FAMILY Polynemidae Rafinesque, 1815 - threadfins [=Pollinemidi, Polinemia, Trichidiontes] Notes: Pollinemidi Rafinesque, 1810b:32 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Polynemus [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Polinemia [Polynemia] Rafinesque, 1815:87 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) Polynemus [corrected to Polynemini by Bonaparte 1835:[12] [ref. 32242]; family name sometimes seen as Polinemidae or Polymenidae] Trichidiontes Gill, 1861k:272, 273 [ref. 1779] (group) Trichidion Gill [stem Trichidiont- confirmed by Fowler 1905b:501 [ref. 1370]]

GENUS Eleutheronema Bleeker, 1862 - threadfins [=Eleutheronema Bleeker [P.], 1862:110] Notes: [ref. 387]. Neut. Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw, 1804. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Bleeker 1862:124 [ref. 389]. •Valid as Eleutheronema Bleeker, 1862 -- (Jayaram 1981:348 [ref. 6497], de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Kottelat 1989:18 [ref. 13605], Rahman 1989:269 [ref. 24860], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:355 [ref. 23876], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Matomura et al. 2002:48 [ref. 25954], Feltes 2001:3091 [ref. 26107], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Ataur Rahman 2003:294 [ref. 31338], Motomura 2004:2 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:13 [ref. 27970], Hoese et al. 2006:1252 [ref. 29092], Kottelat 2013:353 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema Bleeker, 1862. Polynemidae.

Species Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902) - rhadinum threadfin [=Polydactylus rhadinus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1902:351, Fig. 20] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1289); ref. 2447] Linkou, Taipei, Taiwan, depth 5-8 meters. Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902). Polynemidae. Distribution: East Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, and Vietnam. Habitat: marine.

Species Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) - fourfinger threadfin [=Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw [G.], 1804:155, Polynemus coecus Macleay [W.], 1878:354, Pl. 9 (fig. 1), Polynemus teria Hamilton [F.], 1822:224, 381] Notes: [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Gariahat, Calcutta, India. Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (coecus) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 2 (pt 4); ref. 17573] Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (teria) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Gangetic estuaries and Vizagapatham, India. Current status: Synonym of Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1849) - threefinger threadfin [=Polynemus tridactylus Bleeker [P.], 1849:57] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [13]; ref. 318] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia and Parsuruan. Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1849). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Thailand, Malaysia, and western Indonesia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Filimanus Myers, 1936 - threadfins [=Filimanus Myers [G. S.], 1936:380] Notes: [ref. 3112]. Fem. Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991. Type by subsequent designation. Genus based on a misidentified type species, melanochir of Valenciennes misidentified by Myers; Feltes 1991 named melanochir of Myers as Filimanus perplexa. In Opinion 1761, the Commission established perplexa as the type species of Filimanus Myers, 1936. •Valid as Filimanus Myers, 1936 -- (de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Feltes 1991 [ref. 14760], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Feltes 2001:3091 [ref. 26107], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura 2004:2 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:20 [ref. 27970], Tashiro et al. 2013:45 [ref. 33132], Kottelat 2013:353 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Filimanus Myers, 1936. Polynemidae.

Species Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) - sevenfinger threadfin [=Polynemus heptadactylus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:390] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, 1829). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: eastern coast of Malay Peninsula to Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) - Javanese threadfin [=Polynemus hexanemus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:389, Polynemus senarius Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:176] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier, 1829). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Java, Indonesia. Habitat: marine. (senarius) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian Ocean? Current status: Synonym of Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier, 1829). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991 - splendid threadfin [=Filimanus perplexa Feltes [R. M.], 1991:307, Fig. 5] Notes: [Copeia 1991 (no. 2); ref. 14760] West of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 8°43'S, 115°00'E, depth 33-34 meters. Current status: Valid as Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991. Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Sea to Sumatra and Java, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910) - eightfinger threadfin [=Polydactylus sealei Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.], 1910:16, Polydactylus opercularis Seale [A.] & Bean [B. A.], 1907:234, Fig. 4] Notes: [Philippine Islands, Bureau of Science Publ. no. 1; ref. 6598] Zamboanga, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines to Taiwan, to New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine. (opercularis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1568); ref. 4002] Zamboanga, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Filimanus similis Feltes, 1991 - Indian sevenfinger threadfin [=Filimanus similis Feltes [R. M.], 1991:318, Fig. 12] Notes: [Copeia 1991 (no. 2); ref. 14760] Beruwala, Sri Lanka. Current status: Valid as Filimanus similis Feltes, 1991. Polynemidae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Pakistan to western coast of Malay Peninsula. Habitat: marine.

