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II., Ca. 40-51 N.Chr HERAKLES VOM BERGE SANBULOS Als der Arsakide Gotarzes (II., ca. 40-51 n.Chr.) im Jahr 49 gegen Meherdates (Mihrdad) vorrückte, den die Römer unterstützten, bezog er an einem Fluß namens Corma Stellung und erwartete dort seinen Gegner, der Ninive und eine Festung (castellum) bei Gaugamela (wohl Arbela) eingenommen hatte (Tacitus, Ann. XII 13)1. Izates II. von der Adiabene2 und Abgar V. Ukkama (4 v. – 7 n. und 13-50 n.Chr.) von Edessa3 hatten Meherdates vor der entscheidenden Schlacht am Corma verlassen, die darum für den parthischen Prinzen mit einer Niederlage endete. Gotarzes ließ jedoch Gnade walten und schnitt ihm nach alter persischer Sitte die Ohren ab4, damit er nie wieder auf den Gedanken käme, den parthischen Thron usurpieren zu wollen (XII 14)5. 1 Für Tacitus’ Annalen wurden die Editionen von H. WEISKOPF (P. Corneli Taciti Annalium Libri XI- XII [WSt, Beih 4] 1973, S. 63f.) und Ist. BORZSAK – K. WELLESLEY (Cornelii Taciti libri qui supersunt I.2 [BSGRT] 1986, S. 22) benutzt. Die Abkürzungen von Periodica, Lexika und Reihenwerken richten sich nach S. SCHWERTNER, Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Abkürzungsverzeichnis, Berlin–New York 1976. 2 Zu Izates vgl. F.H. WEISSBACH, Izates (2), in: PRE X 1 (1919), Sp. 1391f.; L.H. SCHIFFMAN, The Conversion of the Royal House of Adiabene in Josephus and Rab- binic Sources, in: Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity, ed. by L.H. FELDMAN – G. HATA (1987), S. 293-312; M. FRENSCHKOWSKI, Iranische Königslegende in der Adiabene. Zur Vorgeschichte von Josephus: Antiquitates XX, 17-33, ZDMG 140 (1990), S. 213- 233; R.M. BOEHMER – H. VON GALL, Das Felsrelief bei Batas-Herir, BaghM 6 (1973), p. 65-77; J. TEIXIDOR, The Kingdom of Adiabene and Hatra, Ber. 17 (1967/68), S. 1-11, bes. 2-6. 3 Mit dem «Acbarus, dem König der Araber» bei Tacitus kann nur der edessenische Fürst Abgar V. mit dem Beinamen «der Schwarze» gemeint sein, der nach der Doctrina Addai (ed. G. Phillips 1876; ed. G. Howard 1981), der Lokallegende Edessas, mit Jesus korrespondierte (cf. J.B. SEGAL, Edessa, 1970, S. 12; A.VON GUTSCHMID, Untersuchungen über die Geschichte des Königreichs Osroëne, Mémoires de l’Academie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg [7. sér.] 35 No. 1, 1887, S. 23 u.ö.). 4 R.G. KENT, Old Persian. Grammar, Texts, Lexicon (AOS, 33), 21953 = 1982, S. 124; E.N. VON VOIGTLANDER, The Babylonian Versions of the Achaemenian Inscriptions I. The Bisutun Inscription of Darius the Great. Babylonian Version (Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, I 21 ), 1978, S. 57f.; A. DEMANDT, Die Ohren des falschen Smerdis, IrAnt 9 (1972), S. 94-101; Ammianus Marcellinus XXX 8.4 (ed. W. SEYFARTH IV, 31986, S. 230- 231); vgl. noch C. NYLANDER, Earless in Niniveh: Who Mutilated “Sargon’s” Head?, AJA 84 (1980), S. 329-333. 5 Zum Verlauf des Kampfes zwischen den beiden Kontrahenten vgl. A. STEIN, Gotarzes, in: PRE VII 2 (1912), Sp. 1679f.; N.C. DEBEVOISE, A Political History of Parthia, 1938, S. 172f.; W. SCHUR, Parthia (II B), in: PRE XVIII 4 (1949), Sp. 2013; 242 J. TUBACH Gotarzes hatte sich nach Artabanos’ II. Tod (12-38 n.Chr.) gegen des- sen Sohn Vardanes anfangs erfolgreich durchgesetzt6. Es gelang jedoch Vardanes bald darauf, sich des westlichen Teiles des Partherreiches zu bemächtigen. Gotarzes war vermutlich ein Neffe7 des Artabanos und machte offenbar über die tanistry–Erbfolge8 Ansprüche auf den Thron M.-L. CHAUMONT, Etudes d’histoire parthe IV. A propos d’une inscription du “grand roi” Gotarze, Syr. 56 (1979), S. 164-170; Kl. SCHIPPMANN, Grundzüge der parthischen Geschichte, 1980, S. 53f.; A.D.H. BIVAR, The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids, in: The Cambridge History of Iran III 1. The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods, ed. E. YARSHATER, 1983 (= 1993), S. 76-78; M. KARRAS-KLAPPROTH, Prosopographische Studien zur Geschichte des Partherreiches auf der Grundlage antiker literarischer Überlieferung, 1988, S. 48f., 62f., 73f.; M.SCHOTTKY, Parther, Meder und Hyrkanier. Eine Untersuchung der dynastischen und geographischen Verflechtungen im Iran des 1.Jhs.n.Chr., AMI 24 (1991 [ersch. 1993]), S. 109-112; zur Rolle Roms bei diesem Konflikt vgl. K.-H. ZIEGLER, Die Beziehungen zwischen Rom und dem Partherreich, 1964, S. 65f.; A.S. SCHIEBER, The Flavian Eastern Policy, Ph.D. State University of New York at Buffalo 1975, S. 31f.; E. DABROWA, La politique de l’état parthe à l’égard de Rome – d’Artaban II à Vologèse I (ca 11 – ca 79 de N.E.) et les facteurs qui la conditionnaient (Uniwersytet Jagiellonski. Rozprawy habilitacyjne, 74), 1983, S. 121-124. 6 Zu Vardanes und Gotarzes vgl. A. STEIN, Gotarzes, Sp. 1677-1679; N.C. DEBE- VOISE, Political History (o. Anm. 5), S. 166f., 169-171; R.H. MCDOWELL, Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris (UMS, H 37), 1935, S. 118f., 225-227; W. SCHUR, Parthia (o. Anm. 5), Sp. 2010-2013; U. KAHRSTEDT, Artabanos III und seine Erben (Dissertationes Bernenses, I 2), 1950, S. 16-27 u.ö.; R. HANSLIK, Vardanes, in: PRE VIIIA 1 (1955), Sp. 368-371; M.-L. CHAUMONT, Etudes IV (o. Anm. 5), S. 160-164; Kl. SCHIPPