Proximate Composition of Estuarine Fish Paradise Threadfin, Polynemus Paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Proximate Composition of Estuarine Fish Paradise Threadfin, Polynemus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tanvir Hasan Majumder1, A. K Jilani Chowdhury1, Md. Golam Sarwer1,*, Md. Mahmudul Hasan Rony2 and Mst. S. Sharmin3 1Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh. 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. 3Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. *Corresponding author: Md. Golam Sarwer, E-mail: [email protected] and Mobile: +8801712729011 ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to identify the variation in proximate composition of Paradise threadfin, commonly known as Tapasi, Polynemus paradiseus according to their size. This experiment was necessary to obtain nutritional data for dietary planning. For nutritional investigation the fish was collected from the Sonapur fish market of Noakhali district of Bangladesh in 2012. The proximate composition of the experimented fish indicated that crude protein is the main component of the species. Proximate composition of large and small size tapasi shows variation where crude protein and lipid (oil) show variation. Protein content was found higher in large fish than in smaller fish. Protein content in large fish sample was 58.24% and small fish sample was 56.96% on dry matter basis. Lipid (oil) content variation in large fish sample was 29.84% and small fish sample was 28.42% on dry matter basis. Ash content in large fish sample was found 11.87% and small in fish sample 14.28% on dry matter basis. The value of ash in the large sample was recorded as 0.05% and in small fishes was 0.34% on dry matter basis. The present study conclude that nutritional ingredient are variable in different size Tapasi fish (P. paradiseus) and the studied fish species can play a significant role to fulfill the nutrient demand of poor people of the country.

Keywords: Paradise Threadfin, Carbohydrate Content, Ash, Protein and Lipid Content etc.

INTRODUCTION situation. In the last 35 years or so the country‟s population almost got doubled. So the gap between Bangladesh is a country which has vast marine, the demand and supply of fish is widening day by day coastal and inland water having marvelous fisheries and the poor people in the country could not afford potential. Fish plays an important role in the nutrition fish as their daily food item. of the people of Bangladesh from time immemorial. Once upon a time fish was abundant in this country. P. paradiseus, belongs to the order Perciformes and There are about 265 (with 12 exotic and 24 prawn family Polynemidae is one of the commercially species) species of fish in the freshwater and 475 important fish in Bangladesh. This fish is commonly species of fish (with 36 shrimp species) available in known as riksha, tapasi, topse, ramsos, muni, rishi, marine waters in Bangladesh (DoF, 2010). Annual bairagi in Bangladesh. Its English name is „Paradise total fish production in Bangladesh is about threadfin‟. It contributes a significant portion to marine 30,6,1687 MT. In addition, fish also contributed about fish production in Bangladesh. It is important 60% to the nation‟s animal protein intake (DoF, commercial fishes in South Asia and Southeast Asia, 2012).So, people both rich and poor could easily especially in India, Thailand, Vietnam and afford fish in their daily diet. But for increasing Bangladesh. In the Hoogly estuary in West Bengal, population and environmental changes alters the P. paradiseusis next important to Hilsha fishery. It Amer. J. Food & Nutr., 2016, 6(4): 123-131

lives over sandy bottoms, regularly entering two different sizes large and small were bought in live freshwaters during breeding season and feeds mainly condition from the Sonapur fish market, near the on crustaceans (especially shrimps), small fishes and Meghna estuary in Noakhali district, and were benthic organisms.Proximate composition generally immediately carried to the laboratory of Fisheries and comprises the estimation of moisture, protein, fat and Marine Science Department, Noakhali science and ash contents of the fresh fish body. The percentage Technology University. composition of these constituents accounts for about Physical measurement and transportation: 96-98% of the total tissue constituents in fish Standard measurements of the samples were taken (Nowsad, 2007). The assessment of the proximate for total length and total weight (Plate 1.1 and plate composition of the fish is not only important to know 1.2). Then the samples were kept in an insulated cool its nutritive value, but also for its better processing box with ice and immediately transported to the fish and preservation (Mridha, 2005). nutrition laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural P. paradiseus a good source of protein and iodine. It University in Mymensigh (Plate 1.3). Then the minimizes iodine deficiency and protects people from samples were separated and labeled and stored at - goiter. P. parasideus is a recent entry in the aquarium 20°c until laboratory analysis. trade in UK and Thailand. Some species have been Sample preparation for laboratory analysis: Each exported to Japan as aquarium fishes. It takes a part member of the sample species was cut into pieces in the aquatic food chain and consumes benthic with a sharp knife and then ground to make a organisms and small fishes and shrimps. P. homogenous pulp for analytical evaluation (Plate paradiseus can also be used as fish or in other fish or 2.1). poultry feed ingredients. Determination of Proximate composition: The MATERIALS AND METHODS samples were analyzed in triplicate determination for Collection of fish samples: The study was each chemical analysis. The conventional method of conducted from 15 October 2012 to 15 November AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemicals) 2012 for nutritional investigation. Tapasai fish species on weight basis (AOAC, 1995) was followed for are found mainly in lower part of Meghna river of determination of proximate composition. Noakhali districtof Bangladesh. Total 12 samples of

Plate 1.1 Measurement of total weight of the fish. Plate 1.2 Measurement of total length of the fish.

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Plate 1.3 Transportation of samples by insulated cool box using ice.

Plate 2.1 Sample Preparation

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Estimation of moisture: The moisture content of 105°c for about 8 to 10 hours until a constant weight fish was determined by allowing the wet muscle to was reached and cooled in a desiccators and weight dry by keeping it in an oven (Plate 2.2). The again. Then the samples were minced in an electric difference between the weight of muscle and its dry grinder (Plate 2.3). The percentage of moisture weight was the amount of moisture present in the content was calculated by the following equation: body or muscle.

At first, the initial weight of the samples were taken and then samples were dried in an oven at about

Plate 2.2 Hot air oven for moisture determination Plate 2.3 Moisture free blended sample

Percentage (%) of moisture = (Weight loss / in a empty thimble paper, Then it was placed in a original weight of sample) ×100 soxhlet for extraction. The fat was extracted with a non-polar solvent, acetone. After extraction the Estimation of fat: For the estimation of fat content a solvent was evaporated and the extracted materials Soxhlet extraction apparatus was used for extracting were weighed. fat from the sample (Plate 3.1). First, the dried sample left after moisture determination were grinded finely and then a weight number of sample were kept

Plate 3.1Soxlet apparatus Plate 3.2 Distillation unit

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Plate 3.3 Digestion unit Plate 3.4Muffel furnace used for determination of ash

Percentage of Fat content was calculated by the The whole process was completed in 3 phases. following equation: Digestion phase: A weighed sample was wrapped Percentage (%) of fat = (Weight of extract / Weight with a nitrogen free paper and dropped at the bottom of sample) ×100 of the kjeldahl digestion flask. 2.5gm of the digestion mixture and 30ml of concentrated H SO (36N) were Estimation of protein: The protein content of the 2 4 added into the flask. Then the flask was kept in the fish was determined by Micro-kjeldahl method. This digestion unit (Plate 3.3) where it was heated at (350- method actually figured out the total nitrogen of the 400)°C for 6 hours until the colour change of fish meat. Then the percentage of protein was thesolution from black to light bottle green. Colour calculated by multiplying the amount of total nitrogen changes of the sample solution from black to light with the conventional factor 6.25 (6.25 is the bottle green denote the completion of the digestion. conventional factor for meat). Distillation phase: A boric acid solution was made in This standard kjeldahl procedure is based on the a 500ml beaker by 150ml 4% boric acid and 1 drop following principle: mixed indicator solution (100mg of methyl red and Nitrogen of protein of the sample was converted into 25mg methylene blue in 100mlof 95% ethanol). The acid ammonium sulphate by digesting with 36N distillation unit (Plate 3.2) was then set up with the sulphuric acid in presence of catalyst mixture. From kjeldahl flask into the set which was previously the reaction mixture the liberated ammonia is distilled digested into the digestion chamber. 40% sodium off and collected in a beaker with 4% boric acid hydroxide was also added into the flask before being solution containing an indicator. Absorption of set into the distillation unit. Receiving tube was ammonia into boric acid solution cause change in pH dipped under boric acid solution previously taken in a of the solution which is indicated by the indicator. beaker and then distilled for one and half hours. When total absorption is ensured the solution is back Titration phase: After distillation ammonia absorbed titrated with standard 0.2N HCL Amount of HCL used boric acid was taken and titrated against standard in back titration is proportional to the amount of 0.1N hydrochloric acid until the color of the indicator ammonia liberated. pointed at an acidic condition. Percentage of nitrogen is calculated by titrate value. Percentage of protein was calculated by the following Percentage of nitrogen is converted into protein equation: percentage by multiplying the percentage of nitrogen with factor 6.25. The factor 6.25 is used as for Percentage (%) of protein = (c- conversion because in average protein contains 16% b)×14×d×6.25/a×1000×100 of nitrogen.

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Where, figure 3.1-3.2. This study gives us the idea about whether the fish is best suited nutritionally for a= sample weight (g) inclusion in the diet and the variation between large b= volume of NaOH for blank titration and neutralize and small sized fish. According to the calculated 25ml of 0.1N 2SO(for sample) value of the chemical constituent of the fish (P. Paradiseus) on dry matter basis are given below. c= volume of Na OH for blank titration and neutralize for 25 ml of 0.1N H2SO4 (for blank) The fish individuals taken for sample were two different size groups and each group contains 6 d= Normality of NaOH individuals. They were large size and small size. The 6.25= Conversion factor of N to protein average weight of the large sample specimens were measured as 69.33 g and average total length was 14= Atomic weight of N recorded as 20.16 cm. The average weight of the Estimation of Ash: The ash content of the sample is small sample specimens were measured as 26.36 g the residue left after ashing in a muffle furnace (Plate and average total length was recorded as 13.21 cm. 3.4) at about (550-600) °C till the residue become Proximate composition of large sized Taposi fish white. On heating the sample to higher temperature (P. paradiseus) (Dry matter basis): The all the organic constituents were burnt and only the composition of nutrient contents (dry matter basis) of inorganic constituent in the form of ash were left. The the experimented large samples whereasdry matter percentage of ash was calculated as follows: 27.88%, lipid(oil) 29.84%, crude protein 58.24%, ash Percentage of ash= (Weight of ash / Weight of 11.87%, carbohydrate 0.05%. The result of this study sample) ×100 showed that the major component of the studied fish is crude protein. Mainly crude protein, ash, lipid Data analysis: The data which obtained from this content showed variation in size (Fig. 3.1). experiment were analyzed by MS EXCEL 2010 to determine the proximate composition of this fish Proximate composition of small sized tapasi fish species. (P. paradiseus) (Dry matter basis): The composition of nutrient contents (dry matter basis) of RESULTS the experimented small samples were as dry matter The proximate composition of the studied fish named 25.68%, lipid(oil) 28.42%, crude protein 56.96%, ash Tapasi (Polynemusparadiseus) has been shown in 14.28%, carbohydrate 0.34% ( Fig. 3.2).

11.87% 0.05%

Crude Protein 29.84% 58.24% Lipid (oil) Ash Carbohydrate

Fig. 3.1 Pie diagram showing the proximate composition of large size Polynemusparadiseus on dry matter basis

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14.28% 0.34%

Crude Protein

28.42% 56.96% Lipid (oil) Ash Carbohydrate

Fig. 3.2 Pie diagram showing the proximate composition of small size Polynemusparadiseus in dry matter basis

Comparison of proximate composition between 29.84%, crude protein 58.24%, ash 11.87%, large size and small size tapasi (P. paradiseus) carbohydrate 0.05%, it was observedas dry matter fish species: While the composition of nutrient 25.68%, lipid(oil) 28.42%, crude protein 56.96%, ash contents (dry matter basis) of the experimented large 14.28%, carbohydrate 0.34% in the experimented samples was found as dry matter 27.88%, lipid(oil) small samples (Fig. 3.3). 70 60 50 40 30 20 Large size 10 0 Small size

Fig. 3.3 Comparison of proximate composition between large size and small size tapasi (P. paradiseus) fish species.

some mixed small whole fish contained 51.9% at Discussion protein and fishmeal contained 56.8% crude protein in dry weight basis. . Ravichandran et al. (2009) Protein content: The protein percentage of the large conducted a study on chemical composition of and small fish sample of P. paradiseus was found various fish and fishmeal as feed ingredients and 58.24% and 56.96% which means large fishes found Chai Bo fish contained 55.0% crude protein, contain better amount` of nutrition than small fishes. some mixed small whole fish contained 51.9% at The research is more or less coincides with the protein and fishmeal contained 56.8% crude protein findings of Chakwa and Shaba (2009) in African in dry weight basis. The result showed that nutritive catfish (Clariasgariepinus). They made an experiment value of various fish samples varied greatly from less on proximate composition of African catfish after than 30% up to more than 65% crude protein and drying in two different processes namely kiln dried large fish samples are comparatively nutritious. method and electric dried method. They reported that the kiln dried fish contained 53.10% protein and after Lipid content: The lipid content of the experimented electric dried contained 67.2% protein. Kitts et al., large and small fish sample of P. paradiseus was (2004) conducted a study on chemical composition of observed 29.84% and 28.42% respectively. This various fish and fishmeal as feed ingredients and species usually contain more amount of oil than any found Chai Bo fish contained 55.0% crude protein, other marine estuarine fishes. The research is more