Species Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) - yellowthread threadfin [=Polynemus xanthonemus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:517, Polynemus diagrammicus Bleeker [P.], 1849:60, Polydactylus konadaensis Mishra [S. S.] & Krishnan [S.], 1993:285, Fig., Polynemus pfeifferi Bleeker [P.], 1853:249] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Puducherry, India. Current status: Valid as Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: east coast of India to western Indonesia. Habitat: marine. (diagrammicus) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [13]; ref. 318] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine. (konadaensis) [Records of the Zoological Survey of India v. 92 (nos 1-4); ref. 23743] Konada, Andhra Pradesh, India. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine. (pfeifferi) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4; ref. 12580] Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Galeoides Gunther, 1860 - threadfins [=Galeoides Günther [A.], 1860:319, 332] Notes: [ref. 1963]. Masc. Polynemus polydactylus Vahl, 1798. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Galeoides Günther, 1860 -- (Monod 1973:575 [ref. 7193], de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Hureau in Whitehead et al. 1986:1205 [ref. 13677], Daget & Njock 1986:352 [ref. 6216], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:793 [ref. 21590], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Motomura et al. 2001:269 [ref. 25705], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura 2004:4 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:31 [ref. 27970]). Current status: Valid as Galeoides Günther, 1860. Polynemidae.

Species Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) - lesser African threadfin [=Polynemus decadactylus Bloch [M. E.], 1795:26, Pl. 401, Polynemus astrolabi Sauvage [H.-E.], 1881:102 [2], Polynemus enneadactylus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:392, Polynemus polydactylus Vahl [M.], 1798:164] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Guinea. Current status: Valid as Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795). Polynemidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Morocco to Namibia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (astrolabi) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 5; ref. 18664] Mauritius [probably erroneous, probably western coast of Africa]. Current status: Synonym of Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (enneadactylus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Tangier, Morocco, Strait of Gibraltar, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (polydactylus) [Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet Kiøbenhavn v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 17848] Near Tangier, Morocco, Strait of Gibraltar, eastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Leptomelanosoma Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 - threadfins [=Leptomelanosoma Motomura [H.] & Iwatsuki [Y.], 2001:14] Notes: [ref. 25242]. Polynemus indicus Shaw, 1804. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Leptomelanosoma Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 -- (Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura 2004:4 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:33 [ref. 27970], Kottelat 2013:353 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Leptomelanosoma Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001. Polynemidae.

Species Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804) - Indian threadfin [=Polynemus indicus Shaw [G.], 1804:155, Polynemus gelatinosus McClelland [J.], 1843:181, Pl. 6, Polynemus sele Hamilton [F.], 1822:226, 381, Polynemus uronemus Cuvier [G.], 1829:155] Notes: [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Vizagapatam, India. Current status: Valid as Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Madagascar and western Mascarenes; Pakistan to New Guinea; possibly East Africa. Habitat: brackish, marine. (gelatinosus) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 3 (no. 10); ref. 17620] Bengal, India. Current status: Synonym of Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (sele) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges estuaries, India. Current status: Synonym of Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (uronemus) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Puducherry, India and mouth of Adrian-Coupang River. Current status: Synonym of Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Parapolynemus Feltes, 1993 - threadfins [=Parapolynemus Feltes [R. M.], 1993:207] Notes: [ref. 20316]. Masc. Polynemus verekeri Saville-Kent, 1890. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Parapolynemus Feltes, 1993 -- (Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Feltes 2001:3094 [ref. 26107], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura 2004:5 [ref. 27601], Hoese et al. 2006:1253 [ref. 29092]). Current status: Valid as Parapolynemus Feltes, 1993. Polynemidae.

Species Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent, 1889) - dwarf paradise fish [=Polynemus verekeri Saville-Kent [W.], 1889:222, 234, Pl. 13 (fig. 1), Polynemus intermedius Nichols [J. T.], 1954:3, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 6 (pt 5); ref. 18382] Ord River, Cambridge Gulf, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Valid as Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent, 1889). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: southern New Guinea and northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (intermedius) [American Museum Novitates No. 1680; ref. 12660] Merauke River [? = Meranbe River], southern New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent, 1889). Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

GENUS Pentanemus Gunther, 1860 - threadfins [=Pentanemus Günther [A.], 1860:330] Notes: [ref. 1963]. Masc. Polynemus quinquarius Linnaeus, 1758. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Pentanemus Günther, 1860 -- (de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Daget & Njock 1986:352 [ref. 6216], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:795 [ref. 21590], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura 2004:5 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:37 [ref. 27970]). Current status: Valid as Pentanemus Günther, 1860. Polynemidae.

Species Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758) - royal threadfin [=Polynemus quinquarius Linnaeus [C.], 1758:317, Polynemus artedii Bennett [E. T.], 1831:146, Polynemus macronemus Pel [H. S.], 1851:9-10, Pl.] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America [but probably erroneous, probably western coast of Africa]. Current status: Valid as Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Angola. Habitat: brackish, marine. (artedii) [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 5778] Atlantic coast of northern Africa. Current status: Synonym of Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (macronemus) [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 1 (Pt. 2); ref. 18526] Gold Coast, Gulf of Guinea ["littoribus Guineae septentrionalis"]. Current status: Synonym of Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Polydactylus Lacepede, 1803 - threadfins [=Polydactylus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:419, Trichidion Gill [T. N.] (ex Klein), 1861:40] Notes: [ref. 4930]. Masc. Polydactylus plumierii Lacepède, 1803. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Daget & Njock 1986:353 [ref. 6216]). •Valid as Polydactylus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:396 [ref. 14275], de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], Smith 1986:721 [ref. 5712], Ataur Rahman 1989:270 [ref. 24860], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:794 [ref. 21590], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Mishra & Krishnan 1993:285 [ref. 23743], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:353 [ref. 24550], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:290 [ref. 25546], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:337 [ref. 25783], Motomura et al. 2001:1087 [ref. 25826], Feltes 2001:3091 [ref. 26107], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:268 [ref. 26389], Motomura et al. 2002:358 [ref. 26500], Feltes 2003:1579 [ref. 27096], Ataur Rahman 2003:295 [ref. 31338], Motomura 2004:5 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:39 [ref. 27970], Motomura et al. 2005:2 [ref. 28177], Hoese et al. 2006:1253 [ref. 29092], Snoeks & Vreven 2007:445 [ref. 30079], Lim et al. 2010:63 [ref. 30734], Motomura et al. 2011:159 [ref. 31633], Béarez et al. 2011:167 [ref. 31636], Kottelat 2013:354 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Polydactylus Lacepède, 1803. Polynemidae. (Trichidion) [ref. 1766]. Neut. Polynemus americanus of Storer (= Polynemus virginicus Linnaeus, 1758). Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Daget & Njock 1986:353 [ref. 6216]). •Synonym of Polydactylus Lacepède, 1803 -- (Motomura 2004:5 [ref. 27601], Kottelat 2013:354 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus Lacepède, 1803. Polynemidae.

Species Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839) - blue bobo [=Polynemus approximans Lay [G. T.] & Bennett [E. T.], 1839:57, Polynemus californiensis Thominot [A.], 1886:161] Notes: [The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; ref. 2730] San Blas and Mazatlán, western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839). Polynemidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. (californiensis) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 10; ref. 17904] California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura et al., 2001 - slender fivefinger threadfin [=Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura [H.], Kimura [S.] & Iwatsuki [Y.], 2001:299, Figs. 1, 2, 3A] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 48 (no. 3); ref. 25548] Kuta beach, Lombok Island, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki, 2001. Polynemidae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Polydactylus longipes Motomura et al., 2001 - longlimb threadfin [=Polydactylus longipes Motomura [H.], Okamoto [M.] & Iwatsuki [Y.], 2001:1087, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2001 (no. 4); ref. 25826] Davao market, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001. Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

