The Garden Blues and How to Enjoy Them

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Garden Blues and How to Enjoy Them A WORD OR TWO ABOUT GARDENING The garden blues and how to enjoy them This is the first of future articles on the topic of providing color in the landscape. Paying attention to the role of color w hen landscaping is an im portant part of creating a visually attractive yard. Foliage, flow ers and fruits can all contribute color elem ents to the landscape, though it is flow ers that are the principal focus. Various schem es have been developed as to how plants should be arranged in the landscape according to flow er color, but they are based on tw o broad concepts: using com plim entary colors to create areas of contrast, or unifying w ith closely related colors. This latter approach has been further refined to selecting plants of just a single basic color, such as the purple border and fam ous w hite garden both at Sissinghurst Castle (UK). Com pare this w ith the cottage garden w here the aim is to accom m odate in a lim ited space, a diverse range of plant types differing in form and color. Although very inform al in appearance, this approach to landscaping requires skill in know ing w hich plants to choose and w here to place them , and is a challenging style to adapt to south Florida conditions. M ore often, the use of color in landscape designs falls in betw een these latter tw o extrem es. For this article I w ill discuss plants that contribute shades of blue – not the m ost frequently encountered of flow er colors, especially in tropical plants. Blue flow ering plants can create a cool, soothing effect and add a sense of depth to the landscape, in contrast to the m ore brightly colored plants that are used in tropical gardens. The various tints and shades of blue found in a range of m ore tem perate clim ate annuals and perennials are at best short- lived inhabitants of the M iam i-Dade landscape. W hen it com es to shrubs, old tim e favorites such as lilacs and hydrangeas are not suited to our tropical clim ate. How ever, rather than discussing w hat is not suitable, let us consider those blue flow ering plants that can contribute to the local landscape. I w ill focus on plants w ith som e degree of perm anency, concentrating therefore on shrubs. There are several, som e of w hich are quite fam iliar and provide a range of color from sky blue to deep purplish blue. M ost fam iliar is the ever-popular Plumbago auriculata (blue plum bago as opposed to the m uch less com m on and m ore tropical red plum bago, P. indica), a fairly com m on site in south Florida yards. The sky blue flow ers blend in w ell next to yellow flowering shrubs such as show er of gold (Galphimia gracilis), or grouped near a desert cassia (Senna polyphylla). Use blue plum bago as a low inform al hedge, or foundation plant in a sunny part of the garden – expect a spraw ling shrub w ith a height and w idth of 4-5’. Blue plum bago w ill take som e light afternoon shade, but flow ers best in full sun, and can be planted in any free draining soil. Once established it is fairly drought tolerant and w ill reliably flower from spring through fall. Prune back any straggly growth in late w inter, after w hich spent flow ers can be rem oved as necessary throughout the year. There are a num ber of cultivars available, ‘Im perial Blue’ being the one m ost com m only seen, w hile ‘Royal Cape’ has a deep blue line dow n the center of each petal. There is a w hite variety, P.auriculata var. alba, w hich can be used to alternate w ith the blue cultivars. Do not confuse P. auriculata w ith another blue plum bago, Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, w hich m ay be offered for sale locally. This form s an attractive ground cover, but is zoned for m ore tem perate clim ates. Only slightly less fam iliar and also w ith sky blue flow ers is Duranta erecta know n com m only as golden dew drop or sky flow er. This is a large spreading shrub, occasionally grow n as a tree (see below ), w ith drooping slender branches bearing sim ple, oval to elliptic, ¼ - 3” leaves often w ith serrated m argins. The branches usually have scattered spines. The inflorescence consists of m any pendent racem es of ½ to ¼ ” light blue flow ers, produced any tim e from spring through fall. After flow ering m any conspicuous, orangey yellow fruits form that attract birds, but are poisonous to hum ans. Golden dewdrop should be planted in full sun, is not particular as to soil providing it drains freely, and once established exhibits good drought tolerance. The shrub w ill take som e shade but w ill not flow er as freely. It is fast grow ing and can be drastically pruned – cut to the ground it w ill readily re- sprout. Norm al pruning should be perform ed after flow ering, and tip pruning can be used to m ake a bushier specim en. You m ay choose to rem ove the fruits - be aw are that golden dew drop readily produces seedling volunteers in other parts of the yard, and has naturalized in parts of M iam i-Dade. It is som etim es prom oted as a Florida native, but this is in doubt and it appears m ore likely to be an introduction from the Baham as or Caribbean. Recently som e very attractive D. erecta cultivars have becom e available: ‘Geisha Girl’ has deep blue flow ers w ith a w hite center and border, w hilst ‘Sapphire Show ers” produces larger, violet blue flow ers having ruffled picotee petals w ith a narrow w hite m argin. These are som etim es available as standards (grow n to a single stem ) w ith a w eeping habit, and can substitute for a sm all tree w here space is lim ited. There are also a num ber of cultivars having variegated leaves, w hilst ‘Alba’ has w hite flow ers. Another shrub w ith light blue flow ers is the very attractive blue clererodendrum , Clerodendrum ugandense. How ever, unlike those described above, it is best suited to partially shaded areas of the yard Blue clerodendrum is a spraw ling shrub to m ore than 10’, w ith long arching stem s and toothed, bright green leaves. Individual flow ers are com posed of five petals, four that are light blue plus one low er petal that is a m ore conspicuous violet blue. This petal arrangem ent, together w ith the four long protruding stam ens, gives the im pression of butterflies hovering just above the foliage. Flow ers are produced in term inal panicles, and appear throughout the year on new grow th. Choose an area of the yard w ith dappled shade or part afternoon shade, and m oist soil. Pruning can be done at any tim e to keep the plant w ithin bounds and prevent it from becom ing too leggy. Alternatively it can be allow ed to spraw l and supported on a trellis or grow n against a chain link fence. C. ugandense is one of the better behaved of the clerodendrum s, w ith an absence of the vigorous root suckering seen in m any other species. Eranthemum pulchellum is another blue flow ering shrub that is best suited to partial shade, and is often m isleadingly called blue sage or Indian sage. Eranthem um is a soft w ooded, m ulti- stem m ed shrub from India grow ing to about 3- 13 w ith a spread of 5-6’. It has erect stem s w ith dark green prom inently veined shiny leaves, and from Decem ber through M arch produces handsom e spikes of deep blue flow ers. In M iam i-Dade, Eranthem um is best planted in enriched soil choosing a site w ith either dappled or som e afternoon shade. In full hot sun the shrub w ill rapidly w ilt unless w atered frequently. Rem ove spent flow ers, then once flow ering is finished drastically prune, cutting stem s back by a half and totally rem oving those that are dead or yellow ing. Apply fertilizer after pruning and again in late sum m er. This is a personal favorite that although rather unassum ing for m uch of the year (the foliage is quite attractive) definitely earns its place in the landscape for the uniquely blue, w inter flow ers. Flow ering com m ences as another blue-flow ered m em ber of the Acanthaceae (Barleria cristata) is past its peak flow er show . Like Eranthem um , B. cristata (Philippine violet) prefers som e partial shade, and m oist soil, developing into a 4 x 5’ sem i-w oody, m ulti-stem m ed, stiff, branching shrub. Barleria com m ences flow ering as days shorten, producing spikes of pale violet blue tubular flowers from m id-October through Decem ber, then on and off until spring. Pruning out dead flow er heads helps to prolong flow ering. M ore substantial pruning can be perform ed any tim e after bloom ing ceases up until Septem ber.
