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Estimation of Shallow Groundwater Ages and Circulation Rates in the Henan Plain, China: CFC and Deuterium Excess Methods

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Estimation of Shallow Groundwater Ages and Circulation Rates in the Henan Plain, China: CFC and Deuterium Excess Methods Geosciences Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, p. 479 − 488, December 2013 DOI 10.1007/s12303-013-0037-8 ⓒ The Association of Korean Geoscience Societies and Springer 2013 Estimation of shallow groundwater ages and circulation rates in the Henan Plain, China: CFC and deuterium excess methods Wei-hong Dong Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun Bo Kang 130021, China Shang-hai Du* } College of Environment and Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun Xu-fei Shi 130021, China ABSTRACT: CFC age and deuterium excess methods were applied challenges (Liu et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2003; Yang et al., to the estimation of groundwater circulation rates in the Quaternary 2004). The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) method can be used shallow groundwater system of the Henan Plain. The results provide to date groundwater of less than 50 a, and has achieved good a basis for groundwater renewability evaluation. The spatial dis- tribution of CFC age shows that the groundwater system mainly results in research on dating young groundwater over the comprises modern water, less than 50 a. The groundwater of less past 20 years (Katz et al., 1995; Cook and Solomon, 1997; than 30 a was in the piedmont zone of the Taihang, Funiu, and Bockgard et al., 2004; Long et al., 2008; Qing, 2005; Happell Dabie Mountains, indicating short groundwater residence times, et al., 2006). and fast groundwater cycling, with circulation rates of 27–31 m/d. In addition to groundwater ageing methods, deuterium (D) Groundwater cycling along the Yellow River was also rapid because and the 18O stable isotope methods have been proven to of exchange with the Yellow River. The circulation rates were 34–54 m/d. In the areas around Tongxu, Shangqiu, Taikang, Xiangcheng, be effective tools for understanding groundwater circulation in the middle of the study area, and east of Huaxian-Changyuan (Xu, 2009; Sun, 2007; Horita et al., 2005; Wang, 1991). and Xixian, Gushi in the south, groundwater age was 30–40 a, sug- Because of the thermodynamic properties of water, which is gesting a longer groundwater residence time. The groundwater controlled by the molecular mass of oxygen and hydrogen, cycle in these areas was slower than in the piedmonts, and the area D and 18O undergo isotopic fractionation in the water cycle, along the Yellow River. The circulation rates were 15–26 m/d. In driven by environmental factors (such as evaporation and the areas of Luyi, Yongcheng, Zhumadian, Xincai and Huaibin, the groundwater age was older than 40 a, with the longest resi- water-rock interaction), and the water has different isotopic dence times and slowest circulation rates (~12 m/d). The correla- characteristics in different compartments of the water cycle tion between groundwater age and deuterium excess averages for (Yuan, 2006; Xu, 2009). the northern, central, southern shallow groundwater systems and The deuterium excess parameter is derived from the con- the <30 a, 30–40 a, >40 a groundwater age divisions was strong (R centrations of D and 18O stable isotope, and is defined as d = 0.9714), showing that the groundwater residence time embodied = δD – 8δ18O (Dansgaard, 1964). by the deuterium excess parameter was consistent with ground- water age estimated using the CFC method. The initial value of d in groundwater should be equal to its value in local precipitation, because groundwater is recharged Key words: groundwater age, deuterium excess, chlorofluorocarbons, by the infiltration of precipitation. Subsequently, the recharged groundwater circulation rate, Henan Plain water interacts with rocks and isotope exchange can occur (Yin et al., 2001; Zhou and Rao, 1997). Generally, concen- 1. INTRODUCTION trations of compounds with hydrogen are very low in aqui- fers. This cannot significantly affect the δD value of the Groundwater age is one of the most important issues in water whereas isotope exchange of O can increase δ18O by water cycle research, and information about it can help in water-rock interaction because of O rich compounds such as the quantitative evaluation of groundwater cycling rates and CaCO3 in aquifers. Accordingly, with extended groundwater form the basis of groundwater circulation research (Li, 2008; residence time, the isotope exchange level between water Liu et al., 2007). In the past 40 years, tritium has been used and rocks is enhanced, increasing the value of δ18O and as a tracer for dating young groundwater, but the global ban reducing the value of d (Yin et al., 2001; Zhou and Rao, on nuclear bomb testing has sharply reduced atmospheric 1997). Generally speaking, because the controlling factors tritium concentrations. Consequently, precipitation in main- (climate, latitude and elevation) are approximately the same land China has low tritium concentrations, and the applica- for a specific area, the value of d only