SUMMER 1994 TI,D VOLUME 17, NO.2 /\lMr R) [ NDWSLffiDR

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to Hit Jupiter Editor's Notes The Great Jupiter Comet Bash! Many changes have come to MIRA recently. For Get a front rorv seat to witness the cataclysmic one, the projected move to the new California State crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter. You University at Monterey Bay campus will become a re- are invited to The Great Comet Bash, a benefit event ality. Remodeling of the former Fort Ord building for MIRA, otr July 16th, starting at 6:00 p.m. at the scheduled for transfer to MIRA has gone to the draw- Monterey Conference Center. ing board (the computer screen?) at The Paul Davis You will be a part of an entertaining and educa- Partnership. Soon, MIRA's classrooms rvill surround a evening dinosaurs, music, good light- and greenery-filled atrium on the ground floor tional of astronoffiy, food, space art, and dance. of what was once an unprepossessing military struc- ture. The library and research facilities will occupy the second floor, and administrative offices and more Featured events include: research areas will take over the third level. At last, o Live pictures from the Space Telescope kstitute our many endeavors can be centralized in a single lo- o Historian Tom Logan on lost civilizations and comets cation, accessible to all, and convenient to other insti- o A children's comet art contest tutions committed to education and research. MIRA o Images from ground-based observatories sent via Internet of has some very exciting proposals under consideration the impact by a variety of public and private agencies. Our o Dr. Russell Coyle, "Dr. Disaster," onhow to casha check after Friends will be hearing more about these soon. The a comet impact funding for the remodeling project is now in the plan- o The latest nelvs and expectations from MIRA astrorpmers ning stages, under the able direction of Lynne Ches- o Astronomer William Hayden Smith on how a comet would ter, Ph.D. Progress reports are forthcoming. affect Earth' s atmosphere o Ongoing live updates from experts around the world There is a major change ahead for the Friends of o Live video from the Space Shutfle Columbia MIRA. Dennis Mar, the long-time Chair, is stepping o Music by local recording artist, Joe DeMaria down after six years of dedicated service. Dennis has o A space art exhibition been so reliable and resourceful, it is difficult to o An entertaining talk by dinosaur expert David Cudaback thank him adequately in so few words. But we try, o A dance performance by Fran Spector's dance troup anyway. Thanks, Dennis. We were fortunate to have o And more! Food and drink will be available your leadership. All attendees will receive a free commemorative The Friends will not be left leaderless, however. gift. Advance tickets are $25, $ 15 for Friends. Chil- Far from it! Into the breach steps Kim Cohan. Many dren under 16 free r,vith paid adult. At the door, tick- proceeds of you knorv Kim from his previous volunteer rvork ets $3 5 and $25 for Friends. All benefit for MIRA. He is also known for his experimentation MIRA. in computer graphics and communications, and his re- This event is sure to sell out. Call the MIRA office cent presentation at the Carl Cherry Foundation in at 37 5-3220 to order your seats which he demonstrated holograms and commentary via Internet magic. Kim's energJ and imagination will open new doors for the Friends of MIRA. Later in these pages, Kim introduces himself to our Friends in his own inimitable style. Kudos to MIRA Volunteers At this time, it is also appropriate to thank indi- Kim Cohan, Carl Cherry Center for the Arts board viduals whose support has made possible much of the member and President of the Friends of MIRA, or- good work done by MIRA. A 60mm Jason 311 con- chestrated the world's first live Internet video broad- stellation refractor telescope contributed by Richard cast of an art lecture. On June 4th, MIRA board Irmas of Carmel will be put to use in our educational members and volunteers Kim Cohan, Gary Love, program, which will surely be rapidly expanding. Doug McKinney, and Dennis Mar helped the Carl Cherry Foundation broadcast a fine art lecture on ho- Remember your That's it for now. to show support lography. Cohan, Love, and fellow MIRA board mem- for MIRA by attending our events. And keep an eye ber Lynne Chester helped underwrite the lecture and on Jupiter! accompanying art exhibit and hands-on workshop. Anne Cathey, Editor They said it couldn't be done, but they didn't count on MIRA volunteers !

On the coveF: JPL artist D. A. Feal\ impression of the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Lery 9 into Jupiter in mid-July, as ifviewedfrom a mythical satellite behindJupiter. Actually, Jupiterwill be millions of times brighter than the cometfragments before impact. Estimates of the brightness of the impact itselfvary enormously. COSMIC COMET COLLISION

Dr. Whitney Shane

The good news is that something will happen is a ring of small particles and dust at 1.8 radii, also which astronomers have never yet had the opportunity discovered by the Voyager. The planet is surrounded of observing. The bad news is that when it happens by a magnetic field (the magnetosphere) which is 100 it will be at a place times the radius of the where we cannot observe planet itself. Relativistic it directly. It is the colli- particles (mainly electrons sion of Comet Shoe- with speeds close to the maker- Levy 9 with Jupi- speed of light) are ter in July. Except for trapped in this field, and some unfortunate dino- \,ve can observe the syn- saurs around the year 65 chrotron radiation which million 8.C., ro one has they omit as they circu- ever been known to have late around the field observed the collision of lines. Charged particles, a comet with a planet, so like electrons, are readily no wonder the astrono- absorbed by dust, and the mers are excited. presence of a dust ring was predicted before its About Jupiter direct observation from an otherwise unexplained We know great deal a dip in the intensity of the about Jupiter, and this is synchrotron radiation. not the place to review all this knowledge, except for a few facts which will About Shoemaker-Levy 9 be of importance to us. Shoemaker-Levy 9 is .Jupiter is the most mas- certainly not your ordi- sive of the planets, more nary comet. As we than 300 times the mass know, comets move of the Earth, and this is around the Sun in eccen- important because the tric orbits. But not so in likelihood of a collision this case. Instead, comet increases with the mass Shoemaker-Levy 9 fol- of the target. Obviously lows an eccentric orbit the large radius, more around Jupiter. It is dy- than l0 times that of the namically very difricutt Earth, is also of impor- for a planet, even Jupiter, tance. Although Jupiter's to capture a passing ob- Artistb impression atmosphere is almost pure of the impact of Comet Shoemaker-LeW) 9 into ject, so this was in itself Jupiter a,s viewedfrom Earth (D.A. Feal, JPL). hydrogen ( 10000 parts H an extraordinary event. to one part of everything 'fhe comet was discovered else), it is not the hydrogen that we see but the con- in March, 1993, &s an elongated object. It grew in taminants, mainly ammonia gas, which condense into size and soon was seen to be resolved into a number the clouds which completely cover the planet. Jupiter of separate nuclei, of which now more than z0 have has no surface. The density and pressure just keep been counted. Orbit calculations showed that in July, increasing downward until a condition is reached 1992, the comet had passed within 1.4 radii of Jupi- where the gas has a density higher than anything on ter, r,vhich is rvell r,r,ithin the Roche limit. This is the earth. It is important for us to learn more about the distance at which a passing obj ect held together solely way in which the density, pressure, and temperature by self-gravitation (no sticky stufO will be disrupted behave with increasing depth. Jupiter is orbited by by tidal forces. It can be calculated from the mass of many satellites, as the Voyager observations demon- the planet and the density of the passing object, 8s strated, but we are interested only in the four Galilean was done by Roche 150 years ago in one of the clas- satellites, and particularly in Io, which orbits at a dis- sic exercises in celestial mechanics. When this hap- tance of only 6 Jupiter radii from the planet. There pens the individual fragments, which themselves must be held together by sticky stuff. all follow their indi- of the calculations, are quite accurate. And don't vidual, but very similar, orbits. There rvill, however, worry - there is no chance of a near miss be small differences in energy, resulting in slightly The biggest problem for the model makers is the different orbital periods, so that although all of the uncertainty regarding the physical properties of the fragments will eventually return to the same place, fragments. The masses are totally unknowr, and we they not get there at quite the same time. will all can only guess, by analogy with well observed comets This is why the fragments will be so well lined up like Halley, about their sizes. Cohesiveness of the along the orbit at the time of return. The same sorts fragments must be present, or they would not have 1ou km survived the previous passage. But cohesion should not be too great, or the comet would not have broken 35 up at all, leaving us still plenty of room for guess- work. Even photometry of the fragments is not much Jul 1 over- Ocl help, because reflected light from the nuclei is Apr 1 whelmed by the luminosity of their comae. But model 1 995 Jon 4 makers are not easily discouraged, and, after all, it is 1 994 their task to make predictions from whatever esti- mates we have and then to correct those estimates on the basis of the observations. The question remains Apr 1 as to whether we wilt learn more about Jupiter or about comets from this event.

