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Language Studies and Professional Status of Immigrants: the Case of Israel

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Language Studies and Professional Status of Immigrants: the Case of Israel The State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Dr. Vladimir (Ze’ev) Khanin Language studies and professional status of immigrants: the case of Israel Presented at the EU-OECD DIALOGUE ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION On the behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Brussels, 24-25 February 2014 General facts about Israel (2012) Population: 7,984,500 75.1% Jewish (5,999,600) 20.4% Arabs(1,628,500) Muslim 17.4%,Christian 2.0%, Druz 1.6% 1.9% Pop. Growth – 1.7% Jews, 2.5% Muslims, 1.5% Druz, 1.7% Christians) Official Languages – Hebrew, Arabic Capital City – Jerusalem (815,300 Residents) Unemployment - 6.9% State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Jewish diaspora Population - 7,739,000 (based on statistics from 2010) WEST EUROPE EAST EUROPE FSU 1,098,500 60,300 330,000 14.2% 0.8% 4.3% NORTH AMERICA ASIA 5,650,000 19,200 73.0% 0.2% SOUTH AMERICA 389,600 5.0% OCEANIA 115,100 NORTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA 1.5% 5,300 70,800 0.1% 0.9% State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption The Law of Return - 1950 The Law of Return bestows the right to every Jew to “make aliyah” to Israel, and thus become an Israeli citizen. In 1970 the law was amended and accorded the right to immigrate to non-Jews who are either: 1. Children or grandchildren of Jews 2. Spouses of Jews or spouses of children or grandchildren of Jews Israeli citizenship becomes effective on the day of arrival. State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption 3,127,770 Immigrants Since the foundation of Israel (1948) 800,000 756,602 742,300 600,000 400,000 360,324 290,197 279,572 263,302 200,000 151,549 124,390 107,083 52,451 - State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption since the year 1989 1,351,295 Immigrants arrived to Israel State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption *until 12/2013 100000 150000 200000 50000 Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Immigrant and Aliyah of Ministry State of Israel 0 1989 Number ofImmigrants 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1989 2005 2006 2007 - 2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 The Number of Returning The Number ofReturning 10000 12000 2000 4000 6000 8000 Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Immigrant and Aliyah of Ministry State of Israel 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Residents Residents 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1989 2009 2010 2011 - 2013 2012 2013 48,809 44,085 13,738 69,896 72,892 FSU 77,177 Ethiopia Other USA & Canada France 1,024,698 Latin America Britain State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Immigration according to age group 1989-2013 – 1,351,295 individuals 268,045 150,983 395,982 20% 11% 29% +65 19- 45-65 536,285 40% 20-44 State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Education level at the time of Immigration State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Immigrants’ major occupations 1989-2013 SCIENTISTS 17,140 ARTISTS 29,510 MEDICAL DOCTORS 58,000 & NURSES TEACHERS 65,122 STUDENTS 196,200 ENGINEERS 118,700 FREE PROFESSIONS 230,800 (architects, economists, etc.) State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Reasons of Immigration Immigrants by reasone of immigration 18.4 18.0 17.6 13.2 12.1 7.8 6.4 6.4 Political Zionism Desire to live Desire to Desire to Decision of Immigration of Other situation in as a Jew in advance insure the parents, family country of the Jewish professionally children's spouse or members origin(1) State or future another and/or friends economically relative to Israel State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption The immigration-related laws of the State of Israel . The Law of Return . The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law. State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Integration Policies . "Direct Absorption" – Government-sponsored integration of immigrants in established communities upon immigrants’ choice . "Indirect Absorption Policy" – integration of immigrants through absorption centers . "Combined Absorption" Policy – Various models of short-term adaptation in Absorption Residences followed by entrance into "open absorption market" State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Direct Absorption Path From a strategy of full intervention to a strategy of absorption by market forces. Freedom to choose and decide where to live. Financial assistance - ”Sal Klita” - designed to help immigrants to make initial arrangements, with living expenses during the period of ulpan study (6 months) and includes rent for their first twelve months in