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Miami Valley Online Commercial Sex Marketplace Analysis

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Miami Valley Online Commercial Sex Marketplace Analysis MIAMI VALLEY ONLINE COMMERCIAL SEX MARKETPLACE ANALYSIS August 2015 2 Acknowledgements Principal Investigator Tony Talbott Research Assistance Rachel Bernardo Meghan Carrol Rebecca Judeh Adrianne Lewis William Steele Project Coordination Youssef Farhat 3 Introduction This report presents a picture of the online commercial sex marketplace for the Greater- Dayton Ohio region for a seven week period in the Fall of 2014. Advertisements for commercial sex (or highly suggestive of commercial sex) from Backpage.com were recorded and analyzed. Backpage.com is the largest online commercial sex market in the US. Commercial sex is increasingly being facilitated by online transactions across the nation. In some cases, the people providing this commercial sex are compelled or are minors. According to Federal law, compelled prostitution or prostitution involving minors is defined as human trafficking. Method We used a modified version of the Imagine Foundation methodology (www.imaginefreedom.org) for analyzing online commercial sex advertisements. A team of University of Dayton undergraduate student researchers was assembled from participants in Professor Tony Talbott’s semester-long human trafficking class during the Fall of 2014. Researchers performed a content analysis of online advertisements from the “Escorts” (female) link under the “adult” section of Backpage.com, Dayton, Ohio website. Two students were assigned to each day of the week as coders to check for inter-coder reliability. An additional undergraduate and graduate student were assigned as coordinators. Student coders entered data from all ads on their assigned day of the week. Students worked independently of each other (i.e., each day’s ads were entered twice). Coordinators then reviewed the data and resolved any discrepancies between each coder’s data. Data were entered into a Google spreadsheet, cleaned, and entered into IBM’s SPSS 19 program for analysis. Information gathered on each ad included: coder initials, day of week posted, date posted, poster age, locations, time, post ID, phone number, race, face shown, price in-call, price out-call, and number of people per ad. In addition, coders were asked to “flag” ads that appeared suspicious or seemed to possess indicators of human trafficking. By the start of this project, all coders had completed eight weeks of a sixteen week course on human trafficking and were very familiar with common indicators. 4 Online Commercial Sex and Backpage.com “The widespread availability and rapid expansion of the Internet has redefined the spatial and social limitations of the sex market by introducing new markets for both recruitment and advertisement.”1 Recruitment and advertisement for prostitution is increasingly moving to the internet. This enables commercial sex to go “underground”—out of the public eye. Currently, the largest venue in the US for commercial sex ads is the adult services section of Backpage.com’s online classifieds website.2 Although these ads, ostensibly, are for escorts and related Online classifieds like services, many are, in fact, for “ commercial sex. A 2012 study Backpage.com are now a primary venue by Arizona State University found that nearly eighty for traffickers to sell sex with percent of ads in the Phoenix minors and for buyers to purchase sex Backpage “adult services” section were for prostitution.3 with these children .” -Shared Hope International Shared Hope International, a leading anti-child sex trafficking advocacy organization, views internet technology and Backpage in particular, as being responsible for an “explosion in sex trafficking in the United States.” They report an 800% increase over a two year period in minors being sex trafficked using the internet and cite several social service providers who claim a majority of their minor sex trafficked clients were exploited via Backpage.com.4 1 Urban Institute. “Estimating the Size and Structure of the Underground Commercial Sex Economy in Eight Major US Cities.” Research Report, March 2014. P. 286. 2 AIM Group. “Online prostitution-ad revenue crosses Craigslist benchmark.” July 2013. URL: http://aimgroup.com/2013/07/10/online-prostitution-ad-revenue-crosses-craigslist-benchmark/ (accessed 7/10/2015). 3 ASU News. “Study finds extensive prostitution ads on Backpage.com.” September, 2012. URL: https://asunews.asu.edu/20120924_backpage_study (accessed 7/10/15). 4 Shared Hope International. “Online Facilitation of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking.” White Paper, August 2014. 5 Commercial sex advertisements are very lucrative for Backpage.com. The AIM Group reports the site earned over $37 Million in a twelve-month period ending May, 2013. This revenue was generated by escort and body rub ads on the site. Backpage’s monthly revenue from these ads is steadily increasing, due primarily to rate increases for the ads.5 Figure 1 | Source: http://aimgroup.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/08/BPMonthlyRevenueMay2013.jpeg The daily rate for Dayton escort ads is $7.00, which places it in the second most expensive location category for Ohio ads. Non-“adult” classifieds on Backpage are generally free.6 Daily Rate Daily Rate Location Location for Ad for Ad Akron/Canton $7.00 Huntington/Ashland $2.00 Ashtabula $2.00 Lima/Findlay $3.00 Athens $2.00 Mansfield $2.00 Chillicothe $2.00 Sandusky $2.00 Cincinnati $10.00 Toledo $7.00 Cleveland $10.00 Tuscarawas County $3.00 Columbus $10.00 Youngstown $5.00 Dayton $7.00 Zanesville/Cambridge $2.00 Table 1 5 AIM Group. “Online prostitution-ad revenue crosses Craigslist benchmark.” July 2013. URL: http://aimgroup.com/2013/07/10/online-prostitution-ad-revenue-crosses-craigslist-benchmark/ (accessed 7/10/2015). 6 http://posting.dayton.backpage.com/online/classifieds/PostAdPPI.html/day/dayton.backpage.com/ 6 Timeframe The study ran for 52 days from 10/16/2014 to 12/7/2014. A total of 846 ads were analyzed and coded. This yielded an average of 16 ads per day. Figure 2 Dates with 20 or more posts Sixteen dates had 20 or more posts. There did not seem to be an event-specific pattern to the post frequency data (see table 2). Number Day of Date Number Day of Week Date of Posts Week of Posts 33 Thursday 16-Oct-2014 22 Wednesday 05-Nov-2014 26 Friday 17-Oct-2014 22 Tuesday 11-Nov-2014 26 Sunday 19-Oct-2014 22 Sunday 07-Dec-2014 25 Saturday 22-Nov-2014 21 Tuesday 21-Oct-2014 24 Wednesday 29-Oct-2014 21 Thursday 06-Nov-2014 24 Friday 21-Nov-2014 21 Wednesday 12-Nov-2014 23 Wednesday 03-Dec-2014 20 Friday 07-Nov-2014 22 Friday 24-Oct-2014 20 Sunday 21-Nov-2014 Table 2 7 Fridays were the most common day of the week to post, while Tuesdays were the least common. 137 139 133 118 109 115 NUMBER OF POSTS OF POSTS NUMBER 95 MONDAY T U E S D A Y WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY WEEKDAY POSTED Figure 3 8 Locations Number of Fifty-two separate locations were Times Top Ten Locations mentioned in the text of the ads. These Mentioned locations covered urban, suburban, and rural areas of the Miami Valley and more 1. Dayton 807 distant urban areas spanning four states. 2. Dayton Area/Surrounding 64 Map 1 displays all locations specifically Areas mentioned in the ads. Dayton was by far 3. Miamisburg 61 the most prevalent location (78% of total), 4. North Dayton 55 followed by Miamisburg, Centerville, 5. South Dayton 47 Cincinnati, Englewood, and Troy. Most 6. Various cities/Anywhere 42 Miami Valley locations were clustered 7. Centerville 30 along the I-75 corridor (see Map 2). 8. Cincinnati 16 Full list of locations in appendix 1. 9. Englewood 15 9. Troy 15 Table 3 Map 1: All Locations Mentioned in Ads 9 Map 2: Miami Valley Locations Mentioned in Ads 10 Area Codes of Advertised Phone Numbers Most ads (781 of 846) mentioned a telephone number to be used to contact the poster. Seventy percent of area codes were from Ohio and 21% were from other US states (see figure 4) Full list in appendix 2. These locations spanned the continental US (see Map 3). Figure 4 Map 3 11 Six different Ohio area codes appeared in the ads. Unsurprisingly, 937 was the most common comprising 82% of OH area codes. All regions of the state were represented by area codes except for Southeast Ohio. Code 614 Codes 567 Code 419 3% & 234 6% 1% Code 513 8% Map 4 Code 937 82% Figure 5 There were a total of 215 unique telephone numbers across the 846 ads. Many ads were posted by the same posters multiple times during the study period. Twenty different phone numbers were recorded 10 or more times. The most frequently used number showed up 35 times and appeared to be placed by the same provider. Twenty-nine telephone numbers appeared to be linked to multiple providers. This is a potential indicator of human trafficking: a service, agency, manager, or pimp/trafficker who is advertising multiple women using the same telephone number. 12 Faces Shown or Obscured? 836 of 846 ads contained photographs of the providers. Face Of these, 32% obscured or Obscured did not show their faces. 32% Obscuring faces is generally related to privacy concerns. However, it has also been linked to concealment of identity of underage or coerced Face Shown victims. 68% Figure 6 Who Posted? All ads in the study were for female providers. The race of the providers was determined by self-reported information within the advertisement or was designated by the researcher coding the ad (see figure 7). 223 of the ads were classified as “unknown race.” This indicated that insufficient information was available to determine race (e.g., missing or unclear photograph). Figure 7 Of those ads able to be classified, 47% were white, 19% black, 5% Hispanic, 1.5% Asian, and 1% reported as multiracial or biracial.
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