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Archaeological Investigations at the Oak Flat Site (Ca-Sba-3931) Santa Barbara County, California

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Archaeological Investigations at the Oak Flat Site (Ca-Sba-3931) Santa Barbara County, California ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE OAK FLAT SITE (CA-SBA-3931) SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA by ESTHER LOUISE DRAUCKER A thesis submitted to the Master of Arts Graduate Program in Anthropology at California State University, Bakersfield, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in ANTHROPOLOGY Bakersfield, California 2014 Copyright By Esther Louise Draucker 2014 Frontispiece: Overview of CA-SBA-3931 (Oak Flat), looking west. The base of the rock feature can be discerned in the center. i ABSTRACT The region occupied by the Chumash of south-central California were divided into sub-groups who occupied different territories and spoke separate, but related languages. The Cuyama sub-group occupied the Cuyama Valley and the surrounding hills and mountains. Branch Canyon leads roughly south from Cuyama Valley and is known to contain prehistoric archaeological sites. The site chosen for this investigation was not previously recorded, but is a large, level area where many artifacts have been found. The area is covered with little other than wildflowers and grasses, but broken groundstone is visible, and an extensive looter’s hole exists, which suggests a possible prehistoric habitation site. Local residents have recovered many artifacts here, including glass beads, indicating occupation during the historic era. The base of a large, square rock feature overlays the prehistoric site. Very little archaeological exploration has been carried out in Cuyama Valley and its surrounding environs. Few site records exist for the valley, although many sites have been recorded for the southern canyons and the potreros at the top of the Sierra Madre Range. However, little information exists beyond site records. Consequently, the prehistory of the Cuyama area is not well understood. This thesis presents the results of excavations at CA-SBA-3931 (Oak Flat). The excavations were undertaken to determine aspects of the lifestyle of the people who occupied it. Additionally, the rock feature will be examined to determine its possible association with later Mexican land grant herding activities. The variety of artifacts and features indicated many activities over a period of time. Oak Flat was more than an overnight camp, although it could certainly have been used as such. However, it was too small to have been a self-sustaining village. The most likely scenario appears to be an extended-stay harvest camp apparently occupied between the mid-1300s A.D. and late 1600s to early-to-late 1700s. There was evidence of trade with other groups from the east and the west, as well as food-processing equipment and tool-making. ii Dedication I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the role my husband, Steve, has played in the journey toward my master’s degree. He has been my cheerleader all the way, encouraging and patient, telling me how well I’m doing. He has had many opportunities to polish his domestic skills while I was gone for evening classes or squirreled away studying or writing. He has never complained about cooking, washing dishes, or the lack of companionship. He has always allowed me to be my own person, but these last few years, he has done that in a very big way. So, Steve, this thesis is dedicated to you – no one else could have supported me the way you have. I can’t imagine getting it done without you; you have enabled me to realize a dream. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A long-term project such as a thesis does not happen in a vacuum. There have been so many people who have helped and supported me in this journey. I have been so fortunate in the composition of my thesis committee; they have been very supportive. I have appreciated Dr. Robert Yohe’s advice in the field and thoughtful guidance. Dr. Mark Sutton was great for asking hard questions and getting me to figure things out. Dr. John Johnson was a big help with the Chumash research and so encouraging with his enthusiasm for Cuyama. Dr. Brian Hemphill was always understanding and interested whenever I saw him. I truly appreciate their contributions. First and foremost of the rest of the list is my family. Steve, of course, has been in the trenches every day, but our children and their spouses have also been a tremendous support; several have already been through this process and know exactly what it feels like. Rachael and Jim, Sara and Joseph, Anne, and William, your support and encouragement have been more of a help than you could possibly imagine. Becky Orfila, along with Anne, got this whole graduate school thing started. Anne took me out to visit Becky’s site while she did a proton magnetometer survey. Becky took a chance on an unknown and allowed me