Indian Railways

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Indian Railways Indian Railways Das Eisenbahnnetz von Britisch-Indien im Jahr 1909 umfasste etwa 40.000 km. le miteinander.[4] Das Streckennetz vergrößerte sich von Streckennetz von Indian Railways (2006) 1.350 km im Jahre 1860. Die Finanzlage der meisten Bahngesellschaften war Indian Railways, abgekürzt IR, auf Hindi भारतीय रेल schlecht. Schuld daran waren die hohen Baukosten für (bhāratīya rel, Bharatiya Rel) ist die staatliche indische die Breitspurstrecken und die geringen Betriebseinnah- Eisenbahngesellschaft. Als Staatsbahn betreibt sie den men, welche immer wieder eine Bezuschussung durch die größten Teil des landesweiten Schienenverkehrs und die Kolonialregierung notwendig machte und somit auch de- Metro Kolkata. Indian Railways transportiert jährlich ren Finanzlage in Mitleidenschaft zog. Lord Mayo, der ab über acht Milliarden Passagiere und mehr als eine Mil- 1869 Vizekönig von Indien war, versuchte die Lage un- liarde Tonnen Fracht. Jeden Tag fahren ungefähr 12.000 ter Kontrolle zu bringen indem er begann die privaten Ei- Reisezüge, die von 23 Millionen Reisende benutzt wer- senbahngesellschaften zu verstaatlichen und den Bau von den, und 7000 Güterzüge, die drei Millionen Tonnen Meterspurstrecken förderte.[5] 1880 war das Streckennetz Fracht befördern. Indian Railways gehört zusammen mit bereits auf 14.977 km gewachsen, 1900 auf 36.188 km. China Railways, den Russischen Eisenbahnen und den Nordamerikanischen Eisenbahnen[1] zu den einzigen Ei- 1947 musste nach der Machtübergabe von England und senbahnnetzen, die pro Jahr mehr als 1 Milliarde Tonnen der Teilung Britisch Indiens in Indien und Pakistan Güter auf dem Schienenweg befördern. Die Eisenbahn- auch das Eisenbahnnetz geteilt werden. 1951 wurden die gesellschaft ist mit 1,3 Millionen Angestellten einer der bis dahin existierenden verschiedenen Eisenbahngesell- weltweit größten Arbeitgeber.[2] schaften zur heutigen Struktur von Indian Railways über- führt. Ab den 1960er Jahren begann der Umbau von Me- terspurstrecken in Breitspurstrecken. 1 Geschichte Indiens erster Zug verkehrte am 16. April 1853 zwi- 2 Organisation schen Bombay und Thane.[3] Er gehörte der Great In- dian Peninsular Railway, einer privaten Eisenbahngesell- Der Geschäftssitz der Indian Railways ist in Neu-Delhi. schaft, welche von der East India Company die Konzessi- Der Gesellschaft umfasst neben den 16 Regionalgesell- on zum Bau der ersten Eisenbahn in Asien erhalten hatte. schaften (Englisch: "Zonal Railways") und der Gesell- Bereits vier Jahrzehnte später verband das von privaten schaft zum Betrieb der Metro Kolkata auch eigene Pro- Gesellschaften mit Hilfe der britischen Kolonialverwal- duktionsbetriebe zum Bau und Unterhalt von Rollmate- tung aufgebaute Eisenbahnnetz alle wichtigen Landestei- rial, sowie eigene Ingenieurbüros, Forschungseinheiten 1 2 3 STRECKENNETZ und Ausbildungsstätten. Zudem hält Indian Railways Be- Die Produktionsbetriebe von Indian Railways dienen dem teiligungen an mehreren Gesellschaften, die im Bereich Bau und Unterhalt des Rollmaterials. der Eisenbahn tätig sind. 2.3 andere Einheiten 2.1 Regionalgesellschaften 2.4 Beteiligungen Indian Railways ist an folgenden Staatsunternehmen be- teiligt: 