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Chapter 12 War of 1812

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Chapter 12 War of 1812 The 2nd War for Independence and the Upsurge of Naonalism Chapter 12 War of 1812 • Ranks as one of the worst-fought war • Supreme Lesson- folly of leading a divided & apathe8c people into war • Result of War of 1812- renewed sense of naonalism that would inspire sec8onalism and the growing issue of slavery On to canada • Eve of War of 1812- regular army ill-trained, ill-disciplined, widely scaered • Offensive strategy against Canada- poorly planned – American 3-pronged aack (Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain) – Bri8sh captured Fort Michilimackinac (command for the upper Great Lakes area) • American defeats on land forced Americans to fight at sea – Am. Navy fared similar to US Army – The Cons8tu8on (Old Ironsides) Control of the Great Lakes was vital- Am. naval officer Oliver Perry “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” • G.B. had captured and exiled Napoleon, sending thousands of Redcoats to Canada to fight U.S. • Thomas Macdounough defeated Bri8sh in naval bale- saved upper New York from conquest, New England from further troubles, & Union from possible dissoluon Washington burned, new orleans defended • “Blandensburg Races”- group of 6,000 mili8a who allowed G.B. to enter the capital • G.B. set fire to most of the public buildings, including the capitol & White House • Fort McHenry- “Star-Spangled Banner” by Francis ScoI Key Andrew Jackson placed in command at N. Orleans (success from Bale of Horseshoe Bend) Bri8sh-overconfident, lost 2,000 soldiers in 30 min. Jackson- instant Naonal Hero Bale did not maer, treaty was signed 2 weeks prior Bale did restore honor and new wave of naonalism and self-confidence Treaty of Ghent • Ghent (1814)- city in Belgium • Treaty was an armis8ce- both sides agreed to stop figh8ng and restore conquered territory – No men8on of American grievances- Indian menace, GB search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressment, and confiscaons – War ended in a “draw” Federalist grievances & Hareord conven8on • New England remained a problem even aer the war – Made money from enemy during the war – Aided the Bri8sh blockade – Proposed secession from the Union • Hareord Conven8on – Mass., Conn., Rhode Island, N. Hampshire, & Vermont – Met for 3 weeks to discuss grievances – Their demands: • Financial assistance to compensate for lost trade • Proposed 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admiIed, or war declared • “Real” reason for Hareord Conven8on- Once proud N. England was falling to the South and West • Reac8on to Hareord Conven8on- • Same 8me as Treaty of Ghent and Bale of New Orleans • Federalist grievances looked peIy and treasonous • Would be the death of the Federalist Party Effects of war of 1812 Americans had shown that they would fight for “wrongs” against our country Other naons developed a new respect for America’s figh8ng forces (Perry & Macdonough) Death of Federalist Party Emergence of war heroes- Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison Manufacturing prospered, American industries made US realize- we don’t need Europe • Rush-Bagot Agreement: severe limitaons on Great Lakes between US and Canada • US enters period of isolaonism, stay out of European affairs. The development of Naonalism • Most impressive effect of War of 1812- American naonalism – Revived Bank of the United States – New Naonal Capitol building – Expansion of the army and the navy “The american system” • Introduced by Henry Clay in 1824 • Purpose- – to develop a profitable home market & not rely on European industry – G.B. was trying to strangle the new American factories – US passed the Tariff of 1816 (1st in US History)- 20-25% on taxable imports The American system- 3 parts • Part 1- a strong banking system, which would provide easy credit • Part 2- a protec8ve tariff to help eastern manufacturing • Part 3- use $ from tariff to pay for a network of roads and canals (especially in Ohio Valley) – Would connect the country together economically/poli8cally Responses to the american system • Wide support from the west (poor road system) • Congress voted to give $1.5 million to each state, later vetoed by Pres. Madison (uncons8tu8onal) • New England opposed Am. System- construc8on of roads and canals would pull populaon and create compe88on from west Era of good feelings • During the Monroe Presidency • End of the Federalist Party • Monroe represented two generaons- the end of the Founding Fathers and the new age of naonalism • “Not so good feelings…”- issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, sale of public land, and conflict over slavery beginning… The Panic of 1819 • Economic depression began in 1819- deflaon, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, and overcrowded debtors’ prisons • Major factor- overspeculaon in fron8er lands • Westerners/poorer classes hit the hardest- foreclosures, Bank of US became “financial devil” • Effect- rise of Jacksonian Democracy Western growing pains • 9 new fron8er states joined the Union between 1791 & 1819 • New states admiIed alternately, free or slave • Why move West? – “Ohio Fever” among immigrants (cheap land) – Tobacco land exhaus8on – Embargo forced many to leave east coast – Opening of the Cumberland Rd (MD to IL) – Major problem- no poli8cal power in the West Slavery and the sec8onal balance • 1819- Missouri ready for statehood. • 11 free and 11 slave states at the 8me • Tallmadge Amendment- – No more slaves should be brought into Missouri – Gradual emancipaon of children born to slave parents in Missouri – Created anger by the Southerners – Eventually defeated by the Senate • “If Congress could abolish the slave system in Missouri, would it try to abolish it in the South all together?” – Sec8onal crisis between Southern slave owners and Northern aboli8onists The mIssouri compromise • 3 part compromise developed by Henry Clay in 1820 – Part 1- Admit Missouri as a slave state – Part 2- Admit Maine as a free state (balance 12/12) – Part 3- All future states would be free north of the 36 30’ line Effects of the missouri compromise • Would last for 34 years • Both North & South neither happy nor angry • Would not answer the slavery ques8on • Jefferson- “sooner or later it (slavery) will burst on us as a tornado” • Monroe re-elected (almost unanimously, 1 vote) John Marshall • McCullough v Maryland – State of Maryland tried to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by imposing a tax on its bank notes – Marshall ruled in favor of bank, strengthening federal authority – “Implied” Powers of the Cons8tu8on (necessary and proper) • Cohens v Virginia (1821) – The Cohens were found guilty of illegally selling loIery 8ckets in Virginia – Virginia won case (convic8on of the Cohens upheld) – Virginia & other individual states lost- Marshall: the right of the Supreme Ct. to review the decisions of the state supreme cts. in all ques8ons involving powers of the federal govt. • Gibbons v Ogden (1824) – “Steamboat case” – AIempt by the state of New York to grant a private monopoly of waterway commerce between NY and NJ – Marshall- Congress alone has the control of interstate commerce. – Blow to state rights and power to the Fed. Gov. • Fletcher v Peck (1810) – Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres to private speculators (bribed illegally) – Next legislature cancelled the crooked transac8on – Marshall- legislave grant was a contract and Cons8tu8on forbids state laws “impairing” contracts • Invalidate state laws conflic8ng with the federal Cons8tu8on • Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819) – College had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769 – New Hampshire state legislature wanted to change it – Marshall- Original charter must stand (contract) – Would later protect businesses from dominaon by state governments – Would also enable corporaons to escape the needs of the people Oregon and Florida • Treaty of 1818 – Monroe and J.Q.A. (Sec. of State) nego8ated with GB – Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries – Northern limits of Louisiana (Minnesota to Rocky Mts – 10 year joint occupaon of Oregon (no rights, no claims) • Majority of Florida under Spanish control • Revolu8ons in Argen8na, Venezuela, and Chile forced Spain to remove troops from Florida • Gen. Jackson saw opportunity to deal with Seminole Indians and runaway slaves • Jackson on a rampage- hanging/killing several N.A. chiefs, Bri8sh subjects (for assis8ng Indians) • Jackson con8nued by seizing Spanish posts- St. Marks and Pensacola • Jackson had exceeded Monroe’s instruc8ons – J.Q.Adams saw chance to gain Florida Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 • Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon • In exchange- US gives claims to Texas (independent Mexico) and American SW Immediate causes of the Monroe doctrine 1. Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France would send (rumor) powerful fleets and armies to the revolted colonies in S.America to restore monarchy 2. US fearful that republicanism would suffer- powerful and unfriendly forces too close to home. 3. Russian expansion southward from Alaska into Oregon and California (threat to American expansion to the Pacific) Rejec8on of the Bri8sh Proposal for Joint Declaraon • George Canning- Bri8sh foreign minister proposed the US & GB issue a joint declaraon warning Europe against aempts to deny independence in L.America • J.Q.A opposed a joint declaraon- US to act alone, GB only to protect their Caribbean possessions The Monroe Doctrine • The Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonizaon • The US would not interfere w/exis8ng colonies • US would not interfere in the internal affairs of Europe • Any aempt by Europe to intervene in W. Hemisphere would be regarded as “dangerous to our peace and safety” Significance of Monroe Doctrine • The American people approved the Monroe Doctrine – It expressed the spirit of American naonalism – It stressed America’s importance in world affairs – It aempted to isolate the en8re W. Hemisphere from European affairs – Lan America welcomed the Monroe Doctrine as a friendly offer as assistance • The Russians halted their expansion • European alliance did not pursue plans for reconquest of Lan America .
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