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or less coincides with the findings of Saha and Guha Ash content: The value of ash in the large sample (1940). They found richest amount of fat in Hilsha (T. was recorded as 11.87% and in small fishes was ilisha) 19.4% while Siloneasilonida, 14.28% which was nearer to the result of Petenuciet. Pangasiuspangasius, Barbussarana, and Anabas al. (2008) in fishbone flour of Nile Tilapia testudineaus contained 12.1%, 10.8%, 9.9% and (Oreochromisniloticus) which contained 18.3% of 8.8% of fat respectively. Ravichandran et al. (2009) ash. Ravichandran et al. (2009) compared the compared the biochemical composition of shell and biochemical composition of shell and flesh of the flesh of the Indian White Shrimp (Penaeusindicus). Indian White Shrimp (Penaeusindicus) and found ash They reported that P. indicus contained 7.6% lipid in was higher in the shell. They reported that P. its flesh and 9.8% lipid in its shell.Mridhaet. al. (2005) indicuscontained18.5% ash in its flesh and 26.6% analyzed the biochemical composition of ash in its shell. Chakwa and Shaba (2009) found Cirrhinusrebawhich is a native species of Bangladesh higher amount of ash content in C. gariepinus(3.06%) and reported that the fish had the average values for than the studied fish, while Devadsanet al. (1978) in lipid was 8.03%. In their study, they also compared his experiment found lower amount of ash content in the biochemical composition between male and six freshwater fishes L. rohita (1.31%), Catlacatla female of C. rebaand found that the male fish of C. (0.93%), Cirrihinuscirrhosus (1.40%), L. reba comparatively contained higher amount of lipid calabasu(1.02%), Mystusseeghala (0.91%) and than those of female fish while female fish contained Wallaguattu (0.72%). higher amount of moisture than that of the male. The present findings state that the ash contents of Chakwa and Shaba (2009) made an experiment on small Polynemusparadiseusis higher than the large proximate composition of African catfish samples. The small fishes might be a good source of (Clariasgariepinus) after drying in 2 different minerals such as calcium, potassium, zinc, iron and processes namely kiln dried method and electric magnesium. dried method. They reported that the raw fish Carbohydrate content: The value of carbohydrate in contained an average of 14.28% lipid whereas after the large sample was recorded as 0.05% and in small kiln dried contained 21.20% lipid and after electric fishes was 0.34% which showed that small fish dried contained 29.6% lipid.Stansby (1962) in his contain large amount of carbohydrate than large experiment on proximate composition of Pacific Cod fishes and its quite incredible. Carbohydrate is (Gadusmacrocephalus) and Mackerel essential for human body in providing energy. (Scomberscombrus) found that Pacific cod contained higher percentage of lipid content in comparison to Conclusions: The main purpose of the study was to Mackerel. In his report Pacific Cod and Mackerel study the nutritive quality of a commercially important contained 0.6%and 13.0% fat 1.6%. Kitts (2004) marine fish (P. paradiseus). The fish is very much analyzed the seasonal variation in nutrient abundant in the coastal region of the country. composition of Alaskan Walleye Pollock Besides the high economic value of P. paradiseus (Theragrachalcogramma) and reported that lipid fish can be considered as a good source of animal content varied from 15.4% to 22.0% (dry mass) in protein (nearly 57-59% of the whole body) and fat seasonal changes. His analysis also showed that (29% to the whole body). The high levels of protein moisture, protein and ash content of Walleypollok get and fat also indicate that the fish contained a good highest in winter while lipid normally found highest at amount of essential amino acids and n-3 and n-6 percentage in summer season. polyunsaturated fatty acids. The experimented fish has a good medicinal value in regard to its nutrient Lipid content of fish is also affected by many other content. So the fish can play a significant role to fulfill environmental and physiological factors like gonads the nutrient demand of poor people of the country. maturation, spawning season, feed intake, starvation etc. Seasonal differences in the availability of food REFERENCES and changes in the reproduction cycle have Bumb, S. (1992), Studies on The Biology of Commersoni‟s considerable effect on the tissue biochemistry of the Glassy PerchletAmbassiscommersoni (Cuvier). Ph.D fish, particularly fat (Bumb, 1992). Bumb also Thesis Submitted To Goa University, pp. 214. analyzed the variation of fat content with feed intake and found that intensive feeding in Chakwa, O. and Shaba, I.M. (2009), “Effect of drying Ambassiscommersonicoincides with the occurrence method on proximate composition of cat fish (Clarialgariepinus)”, Journal of World Agricultural of high fat content in the muscle of fish. Sciences 5(1), 114-116.

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