US 2004O156920A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2004/0156920 A1 Kane (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 12, 2004 (54) EXTRACTS FROM PLANT AND NON-PLANT Publication Classification BOMASS AND USES THEREOF (76) Inventor: Shantaram Govind Kane, Pune (IN) (51) Int. Cl." .......................... A61K 35/78; AO1N 65/00 Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl. ......................... 424/725; 424/750; 424/756; Brinks Hofer Gilson & Lione 424/753; 424/754; 424/734; NBC Tower, Suite 3600 424/770; 424/757; 424/761 P.O. BOX 10395 Chicago, IL 60610 (US) (21) Appl. No.: 10/338,405 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: Jan. 7, 2003 Novel oil eXtracts from Angiosperm and Gymnosperm plants and other-plant biomass from human, Veterinary, (30) Foreign Application Priority Data birds, aquatic Species, microbial and mycological Sources useful in human, Veterinary and agricultural, mycological Jul. 14, 2000 (IN)................................. 653/MUM/2000 and microbiological applications are described. Methods of Jul. 14, 2000 (IN)................................. 654/MUM/2000 preparation of these extracts in oil and methods of applica Jul. 4, 2001 (WO)............................ PCT/INO1/OO132 tion and administration are also described. US 2004/O156920 A1 Aug. 12, 2004 EXTRACTS FROM PLANT AND NON-PLANT Verma et al., 1986; Yoshikawa et al., 1997). Whenever fresh BIOMASS AND USES THEREOF juice or decoction of a particular plant is given internally according to traditional or folk medicine, the useful medici RELATED APPLICATIONS nal agent is believed to be released in the juice from ground leaves, or the decoction of other plant parts, the plant 0001. This application claims priority to India application residues remaining after extraction were not added to the Serial Nos. 653/MUM/2000 and 654/MUM/2000, both filed composition. Jul. 14, 2000 and PCT application PCT/IN01/00132, filed Jul. 04, 2001, International Publication Number WO 0007 Kalanchoe is perhaps the most widely known 02/05830 A2, which are incorporated herein by reference in genus in folk medicine. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) pers; their entirety. Bryophyllum calicinum Salis; Cotyledon pinnata and Bryo phullum pinnatum are Synomyous, and have been exten BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Sively Studied. Folk medicine has bestowed nicknames, Such as “Wonder Plant” and descriptions such as “Divine”, thus 0002) Introduction illustrating their importance. 0003. The use of plants and herbs for general welfare and 0008 Sedum and Sempervivum are more commonly effectively treating a variety of conditions and ailments dates known in folk medicine of Europe whereas Rhodiola and back to ancient times. Use of a variety of all other type of other genera are known more in China and the Far East. materials of biological origin (biomass), both prokaryotes Although the uses of these genera are not as far-reaching as and eukaryotes, has also been known for treating a variety that of Kalanchoe, Specific uses have been reported, Such as of conditions and ailments. The biomass Source materials for protecting the liver and lowering lipids for Sempervivum can be from bacteria, fungi, mushroom, yeast, poultry, birds, which are not reported So far for Kalanchoe. marine, amphibian, animal and human products. 0009 Aloe sp. has been used to promote health world 0004. However, using these materials of biological origin wide for thousands of years. Aloe Vera is the most com can also be dangerous because of endogenous toxins. Effec monly used Species throughout the World. The plant is used tive doses are often achieved when large Volumes of these both by external topical application and by internal dose. materials are used, thus aggravating toxic effects. These applications include promotion of general health; 0005 The plants of different genera and species of the Specifically, wound and burn healing, Surgery recovery, bone Crassulaceae family have been used to combat inflamma growth, immunoprotection against cancer, health in HIV tion, promote healing, and improve overall well being. The infected Subjects, protection against frostbite, reducing Crassulaceae fix carbon via Crassulacean Acid Metabolism arthritic Swelling, bowel inflammation, blood Sugar, and (CAM) in the dark. CAM, so called because originally protection of Superoxide dismutase and glutathione from found in the Crassulaceae family (Stonecrops, comprising radiation. mostly Succulents such as cacti), plants temporally separate the two pathways of carbon fixation, C and C, while using 0010. The effective dosage for Aloe preparations required both cycles within the same cells. The initial fixation of is typical for many herbal reparations. Dosage is high: an carbon dioxide, the C pathway, occurs at night (via cyto oral dose of 100 mg/kg per day in animal Studies or wound solic PEP carboxylase), while the C pathway functions healing (Davies et al., 1989) and 150 mg/kg per day has been during the day. Consequently, the Stomata of CAM plants are prescribed to treat arthritis (Davies et al., 1992). For closed during the day, thus enabling them to withstand brutal humans, the reported dose of the extract or juice ranges from environmental conditions, Such as drought and low tempera 2 g/day (% teaspoon) to over 100 g/day. Direct topical tures, and are open at night to take in carbon dioxide. In application also requires Several grams per application. contrast, C. plants have open Stomata during the day and Anthraquinones and other low molecular weight compounds closed during night. CAM plants have been reported in at in Aloe are also reported to have cytotoxicity (Avila et al., least 23 families of flowering plants, mostly eudicots, 1997; Mueller and Stopper, 1999). including maternity plant, wax plant, Snake plant. LeSS 0011) Cissus quadrangularis is the most commonly used Succulent CAM plants include pineapple and Spanish moss. Species throughout Asia and Africa. It has been used to Interestingly, Some nonflowering plants also show CAM promote fracture healing both by external topical application activity, including the gymnosperm Welwitschia mirabilisi, and by internal dose. Other uses include treating rheumatic quillwort (lsoetes), and some ferns (Raven et al., 1999). back pain and body pain, irregular menstruation, Stomach 0006 CAM plants are adapted to high stress conditions ache and whooping cough. Such as arid Zones, including hot and cold deserts, and high 0012 Most parts of the plant have been used, including altitudes. CAM plants can be found in many genera and are the stem, leaves, and tender Shoots. In addition, the entire not limited to Succulents, these include Kalanchoe, Bryo plant, dried, is used in Arabic countries as a “Cure-All' phyllum, Sedum, Sempervium, Rhodiola, Crassulaceae, medicine. Pastes made from leaves, Stem or entire plants Aloe, and CissuS Sp. CAM plants have been used for many have been used for external applications. human applications. Most often, plant parts, Such as leaves, or plant juices are orally administered. However, the typical 0013 The dosage levels required are typical for many dosage is very high, above 100 mg/kg body weight per day herbal preparations. Oral dose of juice is 10 to 20 grams/day. (Blazovics et al., 1993; Boikova and Akulova, 1995; Botha Typical dosages of dry Stem powder are 2 to 4 grams. et al., 1997; Da Silva et al., 1995; Da Silva et al., 1999; Lans Topical applications in the form of paste of dried parts is and Brown, 1998; Nadkarni, 1982; Nassis et al., 1992; usually applied at least 10 grams or more. However, the Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985; Pal et al., 1992; Sendl et al., 1993; usefulness of this plant is diminished: the various previously US 2004/O156920 A1 Aug. 12, 2004 known compositions are reported to have mutagenic (includ the entire plant, dried, is also used in Some cases. Pastes ing clastogenic) activity (Balachandran et al., 1991; made from leaves, Stem or entire plants have been used for Sivaswamy et al., 1991). external applications. 0020. The dosage levels required are typical for many 0.014 Table 1 Summarizes the common uses of CAM herbal preparations. Oral dose of juice or decoction of plant plants, for a comprehensive review of Bryophyllum, Kal parts is 2 to 50 ml/day. Typical dosages of dry powder are anchoe, Aloe and Cissus regarding uses, see (Nadkarni, 1 to 4 grams. Topical applications in the form of paste of 1982; Gogte, 2000). dried parts is usually applied at least 10 grams or more. TABLE 1. 0021. A few illustrative examples are described. For a comprehensive review regarding human dosage and uses, QAM plants and their uses see (Nadkarni, 1982; Gogte, 2000). For typical human Plant Application Reference dosage, See Tables 1A, 1B and 1C. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Anti-inflammatory (Pal et al., 1992) 0022 Angiosperm-Monocotyledon Plants pers; (also known as Anti-bacterial (Obaseiki-Ebor, Bryophullum calicinum Salis; 1985; Verma et al., 0023 Cyperous rotundus is well known to folk medicine Cotyledon pinnata and 1985) in the Orient and Africa. Rhizomes or tuberous roots of Bryophullum pinnatum) and Neurotoxin (animal (Botha et al., 1997) cyperous are used as anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and other Kalanchoe sp. husbandry study) Anti-parasite (e.g. (Da Silva et al., analgesic particularly for Stomach and bowel disorders Leishmania) 1995; Da Silva et (Gupta et al., 1971; Seo et al., 2001). Inhibition of NO and al., 1999) Superoxide prodution is also reported. Decoctions of tubers Antihistamine (anti- (Nassis et al., 1992) or ground powder are given in fever, diarrhoea, dysentery. inflammatory) Pharmaceutical (Verma et al., 1986) Paste is applied on the breasts as a galactogouge. (Nadkarni (general) 1982). The human dose of powder is 1 to 3 gm per day. Sempervivum sp. Lipid reduction (Blazovics et al., Antimalarial compounds have been isolated (Thebarononth (circulation) 1993) et al., 1995; Weenan et al., 1990). The most active com Sedum sp. Anti-inflammatory (Sendl et al., 1993) Rhodiulia Sacra Antihistamine (anti- (Yoshikawa et al., pounds have an IC50 of 5.4 micrograms/ml.