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Ambassade de France à Washington Mission pour la Science et la Technologie 4101 Reservoir Road, NW - Washington, DC 20007 Tél. : +1 202 944 6249 Fax : +1 202 944 6219 Mail : [email protected] URL : http://www.ambafrance-us.org Domaine : Energie & Environnement Document : Rapport d’Ambassade / Consulat Général de France à San Francisco, Californie Titre : Rapport de la mission « Solar Tech Tour 2011 » Auteur : Pauline Caumon, Thomas Deschamps, Marc Magaud, Gabriel Marty Date : Février 2012 Contact SST : [email protected] Mots-clefs : énergie, électricité, solaire, photovoltaïque, recherche, startup, industrie, politique, université, mission. Résumé : L’attractivité de l’énergie photovoltaïque, notamment par rapport aux énergies fossiles, tient au fait qu’elle n’émet pas de CO2 à l’utilisation et fonctionne à l’aide d’une ressource inépuisable, gratuite et disponible sur l’ensemble de la planète. Elle représente cependant encore nettement moins de 1% de l’électricité produite mondialement car le prix des modules photovoltaïques était jusqu’ici prohibitif pour une commercialisation de grande envergure. Des progrès techniques continus, rapides et structurels, combinés à une large surcapacité mondiale de production conjoncturelle changent aujourd’hui la donne. Fin 2011, grâce à une réduction de prix spectaculaire en partie portée par la forte production asiatique, les modules photovoltaïques se vendent au-dessous du prix mythique d’un dollar par watt-crête (Wc). Le coût d’investissement global des centrales (CAPEX) était estimé en 2011 entre 3,8 $/Wc et 4,4 $/Wc. Aux États-Unis comme ailleurs, le rythme de développement des projets photovoltaïques est en forte augmentation mais les temps sont durs pour les producteurs de modules. Comment le pays, qui est encore la première puissance mondiale, aborde-t-il cette période mitigée ? C’est dans ce contexte que s’est déroulé le "Solar Tech Tour" du 24 septembre au 1er octobre 2011, un voyage d'une semaine organisé par la mission pour la Science et la Technologie de l'Ambassade de France aux États-Unis pour des experts français de l'énergie photovoltaïque. Les douze participants sont chercheurs (académiques et privés), entrepreneurs ou membres d'une organisation gouvernementale. Les visites ont été organisées autour du "fil rouge" que représente l'initiative Sunshot du gouvernement américain visant à réduire drastiquement (≈75%) le coût des systèmes photovoltaïques installés avant 2020. Le programme fait écho au Moonshot qui avait permis d’envoyer un homme sur la Lune et se veut aussi audacieux. Le but est de réduire le coût d’investissement des grandes centrales au sol (comprenant approvisionnement, installation, assurances, coût du capital, BOS, permis, etc) pour qu’il atteigne $1/Wc, ce qui se traduit par un coût de production de l’électricité d’environ 5-6 c$/kWh. Autour de cet objectif phare décidé au Département de l'Energie (DoE) à Washington D.C., un large éventail de subventions et de projets variés a été planifié et réparti sur le territoire américain. Le National Renewable Energy Laboratory à Golden (Colorado) est ainsi doté des meilleurs équipements de recherche, pour la fabrication et la caractérisation des modules photovoltaïques mais aussi pour étudier le comportement des panneaux en opération ou encore établir les bases de données sur l'ensoleillement aux États-Unis. En Californie dans la Silicon Valley, l'accent est mis sur la recherche scientifique, en lien avec les universités de Berkeley et de Stanford et le transfert de l'innovation dans les startups et les grandes entreprises, à travers par exemple des structures d'incubateurs ou de consortium. Ces trois lieux ont été retenus comme étapes du Solar Tech Tour. NB : Retrouvez toutes nos publications sur http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com, l’accès est libre et gratuit. 1 2 Rapport de la mission « Solar Tech Tour 2011 » Politique et organisation de la recherche photovoltaïque aux États-Unis Février 2012 3 4 Table des matières Table des matières ................................................................................................................................. 5 Synthèse ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Programme ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Préambule ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Contexte ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Le Solar Tech Tour 2011 ................................................................................................................... 