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Science & Technology Option-1 Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2014 Rasale P L, 2014 ISSN 2278 – 5221 www.ijpmbs.com Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2014 © 2014 IJPMBS. All Rights Reserved Research Paper PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOOGICAL REVIEW OF FRACTURE HEALING DRUG ASTHISAMHARAK USED IN ANCIENT INDIAN MEDICINE Rasale P L1* *Corresponding Author: Rasale P L [email protected] Cissus quadrangularis L. is a succulent plant of family Vitaceae commonly found in tropical and subtropical xeric wood. It is a fleshy, cactus-like liana widely used as a common food item in India. The plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as a general tonic and analgesic, with specific bone fracture healing properties. The plant is believed to be useful in helminthiasis, anorexia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, hemorrhage, epilepsy, convulsion, haemoptysis, tumors, chronic ulcers, swellings. Following various folk claims for cure of various diseases, efforts have been made by researchers to verify the efficacy of the plant through scientific biological screening. The scrutiny of literature revealed some notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti microbial, anti bacterial, bone healing, anti ulcer, analgesic, anti inflammatory and diuretic, presented in this review such that the potential use of the plant either in pharmaceutics or as an agriculture resource can be evaluated. The present review is an attempt to highlight phytochemicals, various traditional uses as well as pharmacological reports on Cissus quadrangularis L. Keywords: Asthisamharak, Hadjod, Bhagna, Cissus quadrangularis INTRODUCTION material occurs as pieces of varying lengths; stem Cissus quadrangularis L. is commonly known as quadrangular, 4-winged, internodes 4-15 cm long AsthiShrunkhala is a succulent plant of family and 1-2 cm thick. The surface is smooth, Vitaceae commonly found throughout the hotter glabrous, buff colored with greenish tinge, angular parts of India. It can be cultivated in plains coastal portion reddish-brown; no taste and odor. Leaves areas, jungles and wastelands up to 500 m are simple 2.5-5 cm long, broadly ovate or elevation. Plant is propagated using cuttings reniform, sometimes 3-7 lobed, denticulate, (Anonymous, 1992). Plant flowers in the month glabrous, cordate, rounded, truncate or cuneate of June-December (Guhabakshi et al., 2001). Plant at the base; petioles 6-12 mm long; stipules small 1 Department of Shalyatantra, Govt Ayurved College Vazirabad Nanded. 28 Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2014 Rasale P L, 2014 broadly ovate, obtuse. Flowers are in shortly compound, sometimes pinnate. The leaf is peduncle cymes with spreading umbellate opposed by a tendril (modified inflorescence branches. Calyx is cup shaped, truncate or very developing from displaced bud) that attaches to obscurely lobed. Petals are 4, ovate-oblong, short, support by twining or by forming adhesive discs; stout. Berry is obovoid or globose, scarcely 6 mm, nodes usually swollen. The flowers are 4 or 5- long apiculate, red when ripe, 1- (very rarely 2) merous, petals forming a cap that falls off when seeded (Raipal, 2005). The whole plant including the flower opens; fruit a berry; seeds 4, with all parts such as stems, leaves, roots are prominent cord like raphe extending to a chalazas documented to possess medicinal properties in knot. ethnobotanical surveys conducted by Classical Name: Asthisamhari ethnobotanists in traditional system of medicine. The present review will possibly help to bridge Sanskrit Names: Asthisamhari, Vajravalli, between traditional claims and modern therapy Asthishrinkhala, Asthisamhara, Kandavalli, on Cissus quadrangularis L. and also pinpoints Vajrangi, Asthisamyojaka. unexplored potential of it. Distribution: Found throughout the hotter parts of India alongside hedges, neighboring countries CLASSIFICATION OF THE like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Shrilanka and PLANT Malaysia. It can be cultivated in plains coastal Kingdom: Plantae or Green Plants areas, jungles and wastelands up to 500 m Subkingdom: Tracheobionta: Vascular elevation. Plant is propagated using cuttings Plant Super division: Spermatophyta: Seed bearing VERNACULAR NAMES plants Division: Angiosperm (Flowering Plants) Hindi: Hadjod, Hadjora, Hadsankari, Hadsarihari, Class: Dicotyledoneae: Dicots; Angiosperms; Kandvel Guj: Hadsankal, Hadsand, Chodhari Flowering plants; Subclass: Rosidae Order: Tam: Pirantai, Vajjravalli Tel.: Nalleru, Nulleratiga, Rhamnales Genus: Cissus L.: (Treebine) Trees Vajravalli Urdu : Hrajora, Hadsankal Oriya: with simple, entire leaves. Stems and branches Hadabhanga Beng: Har, Harbhanga, Hasjora, are acutely angled or winged. Flowers are Horjora Eng.: Edible stemmed wine, Bonesetter, disposed in terminal panicles, small and Adamant creeper Kan.: Mangarahalli Mal.: polygamous. Calyx is short, entire and deciduous. Peranta, Cannalamparanta Powder Petals are 4-5, imbricate. Stamens are as many characteristics. The color of powder is brown; as the petals, with only 1 functional stamen. shows fragments of vessels, fibers, Ovary is unilocular, with a solitary ovule; style is parenchymatous cells and few rosette crystals filiform. Fruit is a large succulent drupe. Species: of calcium oxalate, starch grains and idioblasts quadrangularis Linn. (Veldt-grape) Stems and containing raphides and isolated acicular crystals branches acutely winged. Botanical name: of calcium oxalate. Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Family: Vitaceae: Phytochemistry Grape, Virginia creeper; usually lianas with Phytochemical studies of Cissus quadrangularis alternate leaves, often palmately lobed or have shown the presence of various versatile 29 Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2014 Rasale P L, 2014 constituents such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, powder also contain a rich source of mineral Vitamin C, stilbene derivatives and many others, elements (mg/100 g dry matter): potassium 67.5, e.g., resveratrol, piceatannol, pallidol calcium 39.5, zinc 3.0, sodium 22.5, iron 7.5, lead perthenocissin and phytosterols. Out of which 3.5, cadmium 0.25, copper 0.5 and magnesium ascorbic acid, triterpene, β-sitosterol, ketosteroid, 1.15 (Rastogi, 1995; Attawish et al., 2002; Udupa two asymmetrical tetracyclic triterpenoids and et al., 1961; Chopra et al., 1991). Analysis of the calcium were identified as major constituents of toxicants also revealed the presence of oxalate, this plant. The Cissus quadrangularis contains tannin, phytate, saponin contents (135, 0.3, 20, high amount of Carotene A, anabolic steroidal 0.16 mg/100 g of dry matter) respectively. The substances and Calcium. The plant contains ash formed from the Cissus quadrangularis ascorbic acid, 479 mg and carotene, 267 mg per contains mostly carbonates and to a smaller 100 g freshly prepared paste, in addition to extent phosphates of sodium, potassium, calcium oxalate. The stem of the plant contains magnesium and calcium. Presence of potassium two asymmetric tetracyclic triterpenoids, onocer tartarate is also reported (Prasad and Udupa, – 7 ene 3 α, 21 β diol (C H O m.p. 200-202°C) 30 52 2 1963 and 1972). The Cissus quadrangularis stem and onocer - 7 ene–3 β, 21 α diol (C H O , m.p. 30 52 2 is also reported to contain a water-soluble 233–234°C). It also contains two steroidal glycoside, which produces a fall in blood pressure principles: (1). C H O, melting point 249-252°C; 27 45 in anaesthetized cats. Fresh stems of Cissus (2) C H , melting point 136-138°C. Presence 23 41 quadrangularis produces irritating action on the of β-sitosterol (Figure 3), δ amyrin and δ- amyrone skin, which may be attributed to the presence of is also reported. The aerial parts of Cissus calcium oxalate and 31 methyl tritiacontanoic acid quadrangularis is found to contain a new asymmetric tetracyclic triterpenoid, 7-Oxo- along with taraxeryl acetate, taraxerol and iso- β α pentacosanoic acid (Udupa et al., 1965; Chopra Onocer-8-ene-3 21 diol (C30H50O3, m.p. 235- 237°C). Seven new compounds are also reported et al., 1975). Recently three new stilbene which are 4-hydroxy 2 methyl-tricos-2 ene -22- derivatives, quadrangularins A, B and C were one, 9-methyloctadec- 9-ene, heptadecyl- isolated from Cissus quadrangularis together with octadecanoate, isosanylicosanoate, 31-methyl resveratrol, piceatannol, pallidol and tritiacontan-1-ol, 7- hydroxy- 20- oxo- docosanyl parthenocissine A. The stem extract of Cissus cyclohexane and 31-methyl tritiacontanoic acid. quadrangularis plant contains a high percentage Small amount of taraxeryl acetate, friedelan-3- of calcium ions (4% by weight) and phosphorous. one, taraxerol and isopentacosanoic acid is also present. Presence of 3, 3’, 4, 4’- STRENGTH AS PER AYURVEDIC tetrahydroxybiphenyl is also reported (Pluemjai and PHARMACO-POEIA OF INDIA Saifah, 1986; Prajapati, 2003; Rastogi, 1995). (GOVT. OF INDIA) Analysis of the air-dried Cissus quadrangularis Foreign Matter: NMT 1% W/W , Total Ash: NMT plant reported to contain moisture 13.1, protein 5% W/W, Acid insoluble ash: NMT 1% W/W 12.8, wax 1.0, fiber 15.6, carbohydrate 36.6, Alcohol soluble extractive: NLT 3% W/W ,Water mucilage and pectin 1.2 and ash 18.2%. The root soluble extractive: NLT 23% W/W, Fixed oil: NLT 30 Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2014 Rasale P L, 2014 3% W/W , Sulphated Ash content: NMT 5% W/ treatment of gastritis constipation, eye diseases, W, Arsenic: NMT 1 ppm, Lead: NMT 5 ppm ,Total piles and anemia. The stem boiled in limewater it bacterial count: NMT 800 CFU/g Total fungal forms a preserve useful as a stomachic; The count: NMT 500 CFU/g, Moisture content: NMT Rongas of east Africa apply the pounded stem to 5% W/W wounds (Udupa et al., 1961 ; Chopra et al., 1999). TRADITIONAL USES Pharmacological Uses Following the folk and traditional uses of the plant, The roots and stems are most useful for healing it has been investigated scientifically in animal of fracture of the bones. The stem is bitter; it is model to validate the potential of the plant in cure given internally and applied topically in broken of variety of ailments. bones, used in complaints of the back and spine (Pluemjai and Saifah , 1986). A paste of stem is Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging useful for muscular pains (Anonymous, 1992).
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