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Bible Survey Bible Survey Genesis The first book of the Bible is named Genesis or “beginning.” Genesis presents the divine origin of the world. This is not a scientific account of the beginning of the universe or of life. It is Israel’s faith statement of God’s activity in the origins of the universe and of mankind fundamental for our salvation. Genesis also provides an account of the beginnings of Israel and God’s call to Abraham, and his relatives, the Patriarchs. In Genesis the stage is set for salvation since it is here we are told of Creation, sin, and God’s first promises to save mankind. The book can be divided into two sections. The first section, chapters 1 through 11, present the story of Creation and the beginning of Israel’s salvation. The second section, chapters 12 through 50, introduce us to the Patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. Exodus The second book of the Bible is called Exodus, from the Greek word for ‘departure,’ because its central event is the departure of the Israelites from Egypt. Exodus recounts the Egyptian oppression of Jacob’s ever-increasing descendants and their miraculous deliverance by God through Moses, who led them across the Red Sea to Mount Sinai where they received the Law entering into a covenant with the Lord. The Law, or Torah in Hebrew, constitutes the moral, civil, and ritual legislation by which the Israelites were to become a holy people. Many elements of the Law were fundamental to the teaching of Jesus as well as to New Testament and Christian moral teaching. Dramatic episodes of rebellion, repentance, and divine mercy are recounted in this book. These events made Israel a nation and confirmed their unique relationship with God. Leviticus The third book of the Bible is called Leviticus, derived from the Greek title that means, “That Which Pertains to the Levites.” It actually deals more with the priests, who are of the tribe of Levi. Leviticus is God’s guidebook for his newly redeemed people. It treats mainly cultic matters (sacrifices and offerings, purity and holiness, the priesthood, the operation of the sanctuary, and feast days). It is also interested in various behavioral, ethical, and economic issues (idolatrous worship, treatment of others, the sale of land, slavery). In Exodus, Israel was redeemed and established as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. Leviticus shows how God’s people are to fulfill their priestly calling through sacrifice (chapters 1- 17) and sanctification (chapters 18-27). Numbers The fourth book of the Bible is called Numbers. It derives its name from the account of the two censuses taken of the Hebrew people, one near the beginning and the other toward the end of the journey in the wilderness. It continues the story of the journey begun in Exodus and describes the experiences of the Israelites for a period of thirty-eight years. Numerous legal ordinances are interspersed in the account, making the book a combination of law and history. The book divides neatly into two parts. Each part begins with a census of the people (chapters 1 & 26) and inaugurates a period of preparation prior to entering the Promised Land. The book ends with the Israelites across the Jordan outside the land of Canaan. Deuteronomy The fifth book of the Bible is called Deuteronomy, meaning, “copy of the law.” This title is appropriate since the book replicates much of the legal content of the previous books, serving as a “second law.” The book brings to a close the five books of the Torah or Bible Survey Pentateuch with a retrospective account of Israel’s past; the exodus, the Sinai covenant, and the wilderness wanderings, along with a look into Israel’s future as they are about to enter Canaan, the Promised Land. The book consists of three long passages by Moses. Each of these passages contains narrative, law, and exhortation. The book can be understood as a survival manual for Israel in their life as a people, how to live and what to avoid. They can choose to love the Lord and keep his commandments, or to serve other gods. Whichever choice they make as a people carries consequences, a blessing or a curse. Joshua The Book of Joshua is the sixth book of the Bible. It presents a narrative of the way Israel took possession of the land of Canaan, making it the land of Israel. The process is swift and is followed by an orderly division and disposition of the land among the twelve tribes with a concluding ceremony of covenant renewal. The Israelites are led by Joshua, the successor of Moses. The book depicts not only how Joshua carries on the work of Moses, but how the conquest of Canaan is continuous with the exodus from Egypt, especially in the crossing of the Jordan River, which is patterned after the crossing of the Red Sea. The theological message of the book is that God has been faithful to the promise of the land. If Israel relies totally on the Lord, and remains united as a people, then Israel will possess the Land. Judges The Book of Judges refers not to specialized judicial officers or magistrates, but to leaders in general. These judges led Israel from the end of the conquest of Canaan until the establishment of the monarchy. The period of Judges therefore extends from the death of Joshua until the installation of Saul as Israel’s first king by the prophet Samael, who was also the last judge. The main part of the book consists of a series of stories about thirteen leaders, or judges, Samson being the most well known. The narrative describes a repeating pattern of events; (1) Israel forgets God and sins; (2) God responds in anger and allows a foreign power to oppress Israel; (3) Israel repents of its sin and pleads for God’s help; and (4) God raises up a judge to deliver his people and restore faithfulness in Israel. The book reaffirms that the future of Israel depends upon the people’s obedience or disobedience to God’s law and their fidelity to the worship of God alone. Ruth The Book of Ruth, set in the days of the judges, is named for the Moabite woman who commits herself to the Israelite people by an oath of loyalty to her mother-in-law Naomi after the death of her husband. God rewards Ruth’s loyalty by giving her a new husband, Boaz, and a privileged position in the family line of David and Christ. She is one of the few women listed in the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew 1:5. The aim of the book is to demonstrate God’s care for those who are faithful to family and to the Lord, regardless of nationality, and to accent the special favor of the house of David in God’s plan for the people of Israel. Bible Survey First Samuel First Samuel covers nearly one hundred years from the birth of Samuel to the death of Saul. During this time the people of Israel are oppressed again and again by the powerful Philistines, who reside along the Mediterranean coast and press inward to Israel’s territories. This oppression set the stage for the battle between David and Goliath, who was a Philistine. First Samuel records the crucial transition from leadership under the judges to the monarchy under the kings. The book is built around three key men: Samuel (Chs. 1 through 7), Saul (Chs. 8 through 31), and David (Chs. 16 through 31). Throughout the story a consistent theme is maintained. Israel’s success and prosperity depend upon their faithfulness to the Lord. Second Samuel treats the highlights of David’s reign, first over Judah and then over Israel as a whole. It traces David’s ascension to the throne, the days of his prosperity and faithfulness, and the period of David’s sins and repentance. A central concern of the book is the affirmation of the dynasty of David as God’s chosen people. The book can be surveyed in three divisions: The triumphs of David (Chs. 1-10), the transgressions of David (Ch. 11), and the troubles of David (Chs. 12-24). The Book of First Kings traces the life of Solomon, son of King David, from his ascent to the throne, during his powerful reign and the building of the Temple, until the division of the kingdom among his successors. First and Second Kings are not a modern-style history book, but rather a religious history; theological purpose determined the selection of material and the interpretation of events. Kings are measured upon faithfulness to the covenant, and the nation’s success depends upon the people’s loyalty to the Lord. The book divides clearly into two sections: the united kingdom (Chs. 1 through 11) and the divided kingdom (Chs. 12 through 22.) The Book of Second Kings continues without interruption the narrative of First Kings. The twin kingdoms of Israel to the north and Judah to the south head towards captivity as the once united kingdom becomes increasingly diminished. Division has led to decline and now ends in double deportation, with Israel captured by Assyria and Judah by Babylon. The prophetic movement develops during this time in both the north and south, as time and again the kings are warned and invited to repentance by God’s messengers. The book traces the history of the divided kingdom in chapters 1 through 17, and the history of the surviving kingdom in chapters 18 through 25.
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