoid or reduce significant risks and impacts our projects and (Hons) studies at La Trobe University (Victoria), focused on small operations may pose to sensitive species, habitats and ecosystems. This means that we: mammal communities in coastal areas of Victoria. His PhD (University • Integrate biodiversity into our business decision-making and management through our of Western Australia)
    [Show full text]
  • Latin American Falconiformes CAMP 2000.Pdf
    conservation Assessment & Management Plan César Márquez Reyes, Jorge Zalles, Laura Stubbs, Keith L. Bildstein and Susie Ellis Provecto Biopacifico -Colombia Hawk Mountain sanctuarv conservation Breeding soecialist Grouo. IUCN/SSC Proyecto Biopacmco, Colombia ~ HAWK MOUNTAIN A CONTRIBUTION OF THE IUCN/SSC CONSERVATION BREEDING SPECIALIST GROUP. COVER PHOTO BY RICK BARONGI. Marquez Reyes~ c.J ZallesJ J.J stubbs, L., Bildstein, K.l. and s. Ellis <EdsJ 2000. Latín American Fa/coniformes conservation Assessment and Management Plan. IUCN/SSC conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. Additional copies of this publication can be ordered through the IUCN/SSC conservation Breeding specialist Group, 12101 Johnnv Cake Ridge Road, Apple Valley, MN 55124 USA. send checks for US$35 <for printing and shipping costs> payable to CBSG; checks must be drawn on a us bank. Funds may be wired to First Bank NA ABA 091000022, for credit to CBSG Account No. 1100 1210 1736. VISA or Mastercard also are accepted. The CBSG Conservation Council These generous contributors make the work of CBSG possible Benefactors ($20.000 and abo ve} Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp Curators ($250-$4991 Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Columbus Zoological Gardens Ellen Dierenfield Royal Zoological Society of S.Australia Minnesota Zoological Gardens Elaine Douglass San Antonio Zoo Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo EmporiaZoo San Francisco Zoo SeaWorld, Inc. Intemational Animal Exchange Schonbrunner Tiergarten Toronto Zoo Lee Richardson Zoo Sedgwick County Zoo White Oak Conservation Center Lincoln Park Zoo Sunset Zoo (1 Oyear commitment) Zoological Society of San Diego Marc Miller Taipei Zoo Orana Park Wildlife Trust Territory Wildlife Park Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Provisional List of Birds of the Rio Tahuauyo Areas, Loreto, Peru
    Provisional List of Birds of the Rio Tahuauyo areas, Loreto, Peru Compiled by Carol R. Foss, Ph.D. and Josias Tello Huanaquiri, Guide Status based on expeditions from Tahuayo Logde and Amazonia Research Center TINAMIFORMES: Tinamidae 1. Great Tinamou Tinamus major 2. White- throated Tinamou Tinamus guttatus 3. Cinereous Tinamou Crypturellus cinereus 4. Little Tinamou Crypturellus soui 5. Undulated Tinamou Crypturellus undulates 6. Variegated Tinamou Crypturellus variegatus 7. Bartlett’s Tinamou Crypturellus bartletti ANSERIFORMES: Anhimidae 8. Horned Screamer Anhima cornuta ANSERIFORMES: Anatidae 9. Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata 10. Blue-winged Teal Anas discors 11. Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus GALLIFORMES: Cracidae 12. Spix’s Guan Penelope jacquacu 13. Blue-throated Piping-Guan Pipile cumanensis 14. Speckled Chachalaca Ortalis guttata 15. Wattled Curassow Crax globulosa 16. Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tuberosum GALLIFORMES: Odontophoridae 17. Marbled Wood-Quall Odontophorus gujanensis 18. Starred Wood-Quall Odontophorus stellatus PELECANIFORMES: Phalacrocoracidae 19. Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus PELECANIFORMES: Anhingidae 20. Anhinga Anhinga anhinga CICONIIFORMES: Ardeidae 21. Rufescent Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma lineatum 22. Agami Heron Agamia agami 23. Boat-billed Heron Cochlearius cochlearius 24. Zigzag Heron Zebrilus undulatus 25. Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 26. Striated Heron Butorides striata 27. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 28. Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi 29. Great Egret Ardea alba 30. Cappet Heron Pilherodius pileatus 31. Snowy Egret Egretta thula 32. Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea CICONIIFORMES: Threskiornithidae 33. Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis 34. Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja CICONIIFORMES: Ciconiidae 35. Jabiru Jabiru mycteria 36. Wood Stork Mycteria Americana CICONIIFORMES: Cathartidae 37. Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 38. Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus 39.