Recommended publications
  • From Witch Doctor to Modern Medicine: Searching the American Tropics for Potentially New Medicinal Plants
    From Witch Doctor to Modern Medicine: Searching the American Tropics for Potentially New Medicinal Plants "And as there are discouvered new Regions, new King- doms and new Provinces by our Spaniards, so they have brought unto us new Medicines, and newe Remedies, wherewith they do cure many infirmities, which, if we did lacke them, would be incurible, and without any remedie ... for which cause I did pretend to treate, and to write of all things that they bring from our Indias, apperteyning to the Arte and Use of Medicine, and the remedie of hurtes and diseases that we doo suffer and endure ...". Nicholas Monardes [transl. John Frampton] "Joyfull Newes out of the New-found World" (1596) The search for potential new medicines from the Plant King- dom is not new. It has been carried on since man first became aware ot the variety ot ettects that plants had on his mind and body. It is still under way. But we now have many ad- vantages over man in all prior ages. We have millennia of experience behind us; a deeper understanding of what plants are and how they live; an intensity of modern technology to help us; and, what is more important than all of the other advantages, a determination to probe into the still virgin vegetal world for active compounds of promise for man’s existence. Today we follow several discreet paths in our search for "new" medicinal plants. Some modern programs - ambitious, technologically com- plex and potentially promising - have emphasized the random or semi-random screening of plants from all parts of the world for new organic compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • A Família Solanaceae Juss. No Município De Vitória Da Conquista
    Paubrasilia Artigo Original doi: 10.33447/paubrasilia.2021.e0049 2021;4:e0049 A família Solanaceae Juss. no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil The family Solanaceae Juss. in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil Jerlane Nascimento Moura1 & Claudenir Simões Caires 1 1. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste Resumo da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil Solanaceae é uma das maiores famílias de plantas vasculares, com 100 gêneros e ca. de 2.500 espécies, com distribuição subcosmopolita e maior diversidade na região Neotropical. Este trabalho realizou um levantamento florístico das espécies de Palavras-chave Solanales. Taxonomia. Florística. Solanaceae no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, em área ecotonal entre Nordeste. Caatinga e Mata Atlântica. Foram realizadas coletas semanais de agosto/2019 a março/2020, totalizando 30 espécimes, depositados nos herbários HUESBVC e HVC. Keywords Solanales. Taxonomy. Floristics. Foram registradas 19 espécies, distribuídas em nove gêneros: Brunfelsia (2 spp.), Northeast. Capsicum (1 sp.), Cestrum (1 sp.), Datura (1 sp.), Iochroma (1 sp.) Nicandra (1 sp.), Nicotiana (1 sp.), Physalis (1 sp.) e Solanum (10 spp.). Dentre as espécies coletadas, cinco são endêmicas para o Brasil e 11 foram novos registros para o município. Nossos resultados demonstram que Solanaceae é uma família de elevada riqueza de espécies no município, contribuindo para o conhecimento da flora local. Abstract Solanaceae is one of the largest families of vascular plants, with 100 genera and ca. 2,500 species, with subcosmopolitan distribution and greater diversity in the Neotropical region. This work carried out a floristic survey of Solanaceae species in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, in an ecotonal area between Caatinga and Atlantic Forest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Datura L. (Solanaceae) in Mexico and Spain – Ethnobotanical T Perspective at the Interface of Medical and Illicit Uses
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 219 (2018) 133–151 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm Review The genus Datura L. (Solanaceae) in Mexico and Spain – Ethnobotanical T perspective at the interface of medical and illicit uses Guillermo Beníteza, Martí March-Salasb, Alberto Villa-Kamelc, Ulises Cháves-Jiménezc, ⁎ Javier Hernándezc, Nuria Montes-Osunad, Joaquín Moreno-Chocanoa, Paloma Cariñanosa,e, a Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain b National Museum of Natural Sciences of Madrid (MNCN-CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain c Ethnobotany Laboratory, National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), 14030 Mexico , Mexico d Department of Crop