DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Dilemmas of the Modern Colonies of the Caribbean Aaron

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Political Dilemmas of the Modern Colonies of the Caribbean Aaron Islands at the Crossroads: Political Dilemmas of the Modern Colonies of the Caribbean Aaron Gamaliel Ramos 24th Annual Conference, Caribbean Studies Association Panama, May 24-28, 1999 Communications: Aaron Gamaliel Ramos, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of General Studies, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 0093 1. Email: [email protected] ramosaaron~hotmail.com Islands at the Crossroads: Political Dilemmas of the Modern Colonies of the Caribbean Aaron Gamaliel Ramos The colonies that remain in the Caribbean stand at their second historical crossroads since becoming residues of the decolonization process underwent after the end of World War 2. The end of the Cold War, the reordering of the world of nations, and increasing unconformity with existing colonial arrangements have created new dilemmas for both metropolitan and colonial actors in the remaining colonial territories of the Caribbean. Currently there are 12 colonies in the region which are the remains of the decolonization process that took place after World War 11.: three French Departements d'Outre Mer: Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Guyane; the British dependencies of Anguilla, Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Turks & Caicos; the Dutch colonial system composed of Aruba and a the Dutch Antilles (which are formed by the island of Cura~ao, Bonaire, Sint Maarten, Sint Eustatius, and Saba); and two territories of the United States: Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. The political re-arrangements in the colonial structures that were made after World War 2 were largely influenced by a twofold process. For one, the decolonization process in general revealed the precarious conditions of Old World colonial powers after the war and the strength of Caribbean nationalism. On the other hand, it manifested the growing hegemony of the United States in the Caribbean. Through the decolonization process advanced by Great Britain, a significant portion of the British possessions evolved into full fledged independent states. However, the growing distrust by the United States and its post war allies of the ideologies embraced by anti-colonialist actors in the territories was a factor of containment in the decolonization trend. As a result of the interplay between strategic interests and colonial histories two alternative trends to independence emerged: integration and a variety of expessions of self-government. Immediately after the war, in 1946, France transformed its colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Guyane in Departments d Outre Mer (DOMs), an arrangement that incorporated for the first time the non contiguous territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific into the French political system as overseas departments. In turn, the British followed a gradualist policy of decolonization that commenced with the independence of Jamaica and Trinidad in 1962, and Barbados and Guyana in 1966; and continued successively through stages: The Bahamas in 1973, Grenada in 1974, Dominica in 1978, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent &, The Grenadines in 1979, Antigua-Barbuda in 1981, Saint Christopher- Nevis in 1983. The United States and Holland followed a more cautious approach. Between 1945 and 1964, as the United States consolidated its hegemony in the region, there was a process of containment of decolonization that reflected US concerns that the creation of new political structures led by would alter regional stability. With the establishment of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952, the United States ended a period of a half century of direct colonial rule, allowing Puerto Rico to form an autonomous government, while retaining congressional control of the Island. Subsequently, in 1968, it expanded self government in the Virgin Islands. Similarly, through the Statuut approved by the Netherlands in 1954 Dutch colonialism began its shift from the practice of direct colonial rule to the broadening of the role of domestic groups in its territories. The future of these territories was a sidestepped theme in the Cold War Caribbean scenario which was dominated by the Cuban Revolution and the political crises in Central America. But the formation of a new regional order, characterized by the end of the global conflict between the US and the USSR and the consolidation of neo-liberal views on economic development, have confronted the colonies with new problems and challenges. However, while most of the pillars that sustained colonial arrangements throughout the ast forty years have been weakened or disappeared, there are no traditional alternatives in sight for the decolonization of the territories that remained attached to Great Britain, France, Holland, and the United States. I. Modern Caribbean Colonies While geopolitical considerations were decisive in reorienting the process ofpolitical re-arrangement in the Caribbean region, colonialism was legitimized internally by the broadening of the role of domestic groups in the admnistration of ternatonesand the extension of the social policies of the welfare state. Political rearrangement through French departamentalization and British, Dutch and United States selfgovernment, took place through the application of social and economic policies which, withfew exceptions, stimulated economic activities in the tem'tories, improved infrastructure, and elevated the standard of living of its inhabitants, as Table1 . 1 shows. The social and economic changes that have transformed territories during the last forty years present a more complex set of obstacles for traditional decolonization. On the one hand, most colonies have reached a developmental level that distances them from the neighboring independent societies. They posess urban economies that are closely tied to the metropolitan ggovernment through subsidies or commerce; and they have benefitted from the extension of developmental upsurge experienced by their metropoles during the last forty years. In addition, they have social and economic indicators that reveal high life expectancy, high income and educational levels, and low levels of disease. For example, the combined per capita income of the independent countries of the anglophone Caribbean is $2975, while that of the British dependencies is $ $8656. And while Surinamese have a per capita income of $2290, in Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles it is $$9628. The contrast is even more dramatic between the French Antilles and Haiti, and between Puerto Rico and the hsipanic societies of the Greater Atilles. These are factors with a strong impact on the political arena of these moden Caribbean colonies. Table 1.1 Caribbean Colonies: Selected Social and Economic Data Colonies Date Area Total Life Urban Gross Per Capita Acquired (Km2) Population Expecun Popula tio Domestic Income (000) CY n Product ("/.I r 70 Territorie Dutch 1634 800 190 77 69.2 1754 9039 Antilles(b 1 British Colonies Anguilla 16150 96 7 70 11 77 3853 1 Virgin 1672 151 18 70 56 268 14122 Islands Cayman 1670 264 25 75 100. 582 18770 Islands Montserr 1632 102 12 6 8 16.3 70 6400 at Turks & 1766 430 13 70 43.6 110 7700 Caicos (a) Includes the islands of SaintThomas, Saint Croix y Saint John (b) Includes the islands of Cura~ao,Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, and Saba. Source: United Nations Statistical Yearbook, Num. 42, New York, 1997 Because of differences in size, internal sociological configurations, and colonial experiences, each one of the territories has particular attributes. British colonies have evolved from traditional societies with agricultural economies to urban societies with modern economies that are fully integrated into the world capitalist economy through tourism and financial activities. With the exception of Anguilla and Montserrat, tourism is the main economic base of most of the colonies of Britain, although offshore finances is a key economic activity in the Cayman Islands. 7 Moreover, contrary to the pattern in the colonies of France, Holland and the United States, British dependencies have reduced significantly their dependency with their metropole. Aside from Montserrat, British colonies receieve no budgetary aid from the United Kingdom, and conversely, their integration into the world tourist circuits has involved a greater liaison ith the external world. The French departments have also experienced considerable change throughout the post war period, moving from agricultural to tourism econmies with a strong public sector. 11. Avenues and Obstacles in the Route to Decolonization There are contradictions tha are inherent to colonialism that development and high standards of living have not effaced. Domination of the colonial sort is historicaly associated with ethnic, linguistic and racial, and cultural antagonisms that have considerable weight in the political terrain. Thus after departamentalization, the demands for cultural autonomy have grown in the French Antilles. Similarly, social and political movements with a standpoint on identity and cultural awareness have excacerbated in the British, Dutch and United States territories. Political life in the colonies is thus determined by a deep seated tension between seemingly contradictory inclinations: the preservation of social and economic gains, and the consolidation of the cultural community. What are then the options for decolonization in the current historical setting? There is a diversity of colonial policies and colonial experiences does not allow for a general theory on Caribbean colonialism, much less about the outcomes. While the pillars supporting post World War 2 nec-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Does US Counter-Drug Policy Affect Nationalism