3 Streckennetz Streckennetz der Zonal Railways Die Konkanstrecke, die am 26. Januar 1998 den Betrieb aufnahm, wird nicht von einer Regionalgesellschaft be- trieben, sondern von der Konkan Railway Corporation Li- mited, eine öffentlich-rechtliche Gesellschaft, die im Be- sitz von Indian Railways und den angrenzenden Bundes- Eisenbahnnetz Indiens. Die Strecken, wo Shatabdi und Rajdhani [6] staaten ist. Express Züge verkehren, sind hervorgehoben. Narrow Gauge 2.2 Produktionsbetriebe 610 mm 2 ft Narrow Gauge 762 mm 2 ft 6 in Narrow Gauges < 1435 mm Meter Gauge 1000 mm 3 ft 3⅜ in Standard Gauge 1435 mm 4 ft 8½ in Broad Gauge Broad Gauges 1676 mm > 1435 mm 5 ft 6 in Standard Railroad Tie 2 591 mm 8½ ft Die verschiedenen Spurweiten in Indien. Indian Railways betreibt keine Normalspurstrecken. WAP-7 Lokomotive mit Werbeanschrift zum 60-Jahr-Jubiläum Das Netz von Indian Railways hatte im Jahr 2014/15 der bahneigenen Lokfabrik CLW eine Streckenlänge von 65.030 Kilometer, davon wa- 3.3 Schmalspur 3 ren 22.224 Kilometer (34 %) elektrifiziert.[17] Fast 90 % (58.177 km) ist in indischer Breitspur angelegt, 8 % (5.334 km) in Meterspur, der Rest (2.297 km) in den noch schmäleren Spurweiten 762 mm (2 Fuß 6 Zoll) und 610 mm (2 Fuß) angelegt. Noch in den 1980er Jahren war beinahe die Hälfte aller Strecken in Meterspur an- gelegt, wovon ein großer Teil im Rahmen des noch nicht abgeschlossenen Project Unigauge (deutsch „Projekt Ein- heitsspur“) zu Breitspurstrecken umgebaut wurde.[18] Das Streckennetz bedient 7112 Bahnhöfe.[2] Die wichtigsten Hauptstrecken werden das goldene Vier- eck genannt, das die Städte Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai und Kolkata miteinander verbindet. Sowohl die Kanten des Vierecks wie auch die Diagonalen Delhi–Chennai Meterspurzug mit Diesellokomotive YDM-4 und Mumbai–Kolkata haben ein hohes Verkehrsaufkom- men. Diese Strecken mit einer Gesamtlänge von 10.122 km bilden das Rückgrat von Indian Railways. Sie ma- lonialregierung in der Zeit der Einführung der Schmal- chen zwar nur 15 % des Streckennetzes aus, bewälti- spurbahnen den Übergang zum metrischen Einheitssys- 3 gen aber 55 % des gesamten Güterverkehrs der Bahn. tem vorsah, wurde die Spurweite auf 3 Fuß und 3 /8 Zoll Das Breitspur-Stammnetz entstand in den Jahren 1853 festgelegt, was faktisch einem Meter entspricht.[22] bis 1874 und wurde von unterschiedlichen Gesellschaf- Der Meterspur-Anteil am indischen Streckennetz ist we- ten betrieben.[19] Um die bestehenden Strecken zu ent- gen des Umbaus zu Breitspurstrecken stetig am Abneh- lasten werden zwischen Howrah und Delhi (Eastern Cor- men. 2012 waren die größten Meterspurnetze in Gujarat, ridor), sowie zwischen Mumbai und Delhi (Western Cor- Uttarakhand, Assam, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu und Bihar ridor) neue, nur dem Güterverkehr dienende Strecken ge- zu finden.[23] baut, die im Dezember 2019 in Betrieb gehen sollen. Das Projekt wird Dedicated Freight Corridor, abgekürzt DFC, genannt.[11][20] 3.3 Schmalspur 3.1 Breitspur In Indien werden nur Spurweiten, die kleiner als ein Meter sind, mit Schmalspur (abgekürzt NG für englisch Der größte Teil des Streckennetzes ist in indischer Breit- Narrow Gauge) bezeichnet. Es werden zwei verschiede- spur (abgekürzt BG für englisch "Broad Gauge") mit ei- ne Spurweiten verwendet, die überall dort zum Einsatz ner Spurweite von 1676 mm angelegt, was im britischen kamen, wo entweder der Verkehr so gering war oder Maßsystem 5 Fuß und 6 Zoll entspricht. Die Spurweite das Gelände zu schwierig war, um eine Meterspurstre- wurde von 1853 von Lord Dalhousie auf Empfehlung des cke zu bauen. Die Linien bilden kein zusammenhängen- [22] britischen Bauingenieurs Frederick Walter Simms fest- des Netzwerk. gelegt. Das Maß liegt zwischen den damals in England verbreiteten zwei Spurweiten, der Normalspur und der Brunel-Breitspur. Die Entscheidung für eine gegenüber 3.3.1 2 Fuß 6 Zoll (762 mm) der Normalspur breitere Spur wurde begründet mit einer tieferen Lage des Schwerpunktes der Fahrzeuge, so dass diese während der Fahrt weniger schwanken und vom Seitenwind nicht umgeblasen werden können.[21] 3.2 Meterspur Meterspurstrecken (abgekürzt MG für englisch "Meter Gauge") entstanden ab 1873 als Ergänzung des breitspu- rigen Streckennetzes. Ursprünglich wurde die Spurwei- te von Lord Mayo auf 3 Fuß und 3 Zoll festgelegt, was den Wünschen der Lokomotivfabriken entsprach und die Nutzung der mit den Kapspurstrecken gemachten Erfah- rungen erlaubte. Weiter war dies die schmälste Spurwei- te, bei der in einem Dritt-Klass-Abteil noch vier Reisen- Schienenbus auf der Kalka-Shimla Railway mit einer Spurweite de nebeneinander sitzen konnten. Weil die indische Ko- von 762 mm 4 5 PERSONENVERKEHR Die erste Strecke in dieser Spurweite war die Gaekwar’s Reisezugwagen in selbsttragender Bauart ähnlich den Baroda State Railway, die aus einer mit Ochsen betrie- Leichtstahlwagen der SBB herstellte. Ab 2000 werden bene Rollbahn hervorging und ab 1873 mit Lokomoti- Wagen nach Zeichnungen von Linke-Hofmann-Busch ven befahren werden konnte[22], wobei in den ersten Jah- (LHB) hergestellt, die höhere Geschwindigkeiten errei- ren diese noch nicht regelmäßig eingesetzt wurden. Viele chen können.[25] Strecken in dieser Spurweite wurden umgebaut oder auf- gehoben. Ein größeres Netzwerk ist rund um die Stadt Dabhoi in Gujarat zu finden. 5 Personenverkehr Die 762-mm-Bahnen im Kangra Valley und nach Shimla [24] werden nicht umgespurt. Indian Railways beförderte 2014 knapp 8,4 Milliarden Reisende, wobei die Bahn eine Beförderungsleistung von 1,16 Billionen Passagierkilometer erbrachte. Indian Rail- 3.3.2 2 Fuß (610 mm) ways hatte 2011 beim Personenverkehr einen Anteil von 10 % am gesamten Modal Split, mit 90 % entfiel der größ- Diese Spurweite wurde erstmals 1881 für die Darjeeling [22] te Teil auf den Straßenverkehr. Der Anteil der Bahn geht Himalayan Railway verwendet, und wird auch von der mit dem Ausbau der Straßen stark zurück. Für 2016 wird Matheran Hill Bahn verwendet. Diese Bahnen sind nicht nur noch ein Anteil von 8 % vorausgesagt.[26] Teil des Project Unigauge. 5.1 Nahverkehr 4 Rollmaterial Ein Vorortzug in Kolkata Für den Nahverkehr kommen elektrische Triebzüge Zug mit ICF-Wagen und Dieseltriebzüge zum Einsatz. Große Ballungsräu- me wie Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai und Kolkata verfügen Indian Railways besaß 2014/15 254.006 Güterwagen, über S-Bahn-Systeme mit eigenen Gleisen, dessen Zü- 68.558 Personenwagen
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