Protection, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), Campus Alameda del Obispo, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain e Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The different species of the genus Datura have been used traditionally by some Ethnobotany pre-Columbian civilizations, as well as in medieval rituals linked to magic and witchcraft in both Mexico and Cross-cultural study Europe. It is also noteworthy the use of different alkaloids obtained from the plants for medicinal purposes in the Historical study treatment of various groups of diseases, especially of the respiratory and muscularskeletal systems. Scopolamine Aim of the study: A review of the ethnobotanical uses of the genus Datura in Mexico and Spain has been con- Hyoscine ducted. We focus on the medicinal and ritualistic uses included in modern ethnobotanical studies, emphasizing the historical knowledge from post-colonial American Codices and medieval European texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversification of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors in the Tomato
    J Mol Evol DOI 10.1007/s00239-016-9750-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Diversification of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors in the Tomato Family Solanaceae 1,2 3 3 4 Daniel J. Gates • Susan R. Strickler • Lukas A. Mueller • Bradley J. S. C. Olson • Stacey D. Smith2 Received: 1 November 2015 / Accepted: 15 June 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 Abstract MYB transcription factors play an important role subfamily has changed relatively little over the roughly 50 in regulating key plant developmental processes involving million-year history of Solanaceae. We added our informa- defense, cell shape, pigmentation, and root formation. tion regarding R2R3 MYBs in Solanaceae to other data and Within this gene family, sequences containing an R2R3 performed a meta-analysis to trace the evolution of sub- MYB domain are the most abundant type and exhibit a wide family size across land plants. The results reveal many shifts diversity of functions. In this study, we identify 559 R2R3 in the number of R2R3 genes, including a 54 % increase MYB genes using whole genome data from four species of along the angiosperm stem lineage. The variation in R2R3 Solanaceae and reconstruct their evolutionary relationships. subfamily size across land plants is weakly positively cor- We compare the Solanaceae R2R3 MYBs to the well-char- related with genome size and strongly positively correlated acterized Arabidopsis thaliana sequences to estimate func- with total number of genes. The retention of such a large tional diversity and to identify gains and losses of MYB number of R2R3 copies over long evolutionary time periods clades in the Solanaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • BGI Herald 11(1)
    ! THE HERALD Volume 11, Issue 1 APRIL 2015 The Herald Volume 11, Issue 1, April 2015 ! ‘Bringing Hybridizers and Growers Together’ Brugmansia Growers!1 International The International Cultivar Registration Authority for Brugmansia and Datura ! ! THE HERALD Volume 11, Issue 1 APRIL 2015 ! !In this issue: Monika Gottschalk talks to BGI ……… 3 New cultivar names ……… 6 ICRA business …….. 16 As the ICRA for Brugmansia and Datura, working with other enthusiasts' groups around the world, we maintain an exhaustive register of cultivar names and other details Cover image: (l-r) Iochroma grandiflorum, about each cultivar in searchable databases and Brugmansia ‘Meroo Pink’, ‘Mango Cornet’, image galleries, and we issue the BGI Herald ‘Meroo Totty’, ‘Meroo Giant’, ‘Monika’s Meroo Magic’ — photo A. Hay. which provides for the formal publication of ! new cultivar names and other matters This page: ‘Mango Cornet’ (l), ‘Monika’s Meroo concerning! the correct naming of cultivars. !Rubin’ (r) — photos A. Hay ! ! Officers ! We’re on the Web. Visit us at President — Mike Pettit http://www .brugmansia.us Vice President — Al Maas Secretary — Dianne Wilson ! Treasurer — Edna Murphree ! 1 year individual subscription to BGI Web Master/Editor — Mary Voss $15.00 !Registrar — Alistair Hay ! ! ! The Herald Subscriptions include online access to The ISSN 1948-2884 Herald, our free Seed and Pollen Banks A publication of (just pay postage), and our Trade Forums, Brugmansia Growers International Inc. as well as many other informative forums. !2 THE HERALD Volume 11, Issue 1 APRIL 2015 ! ! Monika Gottschalk, doyenne of plants. ‘Rothkirch’ x ‘Balao’ has produced Brugmansia breeding, talks with several good F1 hybrids like ‘De Moi ut BGI’s Dianne Wilson and Shaun Ostfreesland’.