Species Polydactylus luparensis Lim et al., 2010 - Lim's threadfin [=Polydactylus luparensis Lim [P. K. A.], Motomura [H.] & Gambang [A. C.], 2010:64, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2405; ref. 30734] Mouth of Batang Lupar River, Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia, 1°27'68"N, 111°01'83"E, depth 3-5 meters. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus luparensis Lim, Motomura & Gambang, 2010. Polynemidae. Distribution: Batang Lupar River, Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Polydactylus macrochir (Gunther, 1867) - king threadfin [=Polynemus macrochir Günther [A.], 1867:60, Polynemus sheridani Macleay [W.], 1884:21] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 20 (no. 115); ref. 1988] New South Wales, Australia [but probably in error for Queensland]. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: southern New Guinea and northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (sheridani) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 9 (pt 1); ref. 4932] Mary River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867). Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858) - river threadfin [=Polynemus macrophthalmus Bleeker [P.], 1858:10] Notes: [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 5; ref. 16961] Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indonesia: Sumatra and Kalimantan. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 - African blackspot threadfin [=Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura [H.] & Iwatsuki [Y.], 2001:338, Figs. 1, 7a, 8a] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 48 (no.4 ); ref. 25783] Estuary of Mananjary River, about 100 meters from sea, Mananjary, eastern Madagascar, 21°05'S, 48°27'E. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001. Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Kenya to South Africa and Madagascar. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus microstoma (Bleeker, 1851) - smallmouth threadfin [=Polynemus microstoma Bleeker [P.], 1851:217, Polydactylus zophomus Jordan [D. S.] & McGregor [E. A.], in Jordan & Seale, 1907:11, Fig. 4] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2; ref. 330] Bulucomba [Balukumba], southern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus microstoma (Bleeker, 1851). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: India to New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (zophomus) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 26 (Doc. 606) (for 1906); ref. 2498] Cavite Province, Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker, 1851). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus mullani (Hora, 1926) - Arabian smallmouth threadfin [=Polynemus sextarius var. mullani Hora [S. L.], 1926:453, Fig. 1] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 27 (pt 6); ref. 2207] Mumbai, India. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus mullani (Hora, 1926). Polynemidae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Oman to India. Habitat: marine.

Species Polydactylus multiradiatus (Gunther, 1860) - Australian threadfin [=Polynemus multiradiatus Günther [A.], 1860:324, Polydactylus auratus McKay [R. J.], 1970:9, Polynemus specularis De Vis [C. W.], 1883:285] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 2; ref. 1963] China coast [but probably erroneous]. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: southern Indonesia and northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (auratus) [Western Australian Fisheries Bulletin v. 9 (no. 5); ref. 19157] Napier Broome Bay, 2 miles west of the Drysdale River, Western Australia, depth 5 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (specularis) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 2); ref. 1088] Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro, 1964 - blackfinned threadfin [=Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro [I. S. R.], 1964:156, Fig. 4] Notes: [Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 3058] 2.5 miles off east head of Purari River, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea, depth 4.75 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro, 1964. Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: southern New Guinea and northern Australia, Arafura Sea. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus octonemus (Girard, 1858) - Atlantic threadfin [=Polynemus octonemus Girard [C. F.], 1858:167, Trichidion octofilis Gill [T. N.], 1861:280] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 10; ref. 1813] Brazos Santiago, and Galveston, Texas, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus octonemus (Girard, 1858). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (octofilis) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 13; ref. 1779] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus octonemus (Girard, 1858). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Polydactylus oligodon (Gunther, 1860) - littlescale threadfin [=Polynemus oligodon Günther [A.], 1860:322] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 2; ref. 1963] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Jamaica. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus oligodon (Günther, 1860). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus opercularis (Gill, 1863) - yellow bobo [=Trichidion opercularis Gill [T. N.], 1863:168, Polynemus melanopoma Günther [A.], 1864:148] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 15; ref. 1681] Western coast of Central America [probably Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico]. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus opercularis (Gill, 1863). Polynemidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: California (U.S.A.) to Peru. Habitat: brackish, marine. (melanopoma) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 (pt 1); ref. 13930] San José, (Pacific) Guatemala. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus opercularis (Gill, 1863). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 - Persian blackspot threadfin [=Polydactylus persicus Motomura [H.] & Iwatsuki [Y.], 2001:347, Figs. 5, 7d, 8b] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 48 (no.4 ); ref. 25783] Kuwait Bay, Kuwait, Persian Gulf, 29°30'N, 47°50'E. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001. Polynemidae. Distribution: Persian Gulf. Habitat: marine.

