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Oregon and Manifest Destiny Americans Began to Settle All Over the Oregon Country in the 1830S
NAME _____________________________________________ DATE __________________ CLASS ____________ Manifest Destiny Lesson 1 The Oregon Country ESSENTIAL QUESTION Terms to Know joint occupation people from two countries living How does geography influence the way in the same region people live? mountain man person who lived in the Rocky Mountains and made his living by trapping animals GUIDING QUESTIONS for their fur 1. Why did Americans want to control the emigrants people who leave their country Oregon Country? prairie schooner cloth-covered wagon that was 2. What is Manifest Destiny? used by pioneers to travel West in the mid-1800s Manifest Destiny the idea that the United States was meant to spread freedom from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Where in the world? 54°40'N Alaska Claimed by U.S. and Mexico (Russia) Oregon Trail BRITISH OREGON 49°N TERRITORY Bo undary (1846) COUNTRY N E W S UNITED STATES MEXICO PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN When did it happen? DOPA (Discovering our Past - American History) RESG Chapter1815 13 1825 1835 1845 1855 Map Title: Oregon Country, 1846 File Name: C12-05A-NGS-877712_A.ai Map Size: 39p6 x 26p0 Date/Proof: March 22, 2011 - 3rd Proof 2016 Font Conversions: February 26, 2015 1819 Adams- 1846 U.S. and Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission 1824 Russia 1836 Whitmans Onís Treaty gives up claim to arrive in Oregon Britain agree to Oregon 49˚N as border 1840s Americans of Oregon begin the “great migration” to Oregon 165 NAME _____________________________________________ DATE __________________ CLASS ____________ Manifest Destiny Lesson 1 The Oregon Country, Continued Rivalry in the Northwest The Oregon Country covered much more land than today’s state Mark of Oregon. -
A Free Emigrant Road 1853: Elijah Elliott's Wagons
Meek’s Cutoff: 1845 Things were taking much longer than expected, and their Macy, Diamond and J. Clark were wounded by musket supplies were running low. balls and four horses were killed by arrows. The Viewers In 1845 Stephen Hall Meek was chosen as Pilot of the 1845 lost their notes, provisions and their geological specimens. By the time the Train reached the north shores of Harney emigration. Meek was a fur trapper who had traveled all As a result, they did not see Meek’s road from present-day Lake, some of the men decided they wanted to drive due over the West, in particular Oregon and California. But Vale into the basin, but rode directly north to find the west, and find a pass where they could cross the Cascade after a few weeks the independently-minded ‘45ers decided Oregon Trail along Burnt River. Mountains. Meek was no longer in control. When they no Pilot was necessary – they had, after all, ruts to follow - Presented by Luper Cemetery Inc. arrived at Silver River, Meek advised them to turn north, so it was not long before everyone was doing their own Daniel Owen and follow the creek to Crooked River, but they ignored his thing. Great-Grandson of Benjamin Franklin “Frank” Owen advice. So the Train headed west until they became bogged down at the “Lost Hollow,” on the north side of Wagontire Mountain. Here they became stranded, because no water could be found ahead, in spite of the many scouts searching. Meek was not familiar with this part of Oregon, although he knew it was a very dry region. -
The Anglo-American Crisis Over the Oregon Territory, by Donald Rakestraw
92 BC STUDIES For Honor or Destiny: The Anglo-American Crisis over the Oregon Territory, by Donald Rakestraw. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. xii, 240 pp. Illus. US$44.95 cloth. In the years prior to 1846, the Northwest Coast — an isolated region scarcely populated by non-Native peoples — was for the second time in less than a century the unlikely flashpoint that brought far-distant powers to the brink of war. At issue was the boundary between British and American claims in the "Oregon Country." While President James Polk blustered that he would have "54^0 or Fight," Great Britain talked of sending a powerful fleet to ensure its imperial hold on the region. The Oregon boundary dispute was settled peacefully, largely because neither side truly believed the territory worth fighting over. The resulting treaty delineated British Columbia's most critical boundary; indeed, without it there might not even have been a British Columbia. Despite its significance, though, the Oregon boundary dispute has largely been ignored by BC's historians, leaving it to their colleagues south of the border to produce the most substantial work on the topic. This most recent analysis is no exception. For Honor or Destiny: The Anglo-American Crisis over the Oregon Territory, by Donald Rakestraw, began its life as a doctoral thesis completed at the University of Alabama. Published as part of an American University Studies series, Rakestraw's book covers much the same ground as did that of his countryman Frederick Merk some decades ago. By making extensive use of new primary material, Rakestraw is able to present a fresh, succinct, and well-written chronological narrative of the events leading up to the Oregon Treaty of 1846. -