    [Show full text]
  • Garden Supply Company Red Iochroma
    Red Iochroma Iochroma fuchsioides Height: 8 feet Spread: 6 feet Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: 9a Description: Stunning display of scarlet trumpet flowers that bloom profusely throughout the season; a cousin of the Brugmansia, it has glossier leaves than other Iochromas; flowers best when nights are cooler Ornamental Features Red Iochroma features showy scarlet trumpet-shaped flowers hanging Red Iochroma flowers Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder below the branches from mid summer to mid fall. It has dark green foliage. The glossy pointy leaves remain dark green throughout the winter. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes Red Iochroma is a multi-stemmed evergreen shrub with an upright spreading habit of growth. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. This is a relatively low maintenance shrub, and should only be pruned after flowering to avoid removing any of the current season's flowers. Gardeners should be aware of the following characteristic(s) that may warrant special consideration; - Insects Red Iochroma is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Accent - Mass Planting - Hedges/Screening - General Garden Use - Container Planting Planting & Growing Red Iochroma will grow to be about 8 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 6 feet. It tends to be a little leggy, with a typical clearance of 1 foot from the ground, and is suitable for planting under power lines. It grows at a medium rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for approximately 20 years. This shrub does best in full sun to partial shade.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Especies Del Género Iochroma Benth. (Solanaceae) Que Habitan En La Región La Libertad, Y Un Nuevo Taxón Del Norte Del Perú
    Leiva: Las especies del género Iochroma (Solanaceae) en la región La Libertad, y un nuevo taxón del Norte del Perú Arnaldoa 24 (1): 63 - 118, 2017 ISSN: 1815-8242 (edición impresa) http://doi.org/10.22497/arnaldoa.241.24105 ISSN: 2413-3299 (edición online) Las especies del género Iochroma Benth. (Solanaceae) que habitan en la región La Libertad, y un nuevo taxón del Norte del Perú The species of genus Iochroma Benth. (Solanaceae) inhabiting La Libertad Region, and a new taxon from Northern Peru Segundo Leiva González Herbario Antenor Orrego (HAO), Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Casilla Postal 1075, Trujillo, PERÚ [email protected] / [email protected] 24 (1): Enero - Junio, 2017 63 Este es un artículo de acceso abierto bajo la licencia CC BY-NC 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Leiva: Las especies del género Iochroma (Solanaceae) en la región La Libertad, y un nuevo taxón del Norte del Perú Recibido: 20-XII-2016; Aceptado: 20-III-2017; Publicado: VI-2017; Edición online: 29-V-2017 Resumen Se describen e ilustran en detalle las especies del género Iochroma Benth. (Solanaceae) que habitan en la región La Libertad, y un nuevo taxón del norte del Perú. Se reportan 8 especies, de ellas 7 son peruanas, a saber: I. cachicadanum, I. cornifolium (Ecuador), I. edule, I. lilacinum, I. rubicalyx, I. salpoanum, I. smithianum e I. tupayachanum. De estas, 5 presentan bayas amarillo anaranjado y son frutas silvestres comestibles. Se describe un nuevo taxón, I. viridescens, propia del norte de Perú, presenta 29-44 flores por nudo, dispuestas en fascículos, corola verde oscura el área distal disminuyendo hacia el área basal externamente, verdoso amarillento interiormente, área libre de los filamentos estaminales blanco cremosas de 0,2-0,3 mm de longitud, anteras amarillentas con un mucrón apical incipiente, estigma trilobado.