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn Migration of an Amur Falcon Falco Amurensis from Mongolia to the Indian Ocean Tracked by Satellite ANDREW DIXON, NYAMBAYAR BATBAYAR and GANKHUYAG PUREV-OCHIR
    Forktail 27 (2011) SHORT NOTES 81 because they showed: a relatively long, conical bill; heavily chestnut- Dymond, N. (1999) Two records of Black-headed Bunting Emberiza tinged uppertail-coverts and rump; and a dark crown. All three birds melanocephala in Sabah: the first definite occurrence in Malaysia and were aged as immature on account of their pale yellow undertail- Borneo. Forktail 15: 102–103. coverts, fawn underparts and worn yellowish flanks. Earlier published Grewal, B., Harvey, B. & Pfister, O. (2002) Birds of India including Nepal, Sri checklists for Bangladesh list four Emberiza species (see above), but Lanka, the Maldives, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Bhutan . London: none mentions E. melanocephala; hence it can be considered a new Christopher Helm. species for Bangladesh. Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (1998) Birds of the Indian Subcontinent . Black-headed Bunting breeds in the western Palaearctic and Iran. London: Christopher Helm. It winters mainly in cultivated fields in southern Pakistan, west and Harvey, W. G. (1990) Birds in Bangladesh . Dhaka: University Press. central India and infrequently eastern Nepal and eastern India, with Husain, K. Z. (1979) Birds of Bangladesh . Dhaka: Government of Bangladesh. a few recent records from Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (S. Sen pers. comm. IUCN Bangladesh (2000) Red book of threatened birds of Bangladesh . Dhaka: 2011). It has a known tendency to vagrancy further east with records IUCN. from South-East Asia in north-west, central and southern Thailand, Khan, M. A. R. (1982) Wildlife of Bangladesh: a checklist . Dhaka: University of Singapore, northern Laos, northern Vietnam (Byers et al. 1995, Dhaka. Rasmussen & Anderton 2005, Robson 2008), southern China, Japan Khan, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Onetouch 4.0 Scanned Documents
    / Chapter 2 THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS Storrs L. Olson Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC. I. Introduction 80 II. Archaeopteryx 85 III. Early Cretaceous Birds 87 IV. Hesperornithiformes 89 V. Ichthyornithiformes 91 VI. Other Mesozojc Birds 92 VII. Paleognathous Birds 96 A. The Problem of the Origins of Paleognathous Birds 96 B. The Fossil Record of Paleognathous Birds 104 VIII. The "Basal" Land Bird Assemblage 107 A. Opisthocomidae 109 B. Musophagidae 109 C. Cuculidae HO D. Falconidae HI E. Sagittariidae 112 F. Accipitridae 112 G. Pandionidae 114 H. Galliformes 114 1. Family Incertae Sedis Turnicidae 119 J. Columbiformes 119 K. Psittaciforines 120 L. Family Incertae Sedis Zygodactylidae 121 IX. The "Higher" Land Bird Assemblage 122 A. Coliiformes 124 B. Coraciiformes (Including Trogonidae and Galbulae) 124 C. Strigiformes 129 D. Caprimulgiformes 132 E. Apodiformes 134 F. Family Incertae Sedis Trochilidae 135 G. Order Incertae Sedis Bucerotiformes (Including Upupae) 136 H. Piciformes 138 I. Passeriformes 139 X. The Water Bird Assemblage 141 A. Gruiformes 142 B. Family Incertae Sedis Ardeidae 165 79 Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll ISBN 0-12-249408-3 80 STORES L. OLSON C. Family Incertae Sedis Podicipedidae 168 D. Charadriiformes 169 E. Anseriformes 186 F. Ciconiiformes 188 G. Pelecaniformes 192 H. Procellariiformes 208 I. Gaviiformes 212 J. Sphenisciformes 217 XI. Conclusion 217 References 218 I. Introduction Avian paleontology has long been a poor stepsister to its mammalian counterpart, a fact that may be attributed in some measure to an insufRcien- cy of qualified workers and to the absence in birds of heterodont teeth, on which the greater proportion of the fossil record of mammals is founded.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contact Zone Between Mountain and Carunculated Caracaras in Ecuador.-Parker Et Al
    688 THE WILSON BULLETIN l Vol. 105, No. 4, December 1993 Wilson Bull., 105(4), 1993, pp. 688-691 A contact zone between Mountain and Carunculated Caracaras in Ecuador.-Parker et al. (1985) were first to report Mountain Caracaras (Phalcoboenus megalopterus) north of the Maranon depression at Cerro Chinguela in Peru. Fjeldsa and Krabbe (1990) found them on the border of Ecuador and Peru. Ortiz et al. (1990) did not consider the species present in Ecuador, but R. Williams (pers. comm.) found Mountain Caracaras to be fairly common on the Cordillera de Cyabanilla (4”34S,’ 79”22W)’ lo-15 km east of Amaluza in 1990. However, he saw none in this area in 199 1. Williams also recorded the species at 04”2 1S,‘ 79”45W’ near Sozoranga in 1990. E. P. Toyne (pers. comm.) recorded two adult Mountain Caracaras flying together at Ingapirca (3”41S,’ 79”13W)’ on 11 April 1992 immediately east of Acacana. I recorded Mountain Caracaras several times during ornithological fieldwork at 2950 m on the east side of Cerro Acacana (Acanama) (3”41S,’ 79”14W,’ Fig. l), Province of Loja, southern Ecuador, in May and June 1992 and report on those observations here. The area is characterized by “islands” of temperate cloud forest in an “ocean” of pastures. Just below and on the top of Acacana (3420 m), plramo vegetation was prevalent. I recorded Mountain Caracaras on 15 occasions, but never more than two together at one time. Fifteen records were of adults and four of juveniles. The greatest number of sightings in any one day was four.