Israel. Ongoing Ministry assistance in various fields of life. State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Indirect Absorption Path Provides the new immigrants a moratorium period by accommodating them in Absorption Centers. Temporary housing arrangement where immigrants start their initial absorption process with a tailored supportive system made to fit the immigrants' needs. State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Absorption Centers . Participation in activities promoting their integration in Israel: Hebrew studies, familiarization with Israel’s history and culture, etc. Personal guidance regarding suitable possibilities – schooling, employment. The absorption process is very monitored with the aim of establishing an independent life. State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Areas of Ministry Assistance . Guidance and counseling in all areas of life. Financial assistance and support. Assistance in learning Hebrew. Assistance in employment and entrepreneurship. Housing assistance . Social integration of immigrants into Israeli society services . Financial aid and counseling for higher education . Convergence to Judaism – by the immigrant’s choice State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption The total does not include special payments for Hebrew language studies, additional expenses related to housing, social services, professional courses, etc. Minimum wage in Israel – 1,131$ per month State of Israel *1 $ =3.8 New Israeli Shekel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Employment after immigration State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Hebrew Studies Centres (Ulpanim) Immigration has always been a serious Israeli concern, as evidenced by the ministerial rank given to the official in charge of immigration and the absorption of immigrants. Various institutions and programs have helped integrate immigrants into Israeli society. Perhaps the most ubiquitous of the absorption organizations is the ulpan, a term for intensive Hebrew language school. Since Israel's founding, the ulpan (plural ulpanim) were funded by municipalities, the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption or the Jewish Agency. On most cases, ulpanim were heavily subsidized and were thus free for new immigrants. Many were residential, offering dormitory-like accommodations intended for single immigrants while giving half-day instruction for six months. Municipal ulpanim usually offered less intensive night classes and many kibbutzim also ran ulpanim which combined half-day language instruction with a half day's labor on the kibbutz. State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Knowledge of Hebrew Age Total 18-25 26-40 41-54 55-64 65+ Not at all 5% -- 1% 2% 3% 19% Weak 15% 1% 5% 10% 22% 40% So-so 20% 3% 11% 28% 31% 24% Good 28% 14% 31% 38% 33% 15% Excellent 31% 82% 52% 22% 12% 2% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 1,016 102 295 249 193 177 Khanin, 2013 State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Knowledge of Hebrew Education Total Secondary BA or prof. MA/T ech or diploma Ph.D. Not at all 5% 4% 5% 5% Weak 15% 13% 16% 18% So-so 20% 20% 20% 23% Good 28% 28% 28% 31% Excellent 31% 34% 32% 24% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 1,016 449 352 215 Khanin, 2013 State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Knowledge of Hebrew Year of immigration Total 1988-1991 1992-1994 1995-1998 1999-2013 Not at all 5% 4% 6% 5% 8% Weak 15% 12% 11% 12% 29% So-so 20% 18% 20% 21% 24% Good 28% 30% 32% 29% 22% Excellent 31% 37% 34% 34% 18% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 1,016 369 240 200 207 Khanin, 2013 State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Language of communication at home Age Total 18-25 26-40 41-54 55-64 65+ Just Hebrew 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 2% Mostly Hebrew and partly of the country of 7% 22% 12% 4% 2% 2% origin Hebrew and of the country of origin 18% 25% 28% 23% 6% 2% equally Mostly of the country of origin and partly 25% 33% 26% 27% 30% 8% Hebrew Just of the country of origin 49% 20% 32% 44% 62% 85% Khanin, 2013 State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Language of communication at work Age Total 18-25 26-40 41-54 55-64 65+ Just Hebrew 19% 44% 28% 13% 17% 3% Mostly Hebrew and partly of the country of 25% 38% 34% 423 22% 7% origin Hebrew and of the country of origin 23% 12% 23% 34% 20% 16% equally Mostly of the country of origin and partly 17% 5% 12% 21% 20% 23% Hebrew Just of the country of origin 9% -- 3% 6% 16% 22% Irrelevant 8% 1% 1% 4% 6% 29% Per cent 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% N 1,016 102 295 249 193 177 Khanin, 2013 State of Israel Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption Immigrants' views of need of mastering Hebrew and preservation of the mother language Age Total 18-24 25-29 30-44 45-59 65+
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