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Habitat Connectivity Planning for Selected Focal Species in the Carrizo Plain

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Habitat Connectivity Planning for Selected Focal Species in the Carrizo Plain Habitat Connectivity Planning for Selected Focal Species in the Carrizo Plain BLM Chuck Graham Chuck Graham Agena Garnett-Ruskovich Advisory Panel Members: Paul Beier, Ph.D., Northern Arizona University Patrick Huber, Ph.D., University of California Davis Steve Kohlmann, Ph.D., Tierra Resource Management Bob Stafford, California Department of Fish and Game Brian Cypher, Ph.D., University of Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program also served as an Advisory Panel Member when this project was under the California Energy Commission’s jurisdiction. Preferred Citation: Penrod, K., W. Spencer, E. Rubin, and C. Paulman. April 2010. Habitat Connectivity Planning for Selected Focal Species in the Carrizo Plain. Prepared for County of San Luis Obsipo by SC Wildlands, http://www.scwildlands.org Habitat Connectivity Planning for Selected Focal Species in the Carrizo Plain Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction 2.1. Background and Project Need 3. Project Setting 3.1. The Study Area 3.1.1. Location 3.1.2. Physical Features 3.1.3. Biological Features 3.1.4. Human Features 3.2. The Proposed Energy Projects 3.2.1. Topaz Solar Farm 3.2.2. SunPower – California Valley Solar Ranch 4. The Focal Species 4.1. Pronghorn antelope 4.2. Tule elk 4.3. San Joaquin kit fox 5. Conservation Planning Approach 5.1. Modeling Baseline Conditions Of Habitat Suitability And Connectivity For Each Focal Species 5.1.1. Compilation And Refinement Of Digital Data Layers 5.1.2. Modeling Habitat Suitability 5.1.3. Modeling Landscape Permeability 5.1.4. Species-Specific Model Input Data And Conceptual Basis For Model Development 5.1.4.1. Pronghorn antelope 5.1.4.2. Tule elk 5.1.4.3. San Joaquin kit fox 6. Results & Discussion 6.1. Baseline Conditions Of Habitat Suitability And Connectivity For Each Focal Species 6.1.1. Habitat Suitability 6.1.1.1. Pronghorn antelope 6.1.1.2. Tule elk 6.1.1.3. San Joaquin kit fox 6.1.2. Habitat Permeability 6.1.2.1. Pronghorn antelope 6.1.2.2. Tule elk 6.1.2.3. San Joaquin kit fox 6.2. Discussion 6.2.1. Pronghorn antelope 6.2.2. Tule elk 6.2.3. San Joaquin kit fox 6.2.4. Solar Project Specifics 7. Literature Cited Appendices Appendix A: Digital Data Sources Used Appendix B: Species-specific Model Input List of Figures Figure 1. Vegetation in the Study Area Figure 2. Roads in the Study Area Figure 3. Example permeability inputs Figure 4. Habitat Suitability for Pronghorn antelope Figure 5. Potential Cores & Patches for Pronghorn antelope Figure 6. Habitat Suitability for Tule elk Figure 7. Potential Cores & Patches for Tule elk Figure 8. Habitat Suitability for San Joaquin kit fox Figure 9. Potential Cores & Patches for San Joaquin kit fox Figure 10. Landscape Permeability for Pronghorn antelope Figure 11. Landscape Permeability for Tule elk Figure 12. Landscape Permeability for San Joaquin kit fox between Southern Target Zone and the Northern Target Zone in Western Kern County Figure 13. Landscape Permeability for San Joaquin kit fox between Southern Target Zone and the Northern Target Zone in Palo Prieto-Cholame Valley Figure 14. Landscape Permeability for San Joaquin kit fox between Southern Target Zone and the Northern Target Zone in Salinas River Watershed Figure 15. Union Displaying Overlap of Three Least Cost Corridors for San Joaquin kit fox (Fig. 12, 13, & 14) Section 1 Executive Summary The Carrizo Plain is located on the southwestern edge of the greater Central Valley ecoregion and boasts one of the largest remaining remnants of the San Joaquin Valley grassland ecosystem (Rosier et al. 2005). Extensive conservation investments, such as the Carrizo Plain National Monument, have been made in the region to protect the unique flora and fauna that occur there. The high potential for solar energy production in the Carrizo Plain has resulted in several applications for development of this resource in the central portion of the plain, including proposals submitted for construction of Topaz Solar Farm and SunPower – California Valley Solar Ranch. The extensive footprints and traffic that would be generated by the proposed energy facilities has the potential to negatively impact biological resources within the region. This study is intended to provide insight into the existing baseline conditions of the landscape, and how that landscape provides habitat and movement opportunities for wildlife. The results of the baseline conditions analyses will be used by the County of San Luis Obispo to analyze potential impacts of the proposed solar projects, both in isolation and cumulatively, on the focal species and evaluate proposed mitigation options and strategies that were not expressly addressed by this study. Carrizo Plain is home to a number of sensitive species that could be detrimentally affected by loss and fragmentation of their habitat and their ability to move through the region. Three species of special management concern: tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes), pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), and San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) were selected as focal species. Habitat suitability models were developed for each of the species using variables, valuations, and weighting selected in consultation with biologists with expert knowledge of the species. Variables included vegetation (type and density), road density, slope, and terrain ruggedness. Potential cores and patches of habitat were identified for each species by selecting contiguous areas with higher suitability scores that could sustain at least 50 individuals (core) or less than 50 but at least one breeding pair (patch). We used least-cost corridor analysis to measure landscape permeability for the focal species. Variables for this analysis varied by species and included: vegetation (type and density), road density, topography, and terrain roughness. Least-cost corridors were then identified between either core areas or 95% minimum convex polygons inscribing occurrence records for that species. These analyses coupled with the habitat suitability analyses suggest both areas that are important to populations of the focal species and areas that best allow for movement between populations. The results of the analyses indicate that the focal species utilize different component areas of Carrizo Plain leading to substantial use of much of the study area by these species. Relatively little of the study area was found to lie outside areas of high importance for at least one of the focal species. The footprints associated with the two proposed projects nearly bisect Carrizo Plain into a north and south section and will likely lead to impacts to both habitat (e.g. foraging and reproduction) and connectivity (e.g. seasonal movement and dispersal) of the three focal species. April 2010 1 Section 2 Introduction 2.1. Background and Project Need The Carrizo Plain of San Luis Obispo County is a semi-arid landscape with high solar energy potential as well as high biological resource values. Over the past few years, three proposals were submitted to develop large-scale solar energy production facilities on the Carrizo Plain. This habitat connectivity study was undertaken to assist California Energy Commission, County of San Luis Obispo, California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) in assessing baseline conditions, potential impacts and mitigation options for the previously proposed Carrizo Energy Solar Farm, a 177-MW solar thermal power plant sited off of SR-58 in the northern portion of the Carrizo Plain. The study was also intended to assist with assessing cumulative impacts of Carrizo Energy Solar Farm with two proposed photovoltaic power plants in the Carrizo Plain, the Topaz Solar Farm and the California Valley Solar Ranch, which are not under the California Energy Commission’s jurisdiction but the County of San Luis Obispo’s jurisdiction. The Carrizo Energy Solar Farm is no longer being proposed, but that project site has been acquired to expand the Topaz Solar Farm. This study is intended to provide insight into the existing baseline conditions of the landscape, and how that landscape provides habitat and movement opportunities for wildlife. The results of the baseline conditions analyses will be used by the County of San Luis Obispo to analyze potential impacts of the proposed solar projects, both in isolation and cumulatively, on the focal species and evaluate proposed mitigation options and strategies that were not expressly addressed by this study. The large extent of the proposed projects has the potential to impact the biological resources of the region. Carrizo Plain is home to a number of sensitive species that could be detrimentally affected by loss and fragmentation of their habitat and their ability to move through the region. Three species of special management concern: tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes), pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), and San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) were selected as focal species. It is assumed that maintaining habitat connectivity for these species will not only sustain their long-term population viability, but will also help to maintain healthy populations of other native species, as well as provide resilience to native ecosystems, and the ecological processes that they support, in the face of climate change. The three focal species use portions of the proposed project areas for foraging, reproduction, and/or movement between other areas to varying degrees. The objective of this study was to model baseline conditions to estimate habitat suitability and permeability to species movements within the study area. April 2010 2 Section 3 Project Setting 3.1. Study Area 3.1.1. Location. Carrizo Plain is located in the southeastern portion of San Luis Obispo County. It lies on a northwest-southeast trend, and is approximately 70 km long and 10 km wide. It is generally considered to be the far southwest portion of the Central Valley ecoregion (Hickman 1993), although it is separated from the Central Valley proper by low ranges, especially the Temblor Range.
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