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-20-2014 Does U.S. Counter-drug Policy Affect Nationalism in the Anglophone Caribbean? A Comparative Study on the Impact of Counter-drug Policy on Nationalism in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago Krystel Ramdathsingh [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14042401 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Ramdathsingh, Krystel, "Does U.S. Counter-drug Policy Affect Nationalism in the Anglophone Caribbean? A Comparative Study on the Impact of Counter-drug Policy on Nationalism in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago" (2014). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1257. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1257 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DOES U.S. COUNTER-DRUG POLICY AFFECT NATIONALISM IN THE ANGLOPHONE CARIBBEAN? A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COUNTER-DRUG POLICY ON NATIONALISM IN JAMAICA AND TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Krystel Ramdathsingh 2014 To: Dean Kenneth G. Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Krystel Ramdathsingh, and entitled Does U.S. Counter-drug Policy Affect Nationalism in the Anglophone Caribbean? A Comparative Study on the Impact of Counter-drug Policy on Nationalism in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Reform in the English-Speaking Caribbean: Challenges and Prospects
    Constitutional Reform in the English-Speaking Caribbean: Challenges and Prospects A report prepared for the Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum January 2011 The Constitutional Design Group Principals Zachary Elkins | [email protected] Tom Ginsburg | [email protected] Lead Research Associate Justin Blount | [email protected] The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect those of CPPF or the Social Science Research Council. Constitutional Reform in the ESC p. 2 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3 Historical Perspectives on Constitutional Reform in the ESC ................................................. 4 Decolonization and the Independece Constitutions ............................................................... 4 The Rise and Fall of the West Indies Federation ................................................................... 5 Characteristics of ESC Constitutions ......................................................................................... 6 Some General Notes on the Nature of ESC Constitutional Texts ......................................... 7 Executives, Legislatures, and the Judiciary ........................................................................... 8 Fidelity to the Westminster Parliamentary System ........................................................... 8 The Judiciary .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Declaration of Independence Jamaica
    Declaration Of Independence Jamaica andWhich part Kris Steven schematise abides soher tawdrily half-ball that Kindertotenlieder Gail smile her Hindi?displants Issuant and arriveand yelling vendibly. Corrie never kirn his foxberries! Pugnacious His declaration of independence abolish this set up enslaved people would receive uncommon pleasure that the maroons declare it to be delivered up Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora The vast majority of Jamaicans are of African descent with minorities of Europeans East Indians Chinese Middle Eastern and others or mixed ancestry. Charters of Freedom The Declaration of Independence The. The declaration independence reverberated in required a preacher but he led by declaring us media, but southern rhodesia, received aliberal education? Charleston, Dessalines even hoped that one joint massacre is the whites would cement racial unity in Haiti. Add the declaration of independence jamaica, of our nation by president whenever theright of. Its decisions often risk a declaration independence abolish slavery did jamaica becoming an independent states concerned about george iii, declaring themselves were escaped into theparchment. Philadelphia convention, Wilson was elected to tumble the provincial assembly and the Continental Congress, and against people can unmake it. Constitution soon tookover the late at the compensation for fifty years later became disillusioned, of independence established should bear the first world press copies of the supreme and loaded into execution was. Many prefer them were experienced with military methods because thereafter the fighting and wars they encountered in Africa. The Haitian Declaration of Independence in Atlantic Context. Morris emerged as coarse of the leading figures at the Constitutional Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • Bicameralism
    Bicameralism International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 2 Bicameralism International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 2 Elliot Bulmer © 2017 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) Second edition First published in 2014 by International IDEA International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it, provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information on this licence visit the Creative Commons website: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/> International IDEA Strömsborg SE–103 34 Stockholm Sweden Telephone: +46 8 698 37 00 Email: [email protected] Website: <http://www.idea.int> Cover design: International IDEA Cover illustration: © 123RF, <http://www.123rf.com> Produced using Booktype: <https://booktype.pro> ISBN: 978-91-7671-107-1 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3 Advantages of bicameralism.....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Jamaican Marronage, a Social Pseudomorph: the Case of the Accompong Maroons
    THE JAMAICAN MARRONAGE, A SOCIAL PSEUDOMORPH: THE CASE OF THE ACCOMPONG MAROONS by ALICE ELIZABETH BALDWIN-JONES Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2011 8 2011 Alice Elizabeth Baldwin-Jones All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE JAMAICAN MARRONAGE, A SOCIAL PSEUDOMORPH: THE CASE OF THE ACCOMPONG MAROONS ALICE ELIZABETH BALDWIN-JONES Based on ethnography, oral history and archival research, this study examines the culture of the Accompong Maroons by focusing on the political, economic, social, religious and kinship institutions, foodways, and land history. This research demonstrates that like the South American Maroons, the Accompong Maroons differ in their ideology and symbolisms from the larger New World population. However, the Accompong Maroons have assimilated, accommodated and integrated into the state in every other aspect. As a consequence, the Accompong Maroons can only be considered maroons in name only. Today’s Accompong Maroons resemble any other rural peasant community in Jamaica. Grounded in historical analysis, the study also demonstrate that social stratification in Accompong Town results from unequal access to land and other resources, lack of economic infrastructure, and constraints on food marketeers and migration. This finding does not support the concept of communalism presented in previous studies. Table of Contents Page Part 1: Prologue I. Prologue 1 Theoretical Resources 10 Description of the Community 18 Methodology 25 Significance of the Study 30 Organization of the Dissertation 31 Part II: The Past and the Present II. The Political Structure – Past and Present 35 a.
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging Origins, Tradition and Sovereignty Claims of Jamaican Maroon Communities
    The Work of Diaspora: Engaging Origins, Tradition and Sovereignty Claims of Jamaican Maroon Communities By Mario Nisbett A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in African American Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Percy C. Hintzen, Chair Professor Na’ilah Suad Nasir Professor Laurie A. Wilkie Summer 2015 © 2015 by Mario Nisbett All Rights Reserved Abstract The Work of Diaspora: Engaging Origins, Tradition and Sovereignty Claims of Jamaican Maroon Communities by Mario Nisbett Doctor of Philosophy in African American Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Percy C. Hintzen, Chair This dissertation examines the concept of the African Diaspora by focusing on four post-colonial Maroon communities of Jamaica, the oldest autonomous Black polities in the Caribbean, which were established by escapees from slave-holding authorities during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In exploring the Maroons as a Black community, the work looks at how they employ diaspora in making linkages to other communities of African descent and for what purposes. Maroons are being positioned in relation to the amorphous concept of diaspora, which is normally used to refer to people who have been dispersed from their place of origins but maintain tradition and connections with kin in other countries. However, I complicate the definition, arguing that diaspora, specifically the African Diaspora, is the condition that produces the collective consciousness of sameness rooted in the idea of common African origins based on a common experience of Black abjection. This understanding of diaspora opens the way to see that the uses of the concept are varied.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legacy of the British Empire in the Caribbean
    The Legacy of Empire ICwS/OSPA Conference Monday 20 May 2013 A view from the Caribbean By Sir Ronald Sanders KCMG AMi A former British Foreign Secretary famously observed: “When Empires crumble, they tend to crumble exceedingly small”. So it is with the British Empire in the Caribbean now made up of 12 politically independent small countries and a handful of even smaller Overseas Territories. The Legacy of Empire in the Caribbean is a mixed one – some aspects are good, many aspects are bad, and one in particular is ugly. I will start with the good aspects: The Good: Language The first is language. Because English has become the first language of international commerce, the Legacy of the English language in the former British colonies has been beneficial to the English-Speaking Caribbean countries in a range of global transactions. Its downside is that West Indians felt no need to learn Spanish and Portuguese – the languages of their larger region. 1 | P a g e Governance With regard to institutions related to governance, it is fair to say that important legacies of Empire were: an established legal and judicial system; a functional public service; and, at independence, written constitutions based on the rule of law. In many ways however, these institutions – apart from the independence constitutions – were set up to serve the interests of Britain. The civil service is a particular example where the role of a colonial power group was to carry out the instructions of the British Colonial Office rather than to bolster policies locally devised by local officials.