Species Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782) - stirped threadfin [=Polynemus plebeius Broussonet [P. M. A.], 1782:[35], Pl. [8], Polydactylus agonasi Jordan [D. S.] & McGregor [R. C.], 1906:814, Fig., Pogonais barakuan Montrouzier [X.], 1857:428 [150], Polynemus commersonii Shaw [G.], 1804:156, Polynemus emoi Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:410, 412, Polynemus lineatus Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson), 1803:410, 412, Pl. 13 (fig. 2), Polynemus lineatus Günther [A.], 1860:327, Polynemus lydiae Curtiss [A.], 1938:43, Polynemus niloticus Shaw [G.], 1804:151, Sciaena pentadactyla Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson), Trigla pentedactyla Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:17, 1802:310, 316, Polynemus taeniatus Günther [A.], 1860:526] Notes: [Ichthyologia, sistens piscium descriptiones et icones. Decas I.; ref. 17287] Tahiti, Society Islands [French Polynesia, South Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Philippines, Society Islands and Marquesas Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Port Stephens (New South Wales), New Caledonia and Tonga. Habitat: brackish, marine. (agonasi) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 30 (no. 1470); ref. 10634] Tokyo, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (barakuan) [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. (commersonii) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian seas. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (emoi) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Tahiti, Tana Island, Tropical America, East Indies, Gulf of Bengal, Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], Malabar, Coromandel. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (lineatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Tahiti, Society Islands (erroneous, is evidently Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean). Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (lineatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 2; ref. 1963] Ambon Island, Moluccs Islands, Indonesia; Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, western Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (lydiae) [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (niloticus) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Nile River [in error]. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pentadactyla) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 4; ref. 4929] Tahiti, Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (pentedactyla) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tahiti, Society Islands [French Polynesia, South Pacific]. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (taeniatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 2; ref. 1963] Ambon Island, Moluccs Islands, Indonesia; Guadalcanal, Solomon Island, western Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. Species Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) - giant African threadfin [=Polynemus quadrifilis Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:390, Pl. 68] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Senegal. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829). Polynemidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Congo or Angola. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) - sixfinger threadfin [=Polynemus sexfilis Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:515, Polynemus kuru Bleeker [P.], 1853:600] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes), southwestern Indian Ocean. (Mascarenes) east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn, north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia, Tonga and Rapa. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (kuru) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4; ref. 337] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - blackspot threadfin [=Polynemus sextarius Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:18, Pl. 4] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: India east to New Guinea, north to southern Japan. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus siamensis Motomura et al., 2001 - largemouth striped threadfin [=Polydactylus siamensis Motomura [H.], Iwatsuki [Y.] & Yoshino [T.], 2001:122, Fig. 1B] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 48 (no. 2); ref. 25379] Samyan market, Bangkok, Thailand. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus siamensis Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino, 2001. Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Andaman Sea to Gulf of Thailand. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) - barbu [=Polynemus virginicus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:317, Polynemus americanus Cuvier [G.], 1829:155 (footnote 2), Polynemus antillarum Perugia [A.], 1896:16, Polynemus mango Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:411, 413, Polynemus naso Walbaum [J. J.], 1793:108, Polydactylus plumierii Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:419, 420, Pl. 14 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America. Current status: Valid as Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: brackish, marine. (americanus) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] American seas. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (antillarum) [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 16; ref. 14615] St. Pierre, Martinique Island, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (mango) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] America. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (naso) [J. T. Kleinii ichthyologia enodata; ref. 12604] Probably Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (plumierii) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