The Main Event Each of the cometary fragments will enter Jupiter's atmosphere as a separate event. We do not expect to observe the smaller impacts, although they may col- lectively feed a significant amount of energy into the July 20, 1994 atmosphere in a narrow latitude band. The models concentrate on the larger impacts. A I kilometer fragment, which is about as large as we might expect, To Sun on July 7,1992 u,ill release energy equivalent to about 200 thousand -10 million tons of TNT (a most unconventional unit of -10 -5 10 15 20 25 50 35 energy in astronomical circles). For comparison, the largest historical impact on earth was the Tungusa l06 km meteor (1908), which produced energy equivalent to a P. Chodos / nt mere 15 million tons of TNT but nevertheless de- 3/21 /s4 stroyed 2000 square kilometers of forest.

The unique orbit ofComet Shoemalcer-Levy 9 around Jupiter. An important source of uncertainty in the models is the cohesiveness of the fragment. If it is very loosely bound, it will disintegrate high in the atmosphere, of perturbations that caused capture in the first place where it will produce many bright meteor trails and a have now conspired to make the next Jupiter passage good deal of light over a period of a few seconds. a collisioo, making the whole event even more eX- Most of the enerry, holever, will be lost as heat as (Note that for an object orbiting a planet traordinary. the remains fall into the depths of the planet. If the like Jupiter, the Sun becomes a perturbing body). Be- cohesion is greater, then the fragment will stay to- cause of the separation of the fragments, the colli- gether until the heating causes it to explode as a great take place over a period several days, sions rvill of fireball. This produce much light during a few from 16 to 22 July. The place of collision (and this will seconds, culminating in a brilliant flash. Some of the bad news) be just over the limb of the is the will material be thrown upward, and it is planet on the dawn side, where it will be hidden from cometary will possible that this could be observed as a plume on the earthbound observers. Sinqe Jupiter, with a rotation limb the planet, the fragment should penetrate period of about l0 hours, wlll make several rotations of If even deeper into the atmosphere before exploditg, ull- during this whole period, the impacts will be spread is below the cloud layer, then we will not see the whole planet, but always on the same par- til it around the explosion itself, but we expect that a fireball in allel of latitude. These results, despite the complexity the form of a mushroom cloud will rise out of the cloud layer. Although this will not be as hot as the since the temperature of the fireballs will always be explosion itself, it will produce a blaze of light, pos- less than the solar temperature and their light will be sibly lasting several minutes. Cometary and planetary relatively stronger in the infrared. There are plans to material will be thrown upward, and the plume should use the 10 meter Keck telescope for this purpose. from remain in place long enough to be visible The atmospheric and seismic waves can best be ob- the Earth. served in the middle infrared where the small tem- Most astronomers would probably prefer to have at perature variations in the atmosphere can best be least some of the fragments penetrate deeply into the measured. For this purpose, it is to be hoped that atmosphere, since this would give us the most infor- there are not too many deep explosions, because that mation about Jupiter. The splash caused by the mate- rial falting back into the atmosphere and the waves created by this can tell us something about the struc- ture of the atmosphere, just as you might determine the depth of a shallow pond by throrving in a pebble and observing the surface lvaves. The explosion will also cause seismic waves which can propagate over the whole planet and give us much needed informa- tion about its interior. Atmospheric and cometary ma- terial will be raised to great heights above the cloud layer where a temporary cloud band may be formed, and some dust may be ejected into the magnetosphere where it will form a temporary dust ring.

What Will We Learn? Despite the dramatic nature of these events, observ- ing them will not be easy. All of the events produc- ing visible light will occur over the limb of the planet, So we witt have to set up observing stations in space. One of the Voyager spacecraft is in a position to make direct observations, but the distance is so .great that it will give little or no detail and observe only the brightest events. The Galileo spacecraft is seriously limited in its data transfer rate, but hope- fully it can make a few pictures. However, it must be programmed well in advance and must know the moment of impact of whichever fragment is to be ob- served to within 5 minutes. It is thought that the as- of the impact are dis- trometric data on the fragments will be good enough The expectations and uncertainties by lVm. Bruce Weaver at a public lecture in June to make this possible. cussed Dr. at MPC, which drew on overJlow audience. Another possible observing station is Io, where the brighter events will be very bright indeed. Unfortu- would make the data analysis very complicated. nately we have no observer on Io, so the best we can magnetosphere to do is observe the reflected light. Since we see only The expulsion of dust into the the sunlit side of Io, the reflection of the flashes will form a new tempo rary ring should be observable through local decrease in the synchrotron radio ta- be drowned in reflected sunlight, and we can expect a a charged particles by br,ightening of only 1 or 2 percent, too weak to be re- diation due to the absorption of the ring is too liably observable. For the other Galilean satellites the the dust. This should succeed even if Rings in these positions are situation is even less favorable. Perhaps there is a weak to observe directly. disappear 1000 small chance that one of them will be in the shadow not stable and are expected to after present of Jupiter, but visible from the Earth just at the lrlo- years or so. It has been speculated that the previous be ment of one of the impacts. However, a small part of ring was the result of a collision. It will the dust ring will always be in this favored position, interesting to see if this collision produces a new one. and perhaps we can use this as a reflector. Observa- Whatever occurs, Earth's astroscientists and amateur appointment with tions of this sort are best made in the near infrared, observers will be watching Jupiter's Shoemaker-Levy as closely as they can for these few midsummer days in 1994. t, {-t- @ @ First Step to the Stars: A MIRA Field Trip to Study Archaeoastronomy Modern astronomy has descended almost entirely from European and Arabic_ astronomy, but 500 years ago, when new and old worlds met on the shores of Mezoamerica, the level of understanding of the Universe was not that much different between the two cultures. The mysterious Mayans had already fled their cities of broad avenues, massive pyramids, and astronomical observato- ries. Last year, after five centuries of effort, the code of the Mayan Hiero- glyphs was finally broken. What did these ancient Americans know about the Iki6s that they studied with such respect? Was it a celestial event that led them to abruptly end their civilization? MIRA announces a Travel Study Trip to the Yucatan starting January 30, lgg4 - a journey in search of a better understanding of the secrets of Mayan astronomy. The perfect guides for such an adventure would be world-class experts in the subtle features of both astronomy and ancient cultures. And so they are: MIRA astronomer Dr. Ana Torres-Dodgen and MIRA Administrator and Gen- train Instructor Tom Logan. Besides being an accomplished research astronomer, Ana, a native of Mex- ico, will provide practical, as well as cultural, guidance. Tom has led numer- ous tours for study of ancient cultures in the Middle East, and is currently working on a book on the decipherment of ancient glyphs, including Mayan. With years of professional archaeological experience with the other builders of large pyramids, the ancient Egyptians, Tom will provide unique insights into the comparisons of the astronomical and other cultural aspects of these two great ancient cultures. Perhaps the highlight of this eight-day trip will be a visit to the Caracol at Chichen Itza. From this ancient observatory the Maya observed the heavenly traverse of Venus. The movements of Venus, we now read in the recently de- ciphered Mayan Hieroglyphs, determined when the Maya would go to war. (Thus the first "star wars".) Our group will fly to lovely Merida, where we will stay three nights. From Merida we will visit the Mayan sites of Uxmal, Kaban, Sayil and Labna. We will take time out to visit the picturesque colonial coastal town of Campeche. From Merida we will travel to Chichen ltza for an in-depth visit of this well preserved archaeological site. Next day to Cancun where we stay for three nigtrts. Time to relax on the white beaches, then on to Tulum, the walled city built on a sea cliff, and Xel-Ha, a beautiful lagoon for snorkling. On the practical side, we will limit the number of participants. The final details will be announced in August. For a short time, we will give preference to Friends of MIRA on a first-come, first-served basis. Then, space permit- ting, we will open enrollment to other groups.