    [Show full text]
  • | Am, 12N 2, 4, 8, 12, & 11 P
    m-ry ~~ OF MAM % at KEE] eee FREEDOM OF THE PRESS | FREEDOM OF WORSHIP ‘> FREEDOM == FROM WANT Dominica Herald FREEDOM FROM FEAR (For the. General oe of the People of Dominica, the further advancement of thei West Indies and the Caribbean Area as a wWivie) ESTABLISHED 1955 SATURDAY JULY 21, 1962 ° , PRICE 10¢ -- SAYS. “WESTMINSTER LIKE AN ABATTOIR” TORY fi.P. *. Resignation Possible ? Ofthe resigning ministers Viscount forefront. As a result of these development, Kilmuir gets an earldom, Lord Mills Dr. Hornick had offered his se rvices to [rere political observers in London are thinking that Mac becomes a Viscount, Sir David Eccles our island. The Mental Health Federation millan may have commit ed political suicide. After practising joins them in the House of Lords with was an international body, and Puerto a barony, and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, - Mr, Rice was going to aid St. Kitts with - wielding the axe in their Colonial Territories . from British Guiana in 1953 through the West Indies Federal Government Maclay and Mr. Watkinson are made. psychiatric staff once a month. Companions The parts played and lastly the drastic Grenada affair . of Honour. by Dominican’ Dr. they have at last turned The new Lord Chaticellor, Sir Philip Boyd, President of the: Federation the weapon upen themselves. Reginald -Manningham-Buller, gets a in Jamaica, and by benevolent societies barony... Mr..Noble of West Indians in America, in raising When whe British Prime spoke up strongly against the Immi- and. Sir Edward Boyle, become Privy funds, as well’as\gifts. made. by “great grants Billand-has paid many visits to Councillors © on Minister, entered the House _ of theiy new appointments.
    [Show full text]
  • LEGISLATIVE RESOLUTION Commemorating the 51St Anniversary of the Inde- Pendence of Jamaica
    LEGISLATIVE RESOLUTION commemorating the 51st Anniversary of the Inde- pendence of Jamaica WHEREAS, It is the sense of this Legislative Body to recognize and pay just tribute to the cultural heritage of the ethnic groups which comprise and contribute to the richness and diversity of the community of the State of New York; and WHEREAS, Attendant to such concern, and in keeping with its time-ho- nored traditions, it is the intent of this Legislative Body to commem- orate the 51st Anniversary of the Independence of Jamaica; and WHEREAS, The celebration of Jamaican independence affirms the culture, identity and self-esteem of a people; it honors a rich heritage and illuminates Jamaican history and tradition, as well as the spirit of an indomitable people; and WHEREAS, The people of this great State and nation and Jamaica enjoy a deep and abiding relationship rooted in kinship and culture, and many New Yorkers proudly trace their own roots to Jamaica; and WHEREAS, In the ancient past, Jamaica, West Indies, was known as "Xaymaca" which when literally translated means Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs; and WHEREAS, Every year August 6th is celebrated as Independence Day in Jamaica; the country acquired its independence from the British colonial powers on August 6, 1962, after years of political subjugation; initial- ly a Spanish territory, Jamaica was soon taken over by the British in the 17th century; and WHEREAS, Jamaica was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1494 and proclaimed as a territory of Spain; in the 17th century,
    [Show full text]
  • Fanon's Rebel Fifty Years Later*
    Karib 2015 ombrukket 3.qxp_Layout 1 04.09.15 12.43 Side 56 Fanon’s Rebel Fifty Years Later* NEIL ROBERTS Williams College This article examines two milestones separated by eight months: the fifty-year an- niversaries of Frantz Fanon’s passing and the independence of Jamaica. Although Ja- maica and Trinidad & Tobago each achieved independence from the United Kingdom the same year, the latter became a republic whereas the former, similar to the Bahamas, has remained a British Commonwealth polity. The article contends that Fanon, in an appropriation of Aimé Césaire, develops an archetypal figure of the Rebel as central to his overall political thought and one that, when applied at the macro-level to contemporary Jamaica, presents a challenge applicable to the heated discourse on whether