    [Show full text]
  • HAVE the EGGS of the ORANGE&Hyphen;BREASTED
    HAVE THE EGGS OF THE ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON (FALCO DEIROLEUCUS) BEEN DESCRIBED? by DouglasA. BoyceJr.' School of Natural Resources HumboldtState University Arcata, California 95521 and Lloyd F. Kiff WesternFoundation of VertebrateZoology 1100 Glendon Avenue LosAngeles, California 90024 The only publisheddescription of Orange-breastedFalcon (Falcodeiroleucus) eggs knownto us is that of Coltart (1952),who presenteddetails on two setsof eggssaid to be of thisspecies collected for G. D. Smookerin Trinidad.One of thesesets, a clutchof 3 takenon 28 March 1937in the Aripo Savannah,is now in the collectionof the West- ernFoundation of VertebrateZoology (WFVZ cat. no. 15,728);the other,a setof 2 col- lectedon 21 April 1930 in the Coroni Marshes,is in the collectionof the Zoological Museum,University of Helsinki,Finland (ZMUF cat. no. 15,721). The authenticityof theseeggs has been questioned by ffrench(1973) because of their smallsize compared to the bodysize of the species.The 3 eggsin the WFVZ collection measure40.6 x 34.7, 41.8 x 35.6, and 39.9 x 34.6 mm, and the 2 eggsin the ZMUF set measure 43.0 x 35.0 and 42.2 x 34.7 mm. All of these measurements fall within the rangegiven for eggsof the AplomadoFalcon (Falco femoralis) by Bent (1938) and Brownand Amadon(1968) and are only slightlylarger than the extrememeasurements knownfor eggsof the muchsmaller Bat Falcon(Falco rufigularis) (Brown and Amadon op cit., Kiff unpubl.data). Eggs of severalfalcon species, including one of Smooker's Trinidadeggs, are shownin Figurei to illustratetheir comparativesizes. Heinroth(1922) first demonstratedthe fundamentalrelationship between egg weight andbody weight in birds,and this was further refined by Huxley(1923-1924).
    [Show full text]
  • Migratory Connectivity and Conservation of the Amur Falcon Falco Amurensis: a Stable Isotope Perspective
    Bird Conservation International (2010) 20:134–148. ª BirdLife International, 2010 doi:10.1017/S0959270910000237 Migratory connectivity and conservation of the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis: a stable isotope perspective CRAIG T. SYMES and STEPHAN WOODBORNE Summary 13 15 Stable isotopes (dD, d C, d N) were measured in adult and juvenile Amur Falcon Falco amurensis feathers to understand the migratory connectivity of this species. Using the OIPC (Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator) and a calibration curve for American Kestrels Falco sparverius we predicted the breeding range of South African Amur Falcons in the Palaearctic. dD values for juvenile feathers (mean 6 SE 5 À58.1 6 2.5&, range À83.9 to À25.7&) and predicted Palaearctic annual precipitation values indicated that juvenile Amur Falcons in South Africa originated from across their entire Palaearctic range. This rejects the leapfrog migration hypothesis and suggests the widespread movement of birds south, with a funnelling effect into the subregion where they become concentrated over a narrower distribution range. Adult dDf values were more depleted (À37.4 6 1.8&, range 5 À71.3 to À9.3&) than predicted annual precipitation values for sites where feathers moulted in South Africa (À20.2 6 0.9&) but there 13 was no correlation between dDp and dDf. This, together with significant variation of d C among sites and annual fluctuations in roost sizes, suggests that roost site fidelity is low in the overwintering range. Populations not confined to breeding sites in South Africa are able to move widely across the subregion, feeding on a broad range of arthropods that become seasonally abundant during the austral summer.
    [Show full text]