varies with ground- tion of tritium groundwater dating techniques faces huge water residence time (Yin and Ni, 2001). Therefore, in areas where precipitation is the main recharge of groundwater, the *Corresponding author: [email protected] value of d can be used to indicate the groundwater residence 480 Wei-hong Dong, Bo Kang, Shang-hai Du, and Xu-fei Shi time; the larger the value of d, the shorter the residence time. water level, ground subsidence, and fissures have occurred Our study focuses on the Henan Province of China, an because of excessive pumping in Anyang, Hebi, Puyang, important agricultural region with the largest population in Xinxiang and Zhengzhou Cities (Lan and Liu, 2005; Miao, China. Shallow groundwater is the main water supply source 2010; Shi et al., 2012). for industrial and agricultural production. Because of the In this paper, we compare two methods to evaluate ground- arid climate, and excessive groundwater mining in the past water circulation rates, thereby demonstrating the similarity decades, the regional groundwater circulation system has and validity of each. The CFC method has been applied to suffered significant change. A cone of depression in ground- the study of shallow groundwater age, furthermore evaluating Fig. 1. Shallow groundwater flow field and groundwater sampling locations for D and 18O. Groundwater ages and circulation rates in Henan Plain, China 481 quantitatively the groundwater circulation rate, whereas the pumping amount from the water supply wells was limited deuterium excess parameter qualitatively indicates the ground- and mainly for daily living. water circulation rate by evaluating groundwater residence For CFCs sampling, a glass bottle with a capacity of 50 ml time. This assessment will allow us to identify the age struc- and its cap with the tin foil liner are put into a stainless steel ture of groundwater in the Henan Plain and the groundwater cup with the open mouth upward when sampling. The stain- circulation rate, which will contribute to improve manage- less steel cup is higher than the glass bottle so that the bottle ment of groundwater resources and plans to slow ground- can be immersed by the water in the cup. A copper tube water mining. about one meter long with an inner diameter of about 5 mm is needed to transport the groundwater from the pumping 2. STUDY AREA AND SAMPLING pipe to the glass bottle. One end of the copper tube must be inserted into the bottom of the glass bottle. When the bottle The Henan Plain is located in the east of Henan Province, is filled with groundwater, the groundwater can overflow and has an area of ~8.53×104 km2 (Shi et al., 2012) (Fig. 1). from the glass bottle to the stainless steel cup. The copper The average annual precipitation is 1000~1300 mm in the tube is removed slowly from the glass bottle when ground- south of Huai River, 700~900 mm in areas between Yellow water overflows from the stainless steel cup for about 10 min- River and Huai River and 600~700 mm in the north of Yel- utes. Then, the bottle is caped quickly in the water. If there low River in study area (Gao, 2008). The Henan Plains is is no bubble in the bottle, the bottle can be sealed quickly to overlain widely by the Quaternary period formations. Accord- prevent the air from polluting the sample. ing to the characteristics of aquifer media and the burial set- For D and 18O sampling, the groundwater is filled directly tings of groundwater, the Quaternary formation in the Henan into a pure plastic bottle with a capacity of 100 ml. All the Plains is classified as a shallow-buried aquifer (the confining samples were measured within 7 days after sampling. bed depth is about 40~160 m), middle-buried aquifer (the lower confining bed depth 100~400 m) and deep-buried 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION aquifer (the lower confining bed depth is 300~500 m). Most of the groundwater used in industry and agriculture comes 3.1. CFC Age in Shallow Groundwater from the shallow aquifer. Thus, the objective of this ground- water ages and circulation rates evaluation is focused on shal- The CFC method is based on Henry’s Law, and historic low groundwater. The shallow groundwater system can be atmospheric background CFC values can be used to deter- divided into three subsystems: northern plain groundwater mine groundwater age (Guo et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2007). system (I), central plain groundwater system (II), and south- Shallow porous groundwater media are often medium sand ern plain groundwater system (III), according to the charac- and fine sand bodies, and the infiltration of precipitation can teristics of the groundwater flow net and the watershed which be generalized as piston flow, such that water can mix during it belongs to (Fig. 1) (Shi et al., 2012). The shallow ground- the infiltration process (Andrew and Larry, 2006). water is mainly recharged by precipitation whereas dis- Groundwater CFC ages estimated using the piston model charged by pumping and a small amount of evaporation, are presented in Table 1, and the shallow groundwater of runoff to the down gradient and leakage to the deep-buried the Henan Plain was mainly recharged over the last 50 aquifer.
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