FAMILY Polynemidae Rafinesque, 1815 - threadfins [=Pollinemidi, Polinemia, Trichidiontes] Notes: Pollinemidi Rafinesque, 1810b:32 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Polynemus [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Polinemia [Polynemia] Rafinesque, 1815:87 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) Polynemus [corrected to Polynemini by Bonaparte 1835:[12] [ref. 32242]; family name sometimes seen as Polinemidae or Polymenidae] Trichidiontes Gill, 1861k:272, 273 [ref. 1779] (group) Trichidion Gill [stem Trichidiont- confirmed by Fowler 1905b:501 [ref. 1370]] GENUS Eleutheronema Bleeker, 1862 - threadfins [=Eleutheronema Bleeker [P.], 1862:110] Notes: [ref. 387]. Neut. Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw, 1804. Type by monotypy. Also appeared in Bleeker 1862:124 [ref. 389]. •Valid as Eleutheronema Bleeker, 1862 -- (Jayaram 1981:348 [ref. 6497], de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Kottelat 1989:18 [ref. 13605], Rahman 1989:269 [ref. 24860], Liang in Pan et al. 1991:355 [ref. 23876], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Matomura et al. 2002:48 [ref. 25954], Feltes 2001:3091 [ref. 26107], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Ataur Rahman 2003:294 [ref. 31338], Motomura 2004:2 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:13 [ref. 27970], Hoese et al. 2006:1252 [ref. 29092], Kottelat 2013:353 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema Bleeker, 1862. Polynemidae. Species Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902) - rhadinum threadfin [=Polydactylus rhadinus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1902:351, Fig. 20] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1289); ref. 2447] Linkou, Taipei, Taiwan, depth 5-8 meters. Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902). Polynemidae. Distribution: East Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, and Vietnam. Habitat: marine. Species Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) - fourfinger threadfin [=Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw [G.], 1804:155, Polynemus coecus Macleay [W.], 1878:354, Pl. 9 (fig. 1), Polynemus teria Hamilton [F.], 1822:224, 381] Notes: [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Gariahat, Calcutta, India. Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (coecus) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 2 (pt 4); ref. 17573] Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (teria) [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Gangetic estuaries and Vizagapatham, India. Current status: Synonym of Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804). Polynemidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. Species Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1849) - threefinger threadfin [=Polynemus tridactylus Bleeker [P.], 1849:57] Notes: [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [13]; ref. 318] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia and Parsuruan. Current status: Valid as Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1849). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Thailand, Malaysia, and western Indonesia. Habitat: brackish, marine. GENUS Filimanus Myers, 1936 - threadfins [=Filimanus Myers [G. S.], 1936:380] Notes: [ref. 3112]. Fem. Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991. Type by subsequent designation. Genus based on a misidentified type species, melanochir of Valenciennes misidentified by Myers; Feltes 1991 named melanochir of Myers as Filimanus perplexa. In Opinion 1761, the Commission established perplexa as the type species of Filimanus Myers, 1936. •Valid as Filimanus Myers, 1936 -- (de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Feltes 1991 [ref. 14760], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Feltes 2001:3091 [ref. 26107], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura 2004:2 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:20 [ref. 27970], Tashiro et al. 2013:45 [ref. 33132], Kottelat 2013:353 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Filimanus Myers, 1936. Polynemidae. Species Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) - sevenfinger threadfin [=Polynemus heptadactylus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:390] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, 1829). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: eastern coast of Malay Peninsula to Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. Species Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) - Javanese threadfin [=Polynemus hexanemus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:389, Polynemus senarius Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:176] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier, 1829). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Java, Indonesia. Habitat: marine. (senarius) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian Ocean? Current status: Synonym of Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier, 1829). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine. Species Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991 - splendid threadfin [=Filimanus perplexa Feltes [R. M.], 1991:307, Fig. 5] Notes: [Copeia 1991 (no. 2); ref. 14760] West of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 8°43'S, 115°00'E, depth 33-34 meters. Current status: Valid as Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991. Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Sea to Sumatra and Java, Indonesia. Habitat: marine. Species Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910) - eightfinger threadfin [=Polydactylus sealei Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.], 1910:16, Polydactylus opercularis Seale [A.] & Bean [B. A.], 1907:234, Fig. 4] Notes: [Philippine Islands, Bureau of Science Publ. no. 1; ref. 6598] Zamboanga, Philippines. Current status: Valid as Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910). Polynemidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines to Taiwan, to New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine. (opercularis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1568); ref. 4002] Zamboanga, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine. Species Filimanus similis Feltes, 1991 - Indian sevenfinger threadfin [=Filimanus similis Feltes [R. M.], 1991:318, Fig. 12] Notes: [Copeia 1991 (no. 2); ref. 14760] Beruwala, Sri Lanka. Current status: Valid as Filimanus similis Feltes, 1991. Polynemidae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Pakistan to western coast of Malay Peninsula. Habitat: marine. Species Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) - yellowthread threadfin [=Polynemus xanthonemus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831:517, Polynemus diagrammicus Bleeker [P.], 1849:60, Polydactylus konadaensis Mishra [S. S.] & Krishnan [S.], 1993:285, Fig., Polynemus pfeifferi Bleeker [P.], 1853:249] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Puducherry, India. Current status: Valid as Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: east coast of India to western Indonesia. Habitat: marine. (diagrammicus) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 22 [13]; ref. 318] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine. (konadaensis) [Records of the Zoological Survey of India v. 92 (nos 1-4); ref. 23743] Konada, Andhra Pradesh, India. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine. (pfeifferi) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4; ref. 12580] Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831). Polynemidae. Habitat: marine. GENUS Galeoides Gunther, 1860 - threadfins [=Galeoides Günther [A.], 1860:319, 332] Notes: [ref. 1963]. Masc. Polynemus polydactylus Vahl, 1798. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Galeoides Günther, 1860 -- (Monod 1973:575 [ref. 7193], de Sylva 1984:540 [ref. 13667], Hureau in Whitehead et al. 1986:1205 [ref. 13677], Daget & Njock 1986:352 [ref. 6216], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:793 [ref. 21590], Feltes 1993:214 [ref. 20316], Motomura & Iwatsuki 2001:17 [ref. 25242], Motomura et al. 2001:289 [ref. 25546], Motomura et al. 2001:269 [ref. 25705], Motomura 2002:171 [ref. 26356], Motomura et al. 2002:359 [ref. 26500], Motomura 2004:4 [ref. 27601], Motomura 2004:31 [ref. 27970]). Current status: Valid as Galeoides Günther, 1860. Polynemidae. Species Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) - lesser African threadfin [=Polynemus decadactylus Bloch [M. E.], 1795:26, Pl. 401, Polynemus astrolabi Sauvage [H.-E.], 1881:102 [2], Polynemus enneadactylus Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:392, Polynemus polydactylus Vahl [M.], 1798:164] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Guinea. Current status: Valid as Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795). Polynemidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, eastern Atlantic: Morocco to Namibia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (astrolabi) [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 5; ref. 18664] Mauritius [probably erroneous, probably western coast of Africa]. Current status: Synonym of Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch,