Chapter 12 War of 1812

The 2nd War for Independence and the Upsurge of Naonalism

• Ranks as one of the worst-fought war • Supreme Lesson- folly of leading a divided & apathec people into war • Result of War of 1812- renewed sense of naonalism that would inspire seconalism and the growing issue of slavery On to canada

• Eve of War of 1812- regular army ill-trained, ill-disciplined, widely scaered • Oﬀensive strategy against Canada- poorly planned – American 3-pronged aack (Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain) – Brish captured Fort Michilimackinac (command for the upper Great Lakes area) • American defeats on land forced Americans to ﬁght at sea – Am. Navy fared similar to US Army – The Constuon (Old Ironsides)

Control of the Great Lakes was vital- Am. naval officer Oliver Perry “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” • G.B. had captured and exiled Napoleon, sending thousands of Redcoats to Canada to fight U.S. • Thomas Macdounough defeated Brish in naval bale- saved upper New York from conquest, New England from further troubles, & Union from possible dissoluon Washington burned, new orleans defended • “Blandensburg Races”- group of 6,000 milia who allowed G.B. to enter the capital • G.B. set fire to most of the public buildings, including the capitol & White House • Fort McHenry- “Star-Spangled Banner” by Francis Sco Key Andrew Jackson placed in command at N. Orleans (success from Bale of Horseshoe Bend) Brish-overconfident, lost 2,000 soldiers in 30 min. Jackson- instant Naonal Hero Bale did not maer, treaty was signed 2 weeks prior Bale did restore honor and new wave of naonalism and self-confidence Treaty of Ghent

• Ghent (1814)- city in Belgium • Treaty was an armisce- both sides agreed to stop fighng and restore conquered territory – No menon of American grievances- Indian menace, GB search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressment, and confiscaons – War ended in a “draw” Federalist grievances & Harord convenon • New England remained a problem even aer the war – Made money from enemy during the war – Aided the Brish blockade – Proposed secession from the Union • Harord Convenon – Mass., Conn., Rhode Island, N. Hampshire, & Vermont – Met for 3 weeks to discuss grievances – Their demands: • Financial assistance to compensate for lost trade • Proposed 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admied, or war declared • “Real” reason for Harord Convenon- Once proud N. England was falling to the South and West • Reacon to Harord Convenon- • Same me as Treaty of Ghent and Bale of New Orleans • Federalist grievances looked pey and treasonous • Would be the death of the Federalist Party Effects of war of 1812

 Americans had shown that they would fight for “wrongs” against our country  Other naons developed a new respect for America’s fighng forces (Perry & Macdonough)  Death of Federalist Party  Emergence of war heroes- Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison  Manufacturing prospered, American industries made US realize- we don’t need Europe • Rush-Bagot Agreement: severe limitaons on Great Lakes between US and Canada • US enters period of isolaonism, stay out of European affairs. The development of Naonalism

• Most impressive eﬀect of War of 1812- American naonalism – Revived Bank of the United States – New Naonal Capitol building – Expansion of the army and the navy “The american system”

• Introduced by Henry Clay in 1824 • Purpose- – to develop a proﬁtable home market & not rely on European industry – G.B. was trying to strangle the new American factories – US passed the Tariﬀ of 1816 (1st in US History)- 20-25% on taxable imports The American system- 3 parts

• Part 1- a strong banking system, which would provide easy credit • Part 2- a protecve tariﬀ to help eastern manufacturing • Part 3- use $ from tariﬀ to pay for a network of roads and canals (especially in Ohio Valley) – Would connect the country together economically/polically Responses to the american system

• Wide support from the west (poor road system) • Congress voted to give $1.5 million to each state, later vetoed by Pres. Madison (unconstuonal) • New England opposed Am. System- construcon of roads and canals would pull populaon and create compeon from west Era of good feelings

• During the Monroe Presidency • End of the Federalist Party • Monroe represented two generaons- the end of the Founding Fathers and the new age of naonalism • “Not so good feelings…”- issues of the tariﬀ, the bank, internal improvements, sale of public land, and conﬂict over slavery beginning… The Panic of 1819

• Economic depression began in 1819- deflaon, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, and overcrowded debtors’ prisons • Major factor- overspeculaon in froner lands • Westerners/poorer classes hit the hardest- foreclosures, Bank of US became “financial devil” • Effect- rise of Jacksonian Democracy Western growing pains

• 9 new froner states joined the Union between 1791 & 1819 • New states admied alternately, free or slave • Why move West? – “Ohio Fever” among immigrants (cheap land) – Tobacco land exhauson – Embargo forced many to leave east coast – Opening of the Cumberland Rd (MD to IL) – Major problem- no polical power in the West Slavery and the seconal balance

• 1819- Missouri ready for statehood. • 11 free and 11 slave states at the me • Tallmadge Amendment- – No more slaves should be brought into Missouri – Gradual emancipaon of children born to slave parents in Missouri – Created anger by the Southerners – Eventually defeated by the Senate • “If Congress could abolish the slave system in Missouri, would it try to abolish it in the South all together?” – Seconal crisis between Southern slave owners and Northern abolionists The mIssouri compromise

• 3 part compromise developed by Henry Clay in 1820 – Part 1- Admit Missouri as a slave state – Part 2- Admit Maine as a free state (balance 12/12) – Part 3- All future states would be free north of the 36 30’ line Eﬀects of the missouri compromise

• Would last for 34 years • Both North & South neither happy nor angry • Would not answer the slavery queson • Jeﬀerson- “sooner or later it (slavery) will burst on us as a tornado” • Monroe re-elected (almost unanimously, 1 vote) John Marshall

• McCullough v Maryland – State of Maryland tried to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by imposing a tax on its bank notes – Marshall ruled in favor of bank, strengthening federal authority – “Implied” Powers of the Constuon (necessary and proper) • Cohens v Virginia (1821) – The Cohens were found guilty of illegally selling loery ckets in Virginia – Virginia won case (convicon of the Cohens upheld) – Virginia & other individual states lost- Marshall: the right of the Supreme Ct. to review the decisions of the state supreme cts. in all quesons involving powers of the federal govt. • Gibbons v Ogden (1824) – “Steamboat case” – Aempt by the state of New York to grant a private monopoly of waterway commerce between NY and NJ – Marshall- Congress alone has the control of interstate commerce. – Blow to state rights and power to the Fed. Gov. • Fletcher v Peck (1810) – Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres to private speculators (bribed illegally) – Next legislature cancelled the crooked transacon – Marshall- legislave grant was a contract and Constuon forbids state laws “impairing” contracts • Invalidate state laws conﬂicng with the federal Constuon • Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819) – College had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769 – New Hampshire state legislature wanted to change it – Marshall- Original charter must stand (contract) – Would later protect businesses from dominaon by state governments – Would also enable corporaons to escape the needs of the people Oregon and Florida

• Treaty of 1818 – Monroe and J.Q.A. (Sec. of State) negoated with GB – Americans to share Newfoundland ﬁsheries – Northern limits of Louisiana (Minnesota to Rocky Mts – 10 year joint occupaon of Oregon (no rights, no claims) • Majority of Florida under Spanish control • Revoluons in Argenna, Venezuela, and Chile forced Spain to remove troops from Florida • Gen. Jackson saw opportunity to deal with Seminole Indians and runaway slaves • Jackson on a rampage- hanging/killing several N.A. chiefs, Brish subjects (for assisng Indians) • Jackson connued by seizing Spanish posts- St. Marks and Pensacola • Jackson had exceeded Monroe’s instrucons – J.Q.Adams saw chance to gain Florida Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

• Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon • In exchange- US gives claims to Texas (independent Mexico) and American SW Immediate causes of the Monroe doctrine 1. Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France would send (rumor) powerful fleets and armies to the revolted colonies in S.America to restore monarchy 2. US fearful that republicanism would suffer- powerful and unfriendly forces too close to home. 3. Russian expansion southward from Alaska into Oregon and California (threat to American expansion to the Pacific) Rejecon of the Brish Proposal for Joint Declaraon • George Canning- Brish foreign minister proposed the US & GB issue a joint declaraon warning Europe against aempts to deny independence in L.America • J.Q.A opposed a joint declaraon- US to act alone, GB only to protect their Caribbean possessions The Monroe Doctrine

• The Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonizaon • The US would not interfere w/exisng colonies • US would not interfere in the internal aﬀairs of Europe • Any aempt by Europe to intervene in W. Hemisphere would be regarded as “dangerous to our peace and safety” Signiﬁcance of Monroe Doctrine

• The American people approved the Monroe Doctrine – It expressed the spirit of American naonalism – It stressed America’s importance in world affairs – It aempted to isolate the enre W. Hemisphere from European affairs – Lan America welcomed the Monroe Doctrine as a friendly offer as assistance • The Russians halted their expansion • European alliance did not pursue plans for reconquest of Lan America