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LEVITICUS Other Books by Gary North Marx’s Religion of Revolution (1968, 1989) An Introdwtion to Christian Economics ( 1973) Puritan Economic Experiments (1974, 1988) Unconditional Surrender (198 1, 1988, 1994) Successful Investing in an Age of Envy (1981) The Dominion Covenunt: Genesz3 (1982, 1987) Government by Emergency (1983) Backward, Christian Soldiers? (1984) 75 Bible Questions tiur Instructors Pray Mm Won’t Ask (1984) Coined Freedom (1984) Moses and Phuraoh (1985) The Sinai Strategy (1986) Conspiracy: A Biblical View (1986) Honest Money (1986) Fighting Chance (1986), with Arthur Robinson Unholy Spirits (1986, 1994) Dominion and Common Grace (1987) Inherit the Earth (1987) Liberating Planet Earth (1987) Healer of the Nations (1987) The Pirate Economy (198’7) Is the World Running Down? (1988) When Justice Is Aborted (1989) Political Polytheism (1989) The Hoax of Higher Criticism (1990) Tools of Dominion: The Case Laws of Exodus (1990) Victim’s Rights (1990) Westminster’s Confession (1991) Christian Reconstruction (1991), with Gary DeMar The Cease Theorem (1992) Politically Incorrect (1993) Salvation Through Inj?ation (1993) Rapture Freer (1993) Tithing and the Church (1994) Leviticus An Economic Commentary Gary North Institute for Christian Economics Tyler, Texas copyright, Gary North, 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Dats North, Gary. Leviticus : an economic commentary/ Gary North p. cm. Includes index ISBN 0-930464-72-9 1. Bible. O.T. Leviticus – Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Eco- nomics in the Bible. 3. Economics–Religious aspects – Christiani- ty. 4. Jewish law. 5. Law (THeology). 6. Dominion theology. I. Institute for Christian Economics. II. Title. BS1255.2.N67 1994 222’.l3O6-dc2O 94-37832 CIP Institute for Christian Economics E O. BOX 8000 Tyler, Texas 75711 This book is dedicated to R C. Sproul who has never been one to rest on his a posterior. TABLE OF CONTENTS Note to the Reader . ..ix Foreword . ..xi Preface . x1 Introduction . 1 Part I: Sacrifices Introduction to Part l...... ...41 1. Sacrifice, Stewardship, and Debt . ...49 2. Priestly Representation . ...63 3. Leaven and Progressive Sanctification . ...74 4. Corporate Responsibility . ...87 5. Proportional Payments to God . 107 6. Sacred, Profane, and Common . 119 7. Guardian of the Civil Oath . ...134 Part 2: Cleansing Introduction to Part 2 . ...149 8. Wine as a Boundary Marker .. ...151 9. Biblical Quarantine . ...164 Part 3: Separation Introduction to Part 3 . ...179 10. The Promised Land as a Covenantal Agent . 181 11. Gleaning: Charity Without Entitlement . 195 12. Verbal Bonds and Economic Coordination . 209 13. Protecting the Weakest Party . 222 14. Impartial Justice vs. Socialist Economics . 236 15. Local Justice vs. Centralized Government . 249 16. The State’s Monopoly of Vengeance . 263 17. The Preservation of the Seed . 278 18. Covenantal Fruit . ...293 19. Measuring Out Justice . ...308 20. Inheritance by Fire . ...323 21. Inheritance Through Separation . 337 Part 4: Covenantal Acts Introduction to Part 4 . ...353 22. Mutual Self-Interest: Priests and Gleaners . 355 23. Blasphemy and Civil Rights . ...368 Part 5: Inheritance Introduction to Part 5 . ...385 24. The Sabbatical Year . ...393 25. Boundaries of the Jubilee Land Laws . ...408 26. Economic Oppression by Means of the State . ...434 27. Food Miracles and Covenantal Predictability . ...448 28. The Right of Redemption . ...462 29. Poverty and Usury . ...480 30. Promise, Adoption, and Liberty . ...492 31. Slaves and Freemen . ...515 32. Mandatory Redemption Upon Payment . 529 33. Nature As a Sanctioning Agent . 541 34. Limits to Growth . ...556 35. God’s Escalating Wrath . ...571 36. The Priesthood: Barriers to Entry . ...580 37. The Redemption-Price System . 594 38. Tithing: The Benefit of the Doubt . 619 Conclusion . ...625 Scripture Index . ...656 Index . ...669 About the Author . ...733 NOTE TO THE READER You have in your hands a drastically stripped-down version of a far longer book: Boundaries and Dominion: The Economics of Leviticus. As of mid-1994, the manuscript was over 2,300 dou- ble-spaced pages. The typesetting costs would have been either $11,500 or three days of work for me.l To have printed 2,000 stitched hardback copies would have cost about $20,000. Add to this a minimum of 150 hours of my indexing time, a price I preferred not to pay. The price tag for the book would have been at least $50. What reader is going to invest $50 plus, say, 80 hours to read an economic commentary on the Book of Leviticus? What book stores would carry such a book? Few. The day after I completed the manuscript, after having invested some four years (2,000 + hours) of work, I decided not to publish it in the traditional format, at least not before I published this shorter