    [Show full text]
  • CURRICULUM VITAE: Stacey Dewitt Smith
    CURRICULUM VITAE: Stacey DeWitt Smith Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, C127/C340 Ramaley, Campus Box 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 Office: 303-492-1374· Email: [email protected] Web: www.colorado.edu/smithlab EDUCATION Ph.D. in Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2006 M.Phil. in Botanical Diversity, Universities of Reading and Birmingham, UK, 2001 B.S. Biology & B.A. Spanish, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, 1999 RESEARCH INTERESTS evolutionary genetics, comparative methods, floral trait evolution, hybridization, macroevolution, molecular evolution, plant biochemistry, phylogenetics, pollination ecology, systematics APPOINTMENTS Associate professor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder (2017-present) Assistant professor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder (Aug. 2013-present) Assistant professor, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (2010-2013) NIH NRSA Postdoctoral Fellow with Dr. Mark Rausher, Duke University (2007-2010) Center for Genomics Postdoctoral Fellow with Dr. Mark Rausher, Department of Biology, Duke University (2006- 2007) RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS (*graduate student; **undergraduate student, + postdoctoral fellows that I have supervised) BOOKS Baum, D. A., & S. D. Smith. 2013. Tree-Thinking: An introduction to phylogenetic biology. Roberts & Company, Greenwood Village, Colorado. PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES 56. Liu, S.* & S. D. Smith. 2021. Phylogeny and biogeography of South American marsh pitcher plant genus Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) endemic to the Guiana Highlands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 154: 106961. 55. Wheeler, L. C.+, B. A. Wing & S. D. Smith. 2020. Structure and contingency determine mutational hotspots for flower color evolution. Evolution Letters doi.org/10.1002/evl3.212 54. Smith, S. D., M.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Cultivars of Iochroma 14-Mm-Wide, 10-Lobed Limb
    CULTIVAR & GERMPLASM RELEASES HORTSCIENCE 39(1):194–197. 2004. cm long measured from the base of the calyx, 4.0 to 4.5 mm wide at the base of the corolla, widening in the apical 8 to 10 mm to a 12- to Four Cultivars of Iochroma 14-mm-wide, 10-lobed limb. Alternate lobes Alan W. Meerow are keeled on their interior surface. When the fl owers fi rst open, they are RHS violet-blue USDA–ARS–SHRS, National Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Road, 93A; at anthesis they lighten to 90C. Miami, FL 33158 Iochroma cyaneum ‘Sky Kingʼ (Fig. 3) has petioles 1.0 to 2.0 cm long, and leaf Rick J. Schoellhorn blades 4.5 to 6.0 cm long, 3.0 to 3.6 cm wide. University of Florida, Department of Environmental Horticulture, 1545 Fifi eld Pedicels are 20 to 23 mm long. The calyx is Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 9 to 10 mm long. The fl owers are 4.5 to 4.8 cm long measured from the base of the calyx, Michael Kartuz 4.0 to 5.0 mm wide at the base of the corolla, Kartuz Greenhouses, 1408 Sunset Drive, Vista, CA 92085-0790 widening in the apical 8 to 10 mm to a 10- to 12-mm-wide, 10-lobed limb. Alternate lobes Additional index words. Solanaceae, tropical shrubs, potted plants, ornamentals, landscape, are keeled on the interior surface. When the fl oriculture, AFLP fl owers fi rst open, they are RHS violet 88C; at anthesis they lighten to 88D. Iochroma Benth.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees and Shrubs Available at 2006 UBC BG Perennial Plant Sale 5/2/2006
    Trees and Shrubs Available at 2006 UBC BG Perennial Plant Sale 5/2/2006 Plant Name Common Name Height Colour Bl Time Special Conditions Country Abelia x grandiflora 'Hopley's' (small, semi-evergreen shrub) to 6' (2m) pink flowers summer z6 sun, well drained soil E Asia, Mexico Abies pinsapo Spanish Fir 80' (25m) gray-blue lvs. z6 sun, moist,well drained soil Spain Abutilon 'Bella' series to 18" (45cm) red flowered form spr-fall z8 sun, moderately fertile, well-d garden origin Abutilon 'Huntingdon Pink' pink flowers z9 sun, moist,well drained soil Abutilon 'Kentish Belle' Flowering Maple 8' (2.5m) apricot-yellow flowers sum-fall z8 sun, well-drained, moderately tropical/sub.trop. Abutilon megapotamicum Flowering Maple shrub to 2m bright red and yellow flowers sp-fall z9 full sun, mod.fertile, well-drai Brazil Abutilon pictum 'Thompsonii' to 15' (5m salmon red fls.,variegated leaves spr-fall z9 sun, moderately fertile, well-d garden origin Abutilon 'Snowfall' large white flowers spr-fall z9 full sun, mod.fertile, well-drai Abutilon 'Vesuvius' shrub vivid red orange flowers spr-sum z9 sun, moderately fertile, well-d Acer circinatum <N> Vine Maple to 40' (12m) leaves turn reddish late sum.