GENUS Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 - threadfins [=Polynemus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:317, Polistonemus Gill [T. N.], 1861:277, Trichidion Klein [J. T.], 1776:592, Trichidion Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:585] Notes: [ref. 2787]. Masc. Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Name placed on Official List and type species designated in Opinion 93. Type also designated by Desmarest 1856:209 [ref. 17401] -- see Whitley 1939:222 [ref. 25866] but Whitley has wrong date for Desmarest. Spelled Polinemus by Bonnaterre 1788:182 [ref. 4940]. •Valid as Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Jayaram 1981:347 [ref. 6497], de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Daget & Njock 1986:353 [ref. 6216], Kottelat 1989:18 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:166 [ref. 6439], Ataur Rahman 1989:268 [ref. 24860], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:290 [ref. 25546], Feltes 2001:3094 [ref. 26107], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura et al. 2002:307 [ref. 26494], Motomura 2003:162 [ref. 26829], Motomura & van Oijen 2003:393 [ref. 27209], Ataur Rahman 2003:293 [ref. 31338], Motomura 2004:9 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:79 [ref. 27970], Motomura & Tsukawaki 2006:459 [ref. 28914], Kottelat 2013:355 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. (Polistonemus) [ref. 1779]. Masc. Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Polistonemus Gill, 1861 -- (de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667]). •Synonym of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Roberts 1989:166 [ref. 6439], Motomura 2004:9 [ref. 27601], Kottelat 2013:355 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. (Trichidion K) [ref. 4919]. Neut. Not available, published in a work that does not conform to the principle of binominal nomenclature. •In the synonymy of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Daget & Njock 1986:353 [ref. 6216], Motomura 2004:11 [ref. 27601], Kottelat 2013:354 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. (Trichidion W) [ref. 4572]. Not available, published in a part of work rejected for nomenclatural purposes in Opinion 21 (1938). Based on Klein 1749:29 [ref. 30141], with reference to Willughby 1686:204, Pl. I.3, fig. 3 [ref. 30164]. •In the synonymy of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae.

Species Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura, 2003 - Northern paradise fish [=Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura [H.], 2003:155, Figs. 1 and 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Research v. 50 (no. 2); ref. 26829] Caho Phraya River, Thailand (purchased at Samyan market). Current status: Valid as Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura, 2003. Polynemidae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Polynemus bidentatus Motomura & Tsukawaki, 2006 - Motomura's threadfin [=Polynemus bidentatus Motomura [H.] & Tsukawaki [S.], 2006:460, Figs. 1, 2B] Notes: [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 54 (no. 2); ref. 28914] Cho Gao Canal in Mekong River drainage, My Tho Province, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Polynemus bidentatus Motomura & Tsukawaki, 2006. Polynemidae. Distribution: Mekong River basin, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Polynemus dubius Bleeker, 1853 - Eastern paradise fish [=Polynemus dubius Bleeker [P.], 1853:92, Polynemus longipectoralis Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.], 1922:213] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 8); ref. 341] Banjarmasin and Sampit, Kalimantan, and Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Polynemus dubius Bleeker, 1853. Polynemidae. Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (longipectoralis) [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 4; ref. 4598] Fish market of Bandjermassin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus dubius Bleeker, 1853. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936 - Hornaday's paradise fish [=Polynemus hornadayi Myers [G. S.], 1936:376, Fig. 1] Notes: [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 26 (no. 9); ref. 3112] Ensengi River, tributary of Sadong River, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936. Polynemidae. Distribution: Sarawak, Borneo, East Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen, 2003 - Kapua paradise fish [=Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura [H.] & van Oijen [M. J. P.], 2003:394, Figs. 1, 3a] Notes: [Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) v. 77; ref. 27209] Fish market at Sintang, from Kapuas River basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen, 2003. Polynemidae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831 - melanochir paradise fish [=Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:513, Polynemus borneensis Bleeker [P.], 1856:3, Polynemus melanochir dulcis Motomura [H.] & Sabaj Pérez [M. H.], 2002:182, Fig. 1, Trichidion hilleri Fowler [H. W.], 1905:502, Fig. 11, Polynemus macronema Bleeker [P.], 1852:419, Polynemus melanopus Sauvage [H.-E.], 1881:101 [1], Galeoides microps Steindachner [F.], 1869:126] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Kuching Bay, Sarawak, Kalimantan, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831. Polynemidae. Distribution: Cambodia, Vietnam, and Kalimantan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (borneensis) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 2; ref. 13960] Bandjarmasin, Pontianak and Sampit, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (dulcis) [Ichthyological Research v. 49 (no. 2); ref. 26155] Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831. Polynemidae. Distribution: This subspecies is known only from Lake Tonle Sap, Cambodia. Habitat: freshwater. (hilleri) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 57; ref. 1370] Baram River, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (macronema) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3; ref. 16827] Bandjarmasin and Pontianak; Sampit, Borneo. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (melanopus) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 5; ref. 18664] Saigon, southern Vietnam. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (microps) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 6 (no. 16); ref. 20469] China [but probably erroneus]. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 - elegant paradise fish [=Polynemus multifilis Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1843:29 (footnote), Polynemus polydactylus Bleeker [P.], 1852:417, Polynemus quatordecimfilis Pel [H. S.], 1851:10] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 2-4; ref. 4371] Near Banjarmasin, southern Kalimantan, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843. Polynemidae. Distribution: Thailand and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (polydactylus) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3; ref. 16827] Bandjarmasin, southern Kalimantan, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (quatordecimfilis) [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 1 (Pt. 2); ref. 18526] Near Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia ["littoribus meridionalibus insulae Borneo"]. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843. Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 - paradise threadfin [=Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:317, Polynemus aureus Hamilton [F.], 1822:232, 381, Polynemus longifilis Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:365, Polynemus paradiseus Cuvier [G.], in Guérin-Méneville, 1828:no page number, Livraison 13, Polynemus risua Hamilton [F.], 1822:228, 381, Polynemus toposui Hamilton [F.], 1822:232, 381] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Gariahat, Calcutta, India. Current status: Valid as Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: India to Thailand. Habitat: brackish, marine. (aureus) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Calcutta, India. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (longifilis) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Puducherry, India; Ganges River mouth, India; Manila, Philippines [but probably erroneous]. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (paradiseus C) [Planches de Seba v. 3; ref. 29508] Current status: Synonym of Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. (risua) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Vicinity of Lukhipur, India. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine. (toposui) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Estuary of Ganges River, India. Current status: Synonym of Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758. Polynemidae. Habitat: brackish, marine *************************************************************