@ @ ffiW @ @ @ ffiWwdsraa4wffi@wffi Dear Friends, I am honored to be the new Chairman of the Friends of MIRA. Dennis has done a magnificent job in his tenure as Chair his accomplishments bear wit- ness to his leadership of this organization. I was born and raised in Salinas, but when I was 16 years old, caught in the jaws of pimple faced ado- lescence, our family moved to Arkansas. With no friends yet in my new state, I was feeling very alone. I would take out my 6" Newtonian night after night; the night sky became my substitute for all the friends I left back home. I first heard of MIRA Telescope Dennis Mar Departing Chair, Friends of A[lfuL there in Arkansas, in a 1980 Sky &, article. I was absolutely enthralled by the story of the men Dear Friends, and women who founded MIRA. privileged position After six years I am stepping dorvn as Chair of the I feel so to be in a to assist people Friends of MIRA. Kim Cohan has graciously accepted those I read about so long ago. the job and will bring new energy and enthusiasm We have some challenging goals in front of us: with him. o Create apublic forumfortlre Comet Shoemaker-Lery impact. . programs you,ow I have gained a lot personally during my tenure, Create new to refurn even more value to not the least of which was to practice speaking in Friends. public during the lecture series. I had the opportunity o Expand the size of our membership and public support for MIRA. to vier.v Saturn from the 36" telescope at OOS on a . new involving public. spectacularly clear night. But the high point was to Explore fundraising oppofiunities the stand next to Clyde Tombaugh, the discoverer of And, to do it in a way that gives all of us a chance Pluto. to have maximum fun and maximum personal growth. Of course, the most fun has been talking to all of I want to hear your thoughts and feedback about you at lectures, star parties, work parties, social par- the Friends of MIRA. How are we doing? What could ties, and the eclipse cruise. I learned that you could we do better? What are your ideas for future fund never predict who would be interested in astronomy. raisers? Here's how to reach me: Astronomy is not only about science. There is some- FAX: 659-02 10 thing grand about the stars in the night sky, and peo- Email : [email protected] I 2.ca. us ple respond to this. Voice phone: 659-5691 has participant My work for MIRA only been as a I am looking forward to serving the Friends, and in a larger, lively, dedicated group. I certainly thank serving MIRA. the Steering Committee volunteers Steve Abbott, Josephine Crawford, Bill and Edan Denholm, Antonia Kim Cohan Fiske, Vince Halter, Steu, Hobson, Sherri Latone, Ralph and Florence Meeker, Lyle Herschlag, Ansley Hill, Terry McNelley, Chip Shuldener, Alma Wood, and Nancy (Norton) York. These are the people who have provided the energy for the Friends' program. The nitty-gritty detail u,ork was often done by for- mer MIRA administrator, Hazel Ross, and later, ad- ministrator Tom Logan. Thanks to both of you for your support. MIRA has a bright future. With an opportunity to acquire facilities at Fort Ord, MIRA will be able to play a greater role on the Central Coast as a scientific and educational resource. As for myself, I plan to get the telescope out of the box and learn the sky again, so I don't always have to say, "Vince, what's that?" Dennis Mar Kirn Cohan, Chair, Friends of Iv{IRA The Summer Sky Dr. Ana Torres-Dodgen

The grand event this summer is the collision of during August and most of September. Mars is low in comet Shoemaker-Levy with Jupiter, described by Dr. the eastern sky at dawn during July, and gets higher Shane in this issue. Jupiter will remain visible and in the sky at dawn as the summer progresses. Around bright through the summer at dusk, toward the south- mid-July it passes the bright red star Aldebaran, in western sky, moving from Virgo in July to Libra in Taurus. August and September. The two meteor showers -to watch this summer are Mercury can be seen at dawn during July, close to the Delta Aquarids and the Perseids. The Delta the east-northeast horizon, and again in September at Aquarids has two streams, north and south, peaking dusk, toward the west-southwest horizon. respectively on July 29 (west of the star Skat or delta Aquarii) and Aug. 7 (near the star eta Aquarii). These Venus is the bright star" in the west sky. "evening can be seen almost all night long, but the radiants declines in altitude as the summer progresses, and It reach the highest point in the sky around 2 a.m. Ex- passes about a degree north of the bright star Regulus pected hourly rates are 10-35. on July 10. Remember the Perseid shower last year? Maybe we At the beginning of July, Saturn rises around mid- can hope for something similar this year. The peak is night in the east-southeast, gradually and becomes and on Aug. 13. The radiant is in the north end of evening planet at the end of the summer, in the south- Perseus even Cassiopeia and is visible all night ern sky. remains visible through the whole night of It long, but highest in the sky before sunrise.

Calendar of Events

July 10th Sunday afternoon tour of the MIRA Observatory at l:30 &.3:30 p.m.

July 16 The Great Jupiter Comet Bash at6:00 p.m., Monterey Conference Center- see article on page 2

July 20 MIRA Star Parly at dusk*

August 14 Sunday afternoon tour of the MIRA Observatory at l:30 & 3:30 p.m.