& fall z5 sun/pt.shade, moist, humus-ri N B.C. to Calif. Acer palmatum Japanese Maple to 10m red leaves in fall z5 sun/pt.shade, moist, humus-ri Japan/Korea Alnus rubra < N > Red Alder, Oregon Alder to 80' (25m) yellow male catkins spring z6 sun,mod.fertile,moist but well W.N.America Arbutus menziesii < N > Madrone tree to 30m white flowers, red fruit e summe z7 sun, fertile,humus-rich,well-dr W.N.America Arctostaphylos x media Bearberry, Kinnikinnick low shrub whiter flowers summer z7 sun/pt.shade, moist well-dr., B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Manuscript Manuscript Datphypaper V23 Cleanversion.Docx
    Manuscript Clean Version Click here to download Manuscript Manuscript_DatPhyPaper_v23_CleanVersion.docx 1 Phylogenetics of Datureae (Solanaceae), including description of the new genus Trompettia 2 and re-circumscription of the tribe 3 4 Julia Dupin1* and Stacey D. Smith1 5 6 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1800 7 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. 8 * Correspondence author: [email protected] 9 10 Running head: Phylogenetics of Datureae (Solanaceae) 11 12 Abstract 13 14 Datureae G. Don is a tribe in the Solanaceae known for its charismatic large-flowered 15 species (jimsonweeds and angel trumpets). The monophyly of the tribe is well established, but the 16 recent finding that a species previously described in Iochroma (also Solanaceae) belongs in 17 Datureae calls for a reassessment of the tribe’s circumscription. Here we estimated the phylogeny of 18 Datureae, including of all of its 18 species, using three nuclear regions, and incorporated fossil 19 information to estimate divergence times. Based on this phylogeny, we reconstructed the evolution 20 of key aspects of reproductive morphology and life history to identify diagnostic features. Our 21 molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that the diversification of Datureae began roughly ca. 35 22 Ma, around the beginning of the Andean uplift. Within the tribe, Datura and Brugmansia are 23 monophyletic sister taxa and the misplaced species of Iochroma is sister to the remaining species. 24 Based on our morphological analysis, we describe the latter as a new monotypic genus Trompettia. 25 Ancestral state reconstructions identify diagnostic features for each of the three genera and show a 26 large suite of changes along the Datura branch, including the evolution of erect flowers, capsular 27 fruit and annual life history.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinator Adaptation and the Evolution of Floral Nectar Sugar
    doi: 10.1111/jeb.12991 Pollinator adaptation and the evolution of floral nectar sugar composition S. ABRAHAMCZYK*, M. KESSLER†,D.HANLEY‡,D.N.KARGER†,M.P.J.MULLER€ †, A. C. KNAUER†,F.KELLER§, M. SCHWERDTFEGER¶ &A.M.HUMPHREYS**†† *Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany †Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ‡Department of Biology, Long Island University - Post, Brookville, NY, USA §Institute of Plant Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ¶Albrecht-v.-Haller Institute of Plant Science, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany **Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK ††Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden Keywords: Abstract asterids; A long-standing debate concerns whether nectar sugar composition evolves fructose; as an adaptation to pollinator dietary requirements or whether it is ‘phylo- glucose; genetically constrained’. Here, we use a modelling approach to evaluate the phylogenetic conservatism; hypothesis that nectar sucrose proportion (NSP) is an adaptation to pollina- phylogenetic constraint; tors. We analyse ~ 2100 species of asterids, spanning several plant families pollination syndrome; and pollinator groups (PGs), and show that the hypothesis of adaptation sucrose. cannot be rejected: NSP evolves towards two optimal values, high NSP for specialist-pollinated and low NSP for generalist-pollinated plants. However, the inferred adaptive process is weak, suggesting that adaptation to PG only provides a partial explanation for how nectar evolves. Additional factors are therefore needed to fully explain nectar evolution, and we suggest that future studies might incorporate floral shape and size and the abiotic envi- ronment into the analytical framework.
    [Show full text]