Unavailable names, uncertain taxa salliah, Polynemus Cantor [T. E.] 1839:166 [Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 5; ref. 17333] Cantor specimens: BMNH 1857.6.13.68 (1, dry), 1857.6.12.122 (1, dry). Not available (see Motomura et al. 2002:52 [ref. 25954]). Appeared as a vernacular name only, "To the genus Polynemus, I shall add a species, called by the natives Sallíah, or Saccolíh." •In the synonymy of Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw 1904) -- (Motomura et al. 2002:54 [ref. 25954]). •Unavailable vernacular name in Polynemidae -- (Motomura 2004:14 [ref. 27601]). Polynemidae. peli, Polynemus Njock [J. C.] 1990:866 [CLOFETA; ref. 18540] Name only, not available. Above from Fowler (manuscript) and Njock 1990:866 [ref. 18540]; name appeared in the synonymy of Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus 1758) and credited to Pel 1851, but this name did not appear in Pel 1851. Earlier use of the name not found. •In the synonymy of Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Njock 1990:866 [ref. 18540]). •Nomen nudum in Polynemidae -- (Motomura 2004:14 [ref. 27601]). Polynemidae. guichenoti, Polynemus Bocourt [F.] in Bleeker 1864:174 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 413] Not available, name mentioned in synonymy. •Nomen nudum in Polynemidae -- (Motomura 2004:13 [ref. 27601]). Polynemidae. paradisiacus, Polynemus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:631 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Walbaum cites Linnaeus's species 522 which is Polynemus paradiseus. Thus technically is an incorrect subsequent spelling. •Incorrect subsequent spelling of paradiseus -- (Motomura 2004:14 [ref. 27601]). Polynemidae. playfairi, Polynemus Day [F.] 1876:178, footnote [The fishes of India Part 2; ref. 1081] East Africa, Malay Archipelago, probably seas of India. No types known. Based on account in Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar. Not treated by Whitehead & Talwar 1976 [ref. 23762]. •Incertae sedis in Polynemidae -- (Motomura 2004:13 [ref. 27601]). Polynemidae. quadrinarius, Polynemus Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1846:218 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Not available, Solander name mentioned in synonymy of Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw 1804. •Nomen nudum in Polynemidae -- (Motomura 2004:14 [ref. 27601]). Polynemidae.

quaternarius, Polynemus Parkinson [S.] in Bleeker 1849:57 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [13]; ref. 318] Not available, name in synonymy under Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw 1804. •Incertae sedis in Polynemidae -- (Motomura 2004:13 [ref. 27601]). Polynemidae.