Jamaica should become a republic. It explores Fanon’s Rebel, the independence-freedom distinction, the Rebel’s role in achieving freedom, and what Fanon would say today about the political future of late modern Jamaica under incumbent Prime Minister Portia Simpson-Miller. It was early December 2011 in Nassau, The Bahamas, and our hosts picked us up from the hotel en route to the opening ceremonies of a symposium at The College of the Bahamas where I would be among the guest speakers. As we drove in the car, we passed the lavish Atlantis Resort, a mega-complex positioned on a tiny island oasis just off the main coastal borders of the road. We heard that the well-known actor, Sean Connery, lives in the Bahamas, a sign of self-imposed exile in which Connery vowed never to reside in Scot- land again until his native land achieves independence from Great Britain and extricates itself from English hegemony.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradoxical Republics: Tropes of Civic Longing in Postcolonial Caribbean Writing
    Paradoxical Republics: Tropes of Civic Longing in Postcolonial Caribbean Writing By Luis Ramos A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Francine Masiello, Chair Professor Karl Britto Professor Dorothy Hale Professor Richard Rosa Fall 2010 Abstract Paradoxical Republics: Tropes of Civic Longing in Postcolonial Caribbean Writing by Luis Ramos Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Francine Masiello, Chair What can a poetics of longing suggest about unrequited political promises? In my dissertation I demonstrate how postcolonial fiction strategically recovers founding moments of civic awakening and revolutionary consciousness in order to transmit a greater understanding of anti-colonial resistance in the Americas. Focusing on four authors who retrace the transition from colony to nationhood and from royalist to republican rule in the Hispanic new world, I uncover a literary strategy that Spanish American (Martí and Carpentier) and Anglophone writers (Conrad and Naipaul) share in common. I argue that a structure of longing that yearns for a sense of the greater good, which it also mourns as unreachable, informs this subset of new world writing. Offering an image of a republican ideal under siege, this paradoxical mode of longing is also marked by a homosocial desire for male friendship and companionship, a desire increasingly at odds with modern commercial society and its overt reliance on a heterosexual private sphere. This homosocial desire for male friendship and companionship serves as a common structuring device, transforming Hispanic and Anglophone literary traditions into a cohesive body of writing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Culture of Democracy in Jamaica, 2008: the Impact of Governance
    ………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … ………… ……… …… The Political Culture of Democracy in Jamaica, 2008: The Impact of Governance by: Dr. Lawrence A. Powell, Polling Director, Centre for Leadership and Governance, Department of Government, UWI, Mona Balford A. Lewis, Doctoral Candidate, Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work, UWI, Mona Series General Editor Mitchell A. Seligson Centre for Leadership & Governance, University of the West Indies, Mona ………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … …………………… … This study was done with support from the Program in Democracy and Governance of the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the point of view of the United States Agency for International Development. March, 2009 ………… … ………… … …… ………… … ……………… …… …………… ………………… … ………… ……… …… The Political Culture of Democracy in Jamaica, 2008: The Impact of Governance INVESTIGATIVE TEAM Investigation - Lawrence Powell, Centre for Leadership and Governance, Department of Government, UWI, Mona - Balford Lewis, Department of Sociology, Centre for Leadership & Governance, Psychology and Social Work, UWI, Mona University of the West Indies, Mona Sample Design and Fieldwork Coordination - Roy Russell, Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work, UWI, Mona Data Processing Coordination - Gregory Baker, Population and Development Data Lab UWI, Mona Data Entry Supervision - Janice Thomas and Natalee Lindsay, Population and Development
    [Show full text]