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Libri XXXIII-XXXVII PLINIUS SENIOR NATURALIS HISTORIA LIBER XXXIII 1 Metalla nunc ipsaeque opes et rerum pretia dicentur, tellurem intus exquirente cura multiplici modo, quippe alibi divitiis foditur quaerente vita aurum, argentum, electrum, aes, alibi deliciis gemmas et parietum lignorumque pigmenta, alibi temeritati ferrum, auro etiam gratius inter bella caedesque. persequimur omnes eius fibras vivimusque super excavatam, mirantes dehiscere aliquando aut intremescere illam, ceu vero non hoc indignatione sacrae parentis exprimi possit. 2 imus in viscera et in sede manium opes quaerimus, tamquam parum benigna fertilique qua calcatur. et inter haec minimum remediorum gratia scrutamur, quoto enim cuique fodiendi causa medicina est? quamquam et hoc summa sui parte tribuit ut fruges, larga facilisque in omnibus, quaecumque prosunt. 3 illa nos peremunt, illa nos ad inferos agunt, quae occultavit atque demersit, illa, quae non nascuntur repente, ut mens ad inane evolans reputet, quae deinde futura sit finis omnibus saeculis exhauriendi eam, quo usque penetratura avaritia. quam innocens, quam beata, immo vero etiam delicata esset vita, si nihil aliunde quam supra terras concupisceret, breviterque, nisi quod secum est! 4 Eruitur aurum et chrysocolla iuxta, ut pretiosior videatur, nomen ex auro custodiens. parum enim erat unam vitae invenisse pestem, nisi in pretio esset auri etiam sanies. quaerebat argentum avaritia; boni consuluit interim invenisse minium rubentisque terrae excogitavit usum. heu prodigia ingenia, quot modis auximus pretia rerum! accessit ars picturae, et aurum argentumque caelando carius fecimus. didicit homo naturam provocare. auxere et artem vitiorum inritamenta; in poculis libidines caelare iuvit ac per obscenitates bibere. 5 abiecta deinde sunt haec ac sordere coepere, ut auri argentique nimium fuit. murrina ex eadem tellure et crystallina effodimus, quibus pretium faceret ipsa fragilitas. hoc argumentum opum, haec vera luxuriae gloria existimata est, habere quod posset statim perire totum. nec hoc fuit satis. turba gemmarum potamus et zmaragdis teximus calices, ac temulentiae causa tenere Indiam iuvat. aurum iam accessio est, 6 utinamque posset e vita in totum abdicari [sacrum fame, ut celeberrimi auctores dixere] proscissum conviciis ab optimis quibusque et ad perniciem vitae repertum, quanto feliciore aevo, cum res ipsae permutabantur inter sese, sicut et Troianis temporibus factitatum Homero credi convenit! ita enim, ut opinor, commercia victus gratia invecta. 7 alios coriis boum, alios ferro captivisque res emptitasse tradit. quare, quamquam ipse iam mirator auri, pecore aestimationes rerum ita fecit, ut C boum arma aurea permutasse Glaucum diceret cum Diomedis armis VIIII boum. ex qua consuetudine multa legum antiquarum pecore constat etiam Romae. 8 Pessimum vitae scelus fecit qui primus induit digitis, nec hoc quis fecerit traditur. nam de Prometheo omnia fabulosa arbitror, quamquam illi quoque ferreum anulum dedit antiquitas vinculumque id, non gestamen, intellegi voluit. Midae quidem anulum, quo circumacto habentem nemo cerneret, quis non etiam fabulosiorem fateatur? 9 manus et prorsus sinistrae maximam auctoritatem conciliavere auro, non quidem Romanae, quarum in more ferrei erant ut virtutis bellicae insigne. de regibus Romanis non facile dixerim. nullum habet Romuli in Capitolio statua nec praeter Numae Serviique Tullii alia ac ne Lucii quidem Bruti. hoc in Tarquiniis maxime miror, quorum e Graecia fuit origo, unde hic anulorum usus venit, quamquam etiam nunc Lacedaemone ferreo utuntur. 10 sed a Prisco Tarquinio omnium primo filium, cum in praetextae annis occidisset hostem, bulla aurea donatum constat, unde mos bullae duravit, ut eorum, qui equo meruissent, filii insigne id haberent, ceteri lorum; et ideo miror Tarquinii eius statuam sine anulo esse. quamquam et de nomine ipso ambigi video. Graeci a digitis appellavere, apud nos prisci ungulum vocabant, postea et Graeci et nostri symbolum. 11 longo certe tempore ne senatum quidem Romanum habuisse aureos manifestum est, siquidem iis tantum, qui legati ad exteras gentes ituri essent, anuli publice dabantur, credo, quoniam ita exterorum honoratissimi intellegebantur. neque aliis uti mos fuit quam qui ex ea causa publice accepissent, volgoque sic triumphabant et, cum corona ex auro Etrusca sustineretur a tergo, anulus tamen in digito ferreus erat aeque triumphantis et servi prae se coronam sustinentis. 12 sic triumphavit de Iugurtha C. Marius aureumque non ante tertium consulatum sumpsisse traditur. ii quoque, qui ob legationem acceperant aureos, in publico tantum utebantur iis, intra domos vero ferreis, quo argumento etiam nunc sponsae muneris vice ferreus anulus mittitur, isque sine gemma. equidem nec Iliacis temporibus ullos fuisse anulos video. nusquam certe Homerus dicit, cum et codicillos missitatos epistularum gratia indicet et conditas arcis vestes ac vasa aurea argenteaque et eas colligatas nodi, non anuli, nota. sortiri quoque contra provocationes duces non anulis tradit, fabricae etiam deum fibulas et alia muliebris cultus, sicut inaures, in primordio factitasse, sine mentione anulorum. 13 et quisquis primus instituit, cunctanter id fecit: laevis manibus latentibusque induit, cum, si honos securus fuisset, dextra fuerit ostentandus. quodsi inpedimentum potuit in eo aliquod intellegi, etiam serioris usus argumentum esset: maius in laeva fuisset, qua scutum capitur. est quidem apud eundem Homerum virorum crinibus aurum inplexum; ideo nescio an prior usus feminis coeperit. 14 Romae ne fuit quidem aurum nisi admodum exiguum longo tempore. certe cum a Gallis capta urbe pax emeretur, non plus quam mille pondo effici potuere. nec ignoro MM pondo auri perisse Pompeii III consulatu e Capitolini Iovis solio a Camillo ibi condita, et ideo a plerisque existimari MM pondo collata. sed quod accessit, ex Gallorum praeda fuit detractumque ab iis in parte captae urbis delubris — 15 Gallos cum auro pugnare solitos Torquatus indicio est —; apparet ergo Gallorum templorumque tantundem nec amplius fuisse. quod quidem in augurio intellectum est, cum Capitolinus duplum reddidisset. illud quoque obiter indicari convenit — etiam de anulis sermonem repetivimus —, aedituum custodiae eius conprehensum fracta in ore anuli gemma statim expirasse et indicium ita extinctum. 16 ergo ut maxime MM tantum pondo, cum capta est Roma, anno CCCLXIIII fuere, cum iam capitum liberorum censa essent CLII DLXXIII. in eadem post annos CCCVII, quod ex Capitolinae aedis incendio ceterisque omnibus delubris C. Marius filius Praeneste detulerat, XIIII pondo, quae sub eo titulo in triumpho transtulit Sulla et argenti VI. idem ex reliqua omni victoria pridie transtulerat auri pondo XV, argenti p. CXV. 17 Frequentior autem usus anulorum non ante Cn. Flavium Anni filium deprehenditur. hic namque publicatis diebus fastis, quos populus a paucis principum cotidie petebat, tantam gratiam plebei adeptus est — libertino patre alioqui genitus et ipse scriba Appi Caeci, cuius hortatu exceperat eos dies consultando adsidue sagaci ingenio promulgaratque —, ut aedilis curulis crearetur cum Q. Anicio Praenestino, qui paucis ante annis hostis fuisset, praeteritis C. Poetilio et Domitio, quorum patres consules fuerant. 18 additum Flavio, ut simul et tribunus plebei esset, quo fato tanta indignatio exarsit, ut anulos abiectos in antiquissimis reperiatur annalibus. fallit plerosque quod tum et equestrem ordinem id fecisse arbitrantur; etenim adiectum hoc quoque sed et phaleras positas propterque nomen equitum adiectum est, anulosque depositos a nobilitate in annales relatum est, non a senatu universo. hoc actum P. Sempronio L. Sulpicio cos. 19 Flavius vovit aedem Concordiae, si populo reconciliasset ordines, et, cum ad id pecunia publice non decerneretur, ex multaticia faeneratoribus condemnatis aediculam aerea fecit in Graecostasi, quae tunc supra comitium erat, inciditque in tabella aerea factam eam aedem CCIIII annis post Capitolinam dedicatam. 20 id a. CCCCXXXXVIIII a condita urbe gestum est et primum anulorum vestigium extat; promiscuit autem usus alterum secundo Punico bello, neque enim aliter potuisset trimodia anulorum illa Carthaginem ab Hannibale mitti. inter Caepionem quoque et Drusum ex anulo in auctione venali inimicitiae coepere, unde origo socialis belli et exitia rerum. 21 ne tunc quidem omnes senatores habuere, utpote cum memoria avorum multi praetura quoque functi in ferreo consenuerint — sicut Calpurnium et Manilium, qui legatus C. Marii fuerit Iugruthino bello, Fenestella tradit, et multi L. Fufidium illum, ad quem Scaurus de vita sua scripsit —, in Quintiorum vero familia aurum ne feminas quidem habere mos fuerit, nullosque omnino maior pars gentium hominumque, etiam qui sub imperio nostro degunt, hodieque habeat. non signat oriens aut Aegyptus etiam nunc litteris contenta solis. 22 Multis hoc modis, ut cetera omnia, luxuria variavit gemmas addendo exquisiti fulgoris censuque opimo digitos onerando, sicut dicemus in gemmarum volumine, mox et effigies varias caelando, ut alibi ars, alibi materia esset in pretio. alias dein gemmas violari nefas putavit ac, ne quis signandi causam in anulis esse intellegeret, solidas induit. 23 quasdam vero neque ab ea parte, qua digito occultantur, auro clusit aurumque millis lapillorum vilius fecit. contra vero multi nullas admittunt gemmas auroque ipso signant. id Claudii Caesaris principatu repertum. nec non et servitia iam ferrum auro cingunt — alia per sese mero auro decorant —, cuius licentiae origo nomine ipso in Samothrace id institutum declarat. 24 Singulis primo
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