commentary I have therefore painfully removed well over half of the text of the 38 chapters of Bound- aries and Dominion. I have not reprinted its 11 appendixes. Readers who are really serious about Leviticus can and should consult Boundaries and Dominion. But how? Easily! Today, as a result of the ever-multiplying wonders of computer technology, Boundaries and Dominion is available on a pair of 3.5-inch plastic disks. Eventually it will be 1. I typeset all the ICE books with a remarkable semi-automatic macro that Ruben Alvarado wrote for my WordPerfect 5.1 program. x LEVITICIJS: AN ECONOMIC COMMENTARY put onto a CD-ROM disk with all of my other books and news- letters. With a lot of work, it will be possible to link all of this material through hyper-text electronic links. Technology is wonderful. So, how much will this pair of plastic disks cost you? As of 1994, one U.S. dollar. Send a photocopy of this page plus one dollar to the ICE. Write to: Disks, ICE, I? O. Box 8000, Tyler, TX 75’711. We will send you Boundaries and Dominion. The conclusions that appear at the end of the chapters in Leviticzu: An Economic Commentary appear exactly as they appear in Boundaries and Dominion. If the reader is not persuaded that my conclusions follow from the text in Leviticus, he should consult the full text of the chapter as it appears in Boundaries and Dominion. How do you eat an elephant? One bite at a time. In Bounda- ries and Dominion, I include handy summaries at the end of each chapter: its main points listed in one-sentence bite-sized portions. Consult these summaries. Another large benefit: when I want to add new material to Boundaries and Dominion as I continue to read and think about the theological issues, I can do so easily. I plan to do this with my other books, too: continuing revisions as a result of continu- ing thought. This is the most cost-effective way for a writer to keep his published works current. It is also cheap for readers to keep abreast of his thought. An electronic search engine makes it easy to check a writer’s latest thoughts regarding problems he may have addressed initially many years earlier. Eventually I will publish Boundaries and Dominion as the fifth volume in The Dominion Covenant series: The Dominion Covenant: Genesis (1982), Moses and Pharaoh: Dominion Religion vs. Power Religion (1985), The Sinai Strate~: Economics and the Ten Com- mandments (1986), and Took of Dominion: The Case Laws of Exodus (1990). But that will have to wait on finances. Until then, this shortened version, plus the electronically indexed computer disks, will be adequate for most readers. FOREWORD In the fall of 1991 I began a series of semorts on the first several chap- ters of Leviticus. My deciston to preach on an obscure and dijjicult book (in the morning service, no less!) runs against the pain of contemporaq pastoral theory. Early on in my series, in fact, I spent most of one sermon explaining why a study of Leviticus is valuable for Christtins. I am convinced that Leviticus k not only valuable but essentiul to a proper understanding of the New Testament. But anyone who preaches on Leviticus to an American congregation at the end of the twentteth centu- q owes somebody an explanation. Peter J, Leithartl The Book of Leviticus, more than any other biblical book, has kept readers from getting to the biblical books that follow it. Leviticus calls to mind the old Negro spiritual: “So high, you can’t get over it; so low, you can’t get under it; so wide you can’t get around it.” But we should recall the conclusion: “So, hear the word of the Lord.” The problem is, Leviticus has to be taken as a unit. It is a very difficult book. Therefore, lots of people quit reading. Some make it through the five types of sacrifice. Others actually get through the consanguinity laws. But not many people finish the book. Many are called, but few are chosen. 1. Peter J. Leithart, The Kingdom and the Power: Redticovering the Ce-ntraliQ of the Church (Phillipsbmg, New Jersey: P&R Publishing, 1993), p. ix. xii LEVITICUS: AN ECONOMIC COMMENTARY Why an Economic Commentary? You may be thinking: “Why should anyone write an eco- nomic commentary on the Bible?” My answer: “Because there is no neutrality.” This is another way of saying that all knowl- edge is based on some view of morality, which in turn provides a concept of historical cause and effect. The Bible teaches that God brings positive sanctions in history to those who obey His law (Lev. 26:3-13). Our knowledge advances as we increase both our moral perception of His law and our covenantal obe- dience to His law. So does our success, long term. The Bible speaks authoritatively in every area of life. This means that every area of life must be explored and then disci- plined in terms of revelation in the Bible.
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