to help at her thesis site – what a great summer! I learned so much! She encouraged me to return to school and pursue a graduate degree; she was right – it has been worth every minute. I owe a great deal to the Johnston family, Emery, Joanna, and Judith, for allowing me to dig up their cattle pasture. It was not an easy decision to make, but they provided me with an awesome site to excavate. They are directly responsible for the opportunity to learn more about the prehistory of Cuyama Valley. iv The ladies at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. were of tremendous assistance in finding information on Cuyama Valley, in particular, the notes of William Duncan Strong and Waldo Wedel; they were Daisy Njoku, Lorain Wang, Catherine O’Sullivan, and Cheri Botic. I received generous financial assistance from Three Girls and a Shovel and Dr. Karen Kolba. It was not sought after, so in both cases, the extra money was special and very much appreciated. The amount given by Three Girls and a Shovel was saved and used for artifact testing, while Dr. Kolba’s gift was used for some of those unexpected, necessary expenses that occur during fieldwork. Although I thoroughly enjoy it, fieldwork can be a little lonely without companionship. My wonderful friend, Pattijane Torell, not only kept me company almost every single day in the field in the heat of summer and the cold of late fall, but she was an excellent screener. Her husband, Stu, was a great help with backfilling and protecting the test units from the bulls. Fieldwork started in the spring of 2008 when Dr. Robert Yohe II, from California State University, Bakersfield, brought the CSUB field class for three Saturdays. They helped get a good start on excavation. Richard Osborne brought a class from Porterville College the first day, and they made a great start on TU-6. Fernando DeLosSantos gave me an amazing shade structure that lasted the entire summer in spite of being severely blown about several times. Various people came out for a few days to help. Locally, Terri Cox and Joanna Johnston helped at the beginning of the summer, Bobby Saumier mowed weeds, and later, Amy Girado, Candice Cravins, Ed Serrano, and Ellen Hazelwood made the long trip several times from the San Joaquin Valley to help. v I was fortunate to be able to have some artifact testing done through connections and without fees. Dr. Kenneth Gobalet identified my fish vertebrae. Dr. Peter Wigand attempted pollen analysis and went through the whole process only to discover there was no pollen. Dr. Dirk Baron connected me with Russell Harmon, of the U.S. Army, who did the obsidian source analysis (LIBS). Amy Girado conducted immunological testing at the Laboratory of Archaeological Sciences at CSUB. Dr. Robert Horton inspected a mano to determine if the groove on the reverse side was natural or man-made. Alexander K. (Sandy) Rogers calculated the obsidian hydration dates. I sincerely hope I have not left anyone out; any omission is not intentional. I have appreciated the interest of everyone who has asked me about my thesis, made suggestions, and encouraged me. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Frontispiece i Abstract ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents vii List of Figures x List of Tables xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION . 4 Middle Range Theory . 4 Optimal Foraging Theory . 5 Diet Breadth . 9 Patch Choice . 9 Marginal Value Theorem. 10 Foraging Group Size . 11 Central Place Foraging . 12 Prey Choice . 14 Criticisms of Optimal Foraging . 14 Beyond Optimal Foraging . 16 Culture Contact Theory . 17 Recent Theory in California . 17 CHAPTER 3 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT . 19 Geology . 19 Climate . 22 Flora . 23 Fauna . 31 CHAPTER 4 CULTURAL SETTING . 33 Prehistory . 33 The Historic Period . 41 Site History . 47 CHAPTER 5 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE REGION . 49 CHAPTER 6 RESEARCH DESIGN . 52 Research Questions . 52 vii Question 1 . 52 Question 2 . 53 Question 3 . 54 Question 4 . 55 Question 5 . 55 CHAPTER 7 RESEARCH METHODS . 57 Site Description . 57 Field Methods . 57 Test Units . 59 Test Unit 1 . 59 Test Unit 2 . 60 Test Unit 3 . 61 Test Unit 4 . 62 Test Unit 5 . 62 Test Unit 6 . 62 Test Unit 7 . 63 Test Unit 8 . 63 Test Unit 9 . 63 Test Unit 10 . 64 CHAPTER 8 LABORATORY METHODS . 65 Specialized Studies . 65 Faunal Studies . 65 Wood Identification . 65 Obsidian Studies . 65 Lithic Analysis . 66 Radiocarbon Dating . 66 Immunological Studies . 66 Pollen Studies . 66 CHAPTER 9 RESULTS . 67 Stratigraphy and Soils . 67 Wall Profiles . 67 Floor Maps . 71 Features . 75 Rock Enclosure . 75 Depression . 75 Hearths . 78 Material Culture and Ecofacts . 80 Groundstone . 81 Flaked Stone . 92 Obsidian . 98 Crptocrystalline . 103 Porphyritic Basalt . 105 Stone Beads . 106 viii Shell Beads . 107 Skirt Weights . 112 Glass Beads . 112 Awls . 116 Tarring Pebbles . 117 Historical Artifacts . 117 Hematite .
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