The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Great Britain, United States)
REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Great Britain, United States) 7 September 1910 VOLUME XI pp. 167-226 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 THE NORTH ATLANTIC COAST FISHERIES CASE PARTIES: Great Britain, United States of America. COMPROMIS: 27 January 1909.' ARBITRATORS: Permanent Court of Arbitration: H. Lammash; A. F. de Savornin Lohman; G. Gray; Luis M. Drago; Sir Charles Fitzpatrick. AWARD: 7 September 1910. ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS: Modus vivendi of 6/8 October 1906; memorandum of 12 September 1906; memorandum of 25 September 1906; modus vivendi of 4/6 September 1907; modus vivendi of 15/23 July 1908; cor- respondence of 27 January-4 March 1909; resolution of 18 February 1909; modus vivendi of 22 July-8 September 1909; agreement of 20 July 1912. Treaty interpretation — Effects of a treaty authorizing the nationals of a State to exercise activities in the domain of another State — Territorial jurisdiction of the State — Principle of independence of State — Duty of State to fulfil in good faith its obligations arising out of treaties — Ordinary sanctions of international law — Effect of war on treaties — Freedom of fishing — Economic right — Inter- national servitude — Legal status of the territorial sea — Breadth of the territorial sea — Legal status of bays — Historic bays — Ships in distress. 1 As the full text of this compromis is given in the award, it is not printed again under a special heading. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. M. Stuyt, Survey of International Arbitrations 1794-1938, The Hague, 1939, p. 303 Texts of the Compromis and Award Permanent Court of Arbitration, North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Tribunal of Arbitration constituted under a Special Agreement signed at Washington, January 27th, 1909, between the United States of America and Great Britain, The Hague, 1910, p. -
73 Custer, Wash., 9(1)
Custer: The Life of General George Armstrong the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Daily Life on the Nineteenth-Century Custer, by Jay Monaghan, review, Century, 66(1):36-37; rev. of Voyages American Frontier, by Mary Ellen 52(2):73 and Adventures of La Pérouse, 62(1):35 Jones, review, 91(1):48-49 Custer, Wash., 9(1):62 Cutter, Kirtland Kelsey, 86(4):169, 174-75 Daily News (Tacoma). See Tacoma Daily News Custer County (Idaho), 31(2):203-204, Cutting, George, 68(4):180-82 Daily Olympian (Wash. Terr.). See Olympia 47(3):80 Cutts, William, 64(1):15-17 Daily Olympian Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian A Cycle of the West, by John G. Neihardt, Daily Pacific Tribune (Olympia). See Olympia Manifesto, by Vine Deloria, Jr., essay review, 40(4):342 Daily Pacific Tribune review, 61(3):162-64 Cyrus Walker (tugboat), 5(1):28, 42(4):304- dairy industry, 49(2):77-81, 87(3):130, 133, Custer Lives! by James Patrick Dowd, review, 306, 312-13 135-36 74(2):93 Daisy, Tyrone J., 103(2):61-63 The Custer Semi-Centennial Ceremonies, Daisy, Wash., 22(3):181 1876-1926, by A. B. Ostrander et al., Dakota (ship), 64(1):8-9, 11 18(2):149 D Dakota Territory, 44(2):81, 56(3):114-24, Custer’s Gold: The United States Cavalry 60(3):145-53 Expedition of 1874, by Donald Jackson, D. B. Cooper: The Real McCoy, by Bernie Dakota Territory, 1861-1889: A Study of review, 57(4):191 Rhodes, with Russell P. -
California National Historic Trail City of Rocks National Reserve
California National Historic Trail City of Rocks National Reserve A self-guided journey to discovering the California National Historic Trail at City of Rocks City of Rocks National Reserve is a partnership between the National Park Service and the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation California National Historic Trail City of Rocks National Reserve A self-guided journey to discovering A self-guided journey to discovering the California National Historic Trail at City of Rocks Prepared by Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation and the National Park Service City of Rocks National Reserve PO Box 169 Almo, Idaho 83312 http://parksandrecreation.idaho.gov www.nps.gov/ciro 2015 Contents What’s in store before you explore? There are eight stops, six of which have interpretive signage, along the 10 mile auto route. Introduction 3 Map—Overview 4 Parting of the Ways to the Elba Basin 5 The Almo Valley 6 Twin Sisters in the Distance 7 The Salt Lake Alternate 8 Replica Wagons 9 Wagon Trains 10 Camp 11 Guide Books 12 Trails West Markers 12 Entrance to City of Rocks 13 Trail Ruts 14 First View of Circle Creek Basin 15 Tracy Homestead 16 Camp Rock 17 Treasure Rock 20 Map— Locations of the Waysides and Markers 21 Artists on the Trail 23 Register Rock 24 Pinnacle Pass 27 Ledyard and Margaret Ann Alsip Frink 29 Twin Sisters 30 Salt Lake Alternate-Boise Kelton Stage Route 32 Post Office 33 Granite Pass 34 The Mormon Battalion 35 Life on the Trail 36 Emigrant and Native American Interactions 38 Trouble on the Trail 39 Emigrant Names 40 For Further Study / Credits 41 Bibliography 42 2 Introduction City of Rocks National Reserve (Reserve) was established by Congress on November 18, 1988 in order to preserve and protect the significant historical and cultural resources; to manage recreational use; to protect and maintain scenic quality; and to interpret the nationally significant values of the Reserve. -
Churches of Christ and Christian Churches in Early Oregon, 1842-1882 Jerry Rushford Pepperdine University
Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Churches of Christ Heritage Center Jerry Rushford Center 1-1-1998 Christians on the Oregon Trail: Churches of Christ and Christian Churches in Early Oregon, 1842-1882 Jerry Rushford Pepperdine University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/heritage_center Part of the Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Rushford, Jerry, "Christians on the Oregon Trail: Churches of Christ and Christian Churches in Early Oregon, 1842-1882" (1998). Churches of Christ Heritage Center. Item 5. http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/heritage_center/5 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Jerry Rushford Center at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Churches of Christ Heritage Center by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRISTIANS About the Author ON THE Jerry Rushford came to Malibu in April 1978 as the pulpit minister for the University OREGON TRAIL Church of Christ and as a professor of church history in Pepperdine’s Religion Division. In the fall of 1982, he assumed his current posi The Restoration Movement originated on tion as director of Church Relations for the American frontier in a period of religious Pepperdine University. He continues to teach half time at the University, focusing on church enthusiasm and ferment at the beginning of history and the ministry of preaching, as well the nineteenth century. The first leaders of the as required religion courses. movement deplored the numerous divisions in He received his education from Michigan the church and urged the unity of all Christian College, A.A. -
Road to Oregon Written by Dr
The Road to Oregon Written by Dr. Jim Tompkins, a prominent local historian and the descendant of Oregon Trail immigrants, The Road to Oregon is a good primer on the history of the Oregon Trail. Unit I. The Pioneers: 1800-1840 Who Explored the Oregon Trail? The emigrants of the 1840s were not the first to travel the Oregon Trail. The colorful history of our country makes heroes out of the explorers, mountain men, soldiers, and scientists who opened up the West. In 1540 the Spanish explorer Coronado ventured as far north as present-day Kansas, but the inland routes across the plains remained the sole domain of Native Americans until 1804, when Lewis and Clark skirted the edges on their epic journey of discovery to the Pacific Northwest and Zeb Pike explored the "Great American Desert," as the Great Plains were then known. The Lewis and Clark Expedition had a direct influence on the economy of the West even before the explorers had returned to St. Louis. Private John Colter left the expedition on the way home in 1806 to take up the fur trade business. For the next 20 years the likes of Manuel Lisa, Auguste and Pierre Choteau, William Ashley, James Bridger, Kit Carson, Tom Fitzgerald, and William Sublette roamed the West. These part romantic adventurers, part self-made entrepreneurs, part hermits were called mountain men. By 1829, Jedediah Smith knew more about the West than any other person alive. The Americans became involved in the fur trade in 1810 when John Jacob Astor, at the insistence of his friend Thomas Jefferson, founded the Pacific Fur Company in New York. -
OREGON HISTORY WRITERS and THEIR MATERIALS by LESLIE M
OREGON HISTORY WRITERS AND THEIR MATERIALS By LESLIE M. SCOTT Address before Oregon Writer's League, Portland, Oregon, June 28, 1924 Our Oregon history is not a detached narrative. The various stages of discovery, exploration, fur trade, ac quisition, migration, settlement, Indian subjugation, gold activity, transportation, industrial progress, each forms a story, each linked with the others and with the annals of the world and of our nation. Hence, the investigator finds large part of the materials to be outside Oregon libraries; in the governmental departments of the national capital; in the collections of historical societies of Missouri, Ne braska, Montana, Kansas, Wisconsin, California, South Dakota, and Washington state; in missionary and sea faring documents of New England; in exploration and diplomatic records of London and Madrid. Scrutiny of the materials gives two distinct ideas: First, of the im mensity of the field and the variety of the record, much of it yet unused; second, of the need of industry and talent, both historical and literary, in bringing the history to authentic and public reading. In preparing this paper, the writer finds it impossible to present anything that is new. The best he can do is to shift the viewpoint of survey. We hear nowadays a great deal about "canned" thought; just as we read about "can ned" music and "canned" fruits. The writer has used the results of the labor of others, especially of Charles W. Smith, associate librarian, University of Washington Library, and Eleanor Ruth Lockwood, reference librarian, Portland library, who have compiled lists of authors and materials. -
John Mcloughlin
Fort Vancouver Emigrant Trails Hall of Fame Oregon-California Trails Association John McLoughlin The Pacific Northwest was in turmoil in the 1840s. The Hudson's Bay Company claimed the entire area. They built Fort Vancouver on the Biography banks of the Columbia River, run by Chief Factor Dr. John McLoughlin. Anti-British feelings in the United States were best described by the Born: Jean-Baptiste McLoughlin, 1784, term Manifest Destiny, describing the belief that the United States Riviere-du-Loup, Quebec was destined to expand from coast to coast. American pioneer settlers arrived on the Oregon Trail. The earliest pioneers landed at Fort Van- Died: 1857, Oregon City, Oregon Territory couver. McLoughlin had been told by his superiors that under no cir- Married: Marguerite Wadin McKay cumstances was he to give them aid or comfort. When these early pioneers arrived at Vancouver, they were exhaust- ed. McLoughlin could not knowingly cause them harm. Instead, he provided them with supplies, on his personal credit, from the fort's Achievements warehouses. Numerous Oregon Trail diaries say McLoughlin saved the lives of many Father of Oregon American pioneers, even though it was against his company's orders. Chief Factor, Fort Vancouver, WA Under pressure from the company, McLoughlin made the decision to retire and build in Oregon City. He built the largest house in Oregon Aided emigrants to Oregon Territory City. His house became the social center of the area. before boundary was settled In 1948 the McLoughlin House was named a National Historic Site. In Licensed to practice medicine in 1803 1953, a statue of McLoughlin was placed in United States Capitol Stat- uary Hall. -
Oregon Treaty (1846) Name
Oregon Treaty (1846) Name: The Coast-to-Coast Decade From the earliest days, some Americans dreamed that one day the United States would stretch across North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. In the 1840s, that dream finally came true—starting with “Oregon Country.” This northwest section of the continent was a beautiful and valuable resource, covered by forests and laced with waterways and coastlines. There was money to be made in fishing and shipping, harvesting timber and fur animals, and mining for gold. It was no surprise that the United States wasn’t the only country with a claim to the land. War With Great Britain… Again?? Yep, it was another dispute with America’s former mother country. Back then, Great Britain controlled the territory we know today as Canada. Oregon Country stretched from the border between modern-day Oregon and California all the way up into British territory. Both Britain and America wanted this land, and they’d been arguing over it for a while. But the 1840s was a time when Americans got a passion for expanding. James Polk shared that passion—and he won the 1844 presidential election promising to add Oregon to the United States. He let the British believe America would go to war to control all of Oregon Country. What a Clever Guy President Polk was bluffing. By that time, the U.S. and Britain had already agreed that America’s northern border would run along the 49th parallel. (That’s where it is today.) The only section left undecided was the part that ran through Oregon Country. -
Westward Expansion 1820-1870
SECTION 19 WESTWARD E XPANSION 1820-1870 “Go West, young man, and grow up with the country.”—Horace Greeley 1492 1820 1870 Present MANIFEST DESTINY From the beginning—since the settlement of Jamestown in 1607, a westward moving frontier marked America's history. In 1845 John O’Sullivan, editor of the Democratic Review , expressed what Americans had thought all along: It was America's manifest destiny, or clear future, to expand her empire of liberty from coast to coast. The1862 Homestead Act drew thousands of settlers westward. It offered free land to heads of families (160 acres) and to single adults (80) acres, along with a requirement that the land be cultivated for five years. Inventive and resourceful, homesteaders on the Great Plains often built sod houses from clumps of hard-packed, grass-covered dirt. Many came West to strike it rich in the mining camps of California and Nevada or on the long cattle drives across the Plains, where a $5 dollar cow bought in Texas sold for $40 at a Kansas railhead. And speeding everyone westward was the first transcontinental railroad, built in 1869. 252 19–1 # WESTWARD EXPANSION: AN OVERVIEW EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1607-1867 HIGHLIGHTS OF EXPANSION, 1819-1867 1819—Adams-Onis Treaty 1845-1850 In the Adams-Onis Treaty, negotiated by Secretary of 1845—Texas Annexation to the United States State John Quincy Adams, Spain ceded East Florida 1846—Oregon Country, Treaty with Britain to the United States and gave up its claim to West 1848—Mexican Cession, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Florida.