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Universidad Austral De Chile UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS INSTITUTO DE PATOLOGÍA ANIMAL PARÁSITOS GASTROINTESTINALES DEL TIUQUE Milvago chimango temucoensis VIEILLOT, 1816, REGIÓN DE LOS RÍOS, CHILE Memoria de Título presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al TÍTULO DE MÉDICO VETERINARIO PABLO ENRIQUE OYARZÚN RUIZ VALDIVIA – CHILE 2013 PROFESOR PATROCINANTE Pamela Muñoz Alvarado PROFESOR COPATROCINANTE Ángelo Espinoza Cabrera PROFESORES INFORMANTES Claudio Verdugo Reyes _______________________________ Marcelo Gómez Jaramillo FECHA DE APROBACIÓN: 11 de Noviembre de 2013. Dedicado en primer lugar a mis padres, de quienes aprendí a amar cada cosa que hago y ser agradecido de la vida ante todo, en segundo lugar y no menos importante, a esas pequeñas almas que me inspiraron a seguir y amar esta hermosa carrera; “Oso” y “Shomoche”. ÍNDICE Capítulos Página 1. RESUMEN………………………………………………………………….. 1 2. SUMMARY………………………………………………………………….. 2 3. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………….. 3 4. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS…………………………………………………. 6 5. RESULTADOS……………………………………………………………… 9 6. DISCUSIÓN………………………………………………………………… 17 7. REFERENCIAS…………………………………………………………….. 24 8. ANEXO ……………………………………………………………………. 26 1 1. RESUMEN El tiuque es un ave rapaz, siendo la subespecie Milvago chimango temucoensis la más frecuente en el sector sur de Chile; con una dieta muy variada, pudiendo abarcar desde anélidos hasta el consumo de carroña. Esta amplia gama dietaria permitiría completar diversos ciclos biológicos de helmintos. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar y describir morfológicamente los parásitos digestivos, establecer parámetros de prevalencia, intensidad de infección e intensidad media para cada especie parasitaria encontrada y describir los eventuales hallazgos patológicos en el tiuque del sur de Chile. Se realizó la necropsia de 14 ejemplares de tiuque (M. c. temucoensis) provenientes de 3 localidades de la Región de Los Ríos (Valdivia, Paillaco y La Unión), revisándose todo el aparato digestivo desde el esófago hasta la cloaca. Del total de ejemplares pesquisados, el 78,6% resultó ser positivo a helmintos. Se aislaron un total de 1887 helmintos parásitos, de los cuales 1881 correspondieron a nematodos, 2 a trematodos y 4 a acantocéfalos. Todos estos fueron aislados desde esófago, buche, proventrículo, molleja e intestino, siendo este último órgano el que albergó el 95% de los helmintos. De este total se lograron identificar 12 especies de helmintos; 11 nematodos y 1 acantocéfalo, mientras que los trematodos aislados no pudieron ser clasificados. Las especies que se lograron identificar fueron Capillaria tenuissima, Pterothominx caudinflata, Baruscapillaria obsignata, Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Skrjabinoclava tupacincai, Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta, Synhimantus (D.) sp., Synhimantus (Synhimantus) laticeps, Procyrnea spinosa, Porrocaecum depressum, Contracaecum rudolphii y Polymorphus minutus. Para cada especie de helminto se calcularon los valores de Prevalencia (P), Intensidad de infección (I) e Intensidad media (IM). Los resultados de dichos parámetros indicaron que C. tenuissima y B. obsignata fueron los que obtuvieron mayores valores de P (71,4% y 42,9%, respectivamente) e IM (119,7 y 80,3 helmintos/tiuque infectado). Con respecto a la I sólo un ejemplar analizado manifestó el mayor número de parásitos (809 helmintos). Todas las especies nombradas, excepto C. tenuissima, P. spinosa y P. depressum, corresponden a nuevos registros para el tiuque. Del mismo modo, se determinaron nuevos registros para el grupo de las aves rapaces, a nivel Sudamericano; estas especies fueron C. obvelatus, S. tupacincai, S. (D.) nasuta, S. (D.) sp., C. rudolphii y P. minutus. Además se plantea la posibilidad de que el tiuque actúe como hospedero definitivo en los ciclos biológicos de ciertos parásitos que frecuentan aves acuáticas, al incluir en su dieta el consumo de peces y crustáceos. De igual manera se postula que esta rapaz puede actuar como hospedero definitivo para P. caudinflata y B. obsignata, nematodos de Columbiformes y Galliformes, tras haberse encontrado hembras ovígeras. Además de dichos helmintos, se logró detectar daño tisular a nivel de buche, proventrículo, molleja e intestino en 2 ejemplares, lesiones causadas por los helmintos P. depressum, C. obvelatus, S. (D.) nasuta, S. (D.) sp. y P. minutus, situación no descrita previamente para el tiuque en Chile. Palabras clave: tiuque, helmintos, aparato digestivo, registros. 2 2. SUMMARY GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CHIMANGO CARACARA Milvago chimango temucoensis VIEILLOT, 1816, REGIÓN DE LOS RÍOS, CHILE. Chimango caracara (M. c. temucoensis) is the most frequently bird of prey found on southern Chile, the diet may include from earthworms to death animals. Allowing the possibility to complete biological lifecycles of helminthes. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe morphologically the parasitic fauna, calculate the values of Prevalence, Intensity of infection and Mean intensity; and the eventual organic consequences in the Chimango caracara from Southern Chile. Necropsy was performed in 14 Chimango caracara (M. c. temucoensis), from three different locations (Valdivia, Paillaco y La Unión) in the Región de Los Ríos. The whole digestive was dissected from the esophagus to the cloaca. From all the specimens studied, 78.6% turned out to be positive to helminthes. Parasites were located in esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and intestine, although most (95%) were harbored from intestine. A total of 1887 helminthes were isolated from all individuals. The majority which were nematodes (n=1881). Trematodes (n=2) and acanthocephalan (n=4) were minimally present on infected birds. Twelve species of helminthes were identified, 11 nematodes and 1 acanthocephala, while the isolated trematodes couldn’t be classified. The species were Capillaria tenuissima, Pterothominx caudinflata, Baruscapillaria obsignata, Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Skrjabinoclava tupacincai, Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta, Synhimantus (D.) sp., Synhimantus (Synhimantus) laticeps, Procyrnea spinosa, Porrocaecum depressum, Contracaecum rudolphii and Polymorphus minutus. For each helminth were calculated the values of Prevalence (P), Intensity of infection (I) and Mean intensity (IM). The results of these parameters indicate than C. tenuissima and B. obsignata obtained the highest values of P (71.4% and 42.9%, respectively) and IM (119.7 and 80.3 helminthes/infected raptor). Values of I indicated 809 parasites in only one specimen. All species listed, but C. tenuissima, P. spinosa and P. depressum, are new records for the Chimango caracara. Furthermore C. obvelatus, S. tupacincai, S. (D.) nasuta, S. (D.) sp., C. rudolphii and P. minutes are new records for neotropical raptors. We propose the possibility that the Chimango caracara act as a definitive host in the life cycle of certain parasites of waterfowl and shorebirds and for the nematodes of Columbiformes and Galliormes Pterothominx caudinflata and Baruscapillaria obsignata. Finally, we detect tissue damage in the digestive system of 2 specimens, at the level of crop, proventriculus, gizzard and intestine, by the parasites P. depressum, C. obvelatus, S. (D.) nasuta, S. (D.) sp., and P. minutus, situation not described previously for Chimango caracara in Chile. Key words: Chimango caracara, helminthes, digestive tract, records. 3 3. INTRODUCCIÓN 3.1. PARASITISMO EN LAS AVES SILVESTRES El parasitismo es definido como una asociación trófica obligada entre individuos de dos especies, en la cual uno (el parásito) obtiene su alimento de un organismo viviente de otra especie (el hospedero). En un ave hospedera puede ser visto como una isla de hábitat que provee recursos a los parásitos, con este último obteniendo beneficios, mientras el hospedero es dañado o sobrelleva algún costo. El parasitismo es ubicuitario en aves silvestres y los individuos son afectados por muchos parásitos diferentes durante su vida, pero el estudio de los parásitos que afectan a las aves silvestres es escaso. Un rasgo importante es que la presencia de parásitos involucra un costo al hospedero. Los costos incluyen competencia entre el helminto y el hospedero por los recursos, como ocurre con los cestodos que absorben nutrientes del contenido intestinal del hospedero, los costos resultantes de la injuria de los tejidos, esto podría ser por un daño directo por el parásito, o más a menudo, la injuria por la respuesta inflamatoria e inmune al parásito, como también costos relacionados a un desarrollo inapropiado como resultado de un parasitismo temprano en la vida del ave, y los costos para reparar o reemplazar los tejidos dañados (Wobeser 2008). La mayoría de los endoparásitos de las aves de presa tienen complejos ciclos de vida, conteniendo uno o más hospederos intermediarios. Estos parásitos son altamente prolíficos, para asegurar que algunas etapas alcancen al siguiente hospedero. Los huevos son a menudo producidos de manera no continua, dependiendo de la temporada u hora del día. Algunos parásitos protozoarios tienen un ciclo indirecto de vida (Sarcocystis), mientras que otros (Trichomonas) tienen un desarrollo directo tales como los nematodos de la subfamilia Capillariinae, los cuales pueden acumularse en hospederos paraténicos. Desde el punto de vista del desarrollo y ciclo de vida, los trematodos no sólo poseen los ciclos biológicos más complejos entre los grupos parasitarios, sino que también entre todos los miembros del reino animal. El ciclo de vida más complicado de un trematodo
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