Sept. 10 MIRA Star Party at dusk*

Sept. 11 Sunday afternoon tour of tlre MIRA Observatory at l:30 &.3:30 p.m. MIRA is Grateful Sept. I I Special MIRA Star Pafty at the Observatory, just for The most difficult funding for any organi zd- the Friends of MIRA tion to raise is that for research. Jessie Wandel Menneken knew that and she appreciated that October 1 Bonestell Lecture: Dr. Sandra Faber- after all the buildings and instruments are built The Hubble Space Telescope: Back from the Dead and the students are trained, someone has to October 8 MIRA Star Party at dusk* bring it all together and actually do the re- search. So Jessie was a constant supporter of October 9 Sunday afternoon tour of the MIRA Observatory at research at the Naval Postgraduate School and l:30 &,3:30 p.m. at MIRA. Recently, wo were honored to receive All events except the Bash! are free and open to a final bequest of $5,000 from her estate. your guests. Thanks, Jessie; we are proud to have had you as one of our supporters. * Call for location Annular Solar Eclipse

Special to MIRAnews from our Midwest correspondent! Bill Brown

As the eclipse neared about 80 percent completion, we tried a high power eyepiece that allowed us to ac- tually make out the outline of lunar mountains. After the eclipse neared 90 percent, we could perceive that the available light was definitely dimmer. The tem- perature dropped about 10 or more degrees and the wind started kicking up.

A few wispy clouds started forming and gave us a scare as they darted quickly across the nearly eclipsed sun. Fortunately, they disappeared as quickly as they had formed and never returned to bother us. The most exciting event occurred as the eclipse started into annular phase. Everyone cheered as the sun became a complete cir- cle ! Just after l:06 p.m. EDT, the eclipse reached maxi- mum at 94.3 percent cover- age, appearing as a nearly perfect circle on our solar viewer. Since we were 30 The annular solar eclipse miles off of the center line, of May 10th proved to be a the circle appeared some- spectacular event. From our what lopsided. The annular vantage point at the farm of phase lasted over six min- Joe E. Brown near Findlay, utes and was truly an amaz- Ohio, wo were just 30 miles ing event not soon forgotten. from the park position of the eclipse. Mother Nature was being unusually cooperative as we were presented with a crys- tal clear sky with unlimited visibility. The previous day was completely overcast with a steady rain! We could all easily view the eclipse through our six-inch telescope, set up so that the sun's image was projected through a low-power eyepiece onto a piece of wood (painted white) that was inside of a cardboard box. The solar image was about one. foot in diameter and was so clear that we could observe a small sunspot near the limb away from the start of the eclipse.

Annular eclipse photos by Scott Campbell, taken in El Paso, Texas, with a Nikon F5 with an 800rnm lens with doublen l0

MIRA Board of Directors

Gordon Jones, Chair Bruce Weaver, President Patti Compton, Secretary Douglas McKinney, Treasurer Philip Cardeiro Lynne Chester Fred Nelson Gary Love John Lotz An aerial view of Oliver Obsertting Station atop Chews Ridge in the Ventana lVilderness (photo Courtesy Vince Halter). Friends of MIRA Steering Committee I would tike to become a FRIEND OF MIRA and Kim Cohan, Chairman enclose my membership donation of $ #. In addition, I am making a special gift of $ . Steve Abbott Ansley Hill Josephine Crawford Stewart Hobson Circle Bill Denholm Terry McNelley I 000.00 Associates 5 00.00 Associate Vince Halter Alma Wood 2 5 0.00 Patron - 100.00 Sustaining Tom Logan, Administrator 50.00 Sponsor Laura Cohan, Asst. Adrainistrator 30.00 Member Anne Cathey, Newsletter Editor 10.00 Student -!Vle Herschlag, Office Volunteer Florence Meeker, Office Volunteer MIRA welcomes corporate and business members. Contributions are tax deductible as allowed by law. Welcome to New Friends Name Tony & Marilyn Brown Nita Cowper Susan & Bob Creveling Jeff Crichton Address Bill & Alice Englander Bruce Mendenhall J. van der Molen Gerry & Art Montgomery Shirley Prussin Lynda Santiago Rita Scott Margaret M. Wishart Phone zip

NON.PROFIT ORG. MONTEREY INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN ASTRONOMY U.S. POSTAGE 9OO MAJOR SHERMAN LANE PAID MoIITEREY, CALIFORNIA 93940 U.S.A. PERMIT NO. 189 (408) 37s-3220 MONTEREY, CA 93940