14 1 - Première étape : Washington D.C. .................................................................................................. 15 1.1 - Visite introductive : le Solar Decathlon .................................................................................... 15 1.2 - Objectif du gouvernement sur le photovoltaïque : "out-innovation" ..................................... 16 1.3 – La politique: "Don't pick winners and losers".......................................................................... 22 1.4 – L’objectif des industriels : 10 GW/an ...................................................................................... 25 1.5 - Le point de vue de l’Académie Nationale des Sciences ........................................................... 27 2 - le National Renewable Energy Laboratory à Golden (Colorado) .................................................... 29 3 - Dernière étape : la région de la baie de San Francisco (Californie) ................................................ 33 3.1 - Rencontres académiques ......................................................................................................... 34 3.3 - Plateformes de développement technologique ...................................................................... 38 3.4 - Startups et industries ............................................................................................................... 40 3.5 - Networking ............................................................................................................................... 45 3.6 - Depuis la mission : vision californienne du conflit commercial avec la Chine ......................... 47 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Bibliographie ......................................................................................................................................... 54 Annexe : Descriptif des entités visitées ................................................................................................ 59 5 Nous tenons à remercier chaleureusement tous les participants au Solar Tech Tour d’avoir contribué à la rédaction de ce rapport en nous apportant leur appui et leur expertise technique, et de leur bonne humeur durant la mission. L’équipe de la mission scientifique Délégation Paul Bellavoine Directeur Exécutif, Heliotrop Frédéric Conchy Co-fondateur et Président Directeur Général, Exosun Thomas Coquil Directeur et Associé, Photofuel Gaëlle Hossie Chargée de mission, Département Développement Durable, Centre d’Analyse Stratégique (CAS) Jean-Pierre Joly Directeur Général, Institut National de l’Énergie Solaire (INES) Didier Jousse Directeur Stratégie Produits, Saint-Gobain Solar Daniel Lincot Directeur, Institut de Recherche et Développement sur l'Énergie Photovoltaïque (IRDEP) Directeur de recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Sylvin de Magnienville Directeur Recherche & Développement, MPO Energy Jean-Guillaume Peladan Directeur des Investissements d’Avenir, Agence De l’Environnement Et de la Maîtrise de l’Énergie (ADEME) Yves Schlumberger Directeur Adjoint, Institut de Recherche et Développement sur l'Énergie Photovoltaïque (IRDEP) Chef du groupe Technologies Solaires, EDF R&D Marc Vermeersch Directeur Département Solaire & Energies Nouvelles, Total Matthieu Versavel Ingénieur Recherche, EDF R&D 6 Synthèse Organisé par la mission pour la Science et la Technologie de l'Ambassade de France aux États-Unis, le "Solar Tech Tour" s’est déroulé du 24 septembre au 1er octobre 2011 en trois étapes : Washington D.C., Golden (Colorado) et la baie de San Francisco (Californie). Les douze participants sont chercheurs (académiques et privés), entrepreneurs ou membres d'une organisation gouvernementale. Le marché photovoltaïque des États-Unis est en pleine croissance, avec une augmentation de la capacité installée en 2011 estimée à 1,8 GW, soit deux fois supérieur à celle de 2010 : les mécanismes de création de la demande des gouvernements au niveau fédéral (prêts garantis, crédits d’impôts) et local (objectif en pourcentage d’insertion des renouvelables ou Renewable Portfolio Standards) semblent donc fonctionner. Aujourd’hui, la filière solaire représente environ 100 000 emplois américains, dont 44 000 dans les services. En conséquence, et même si un intervenant de l’Académie Nationale des Sciences a rappelé
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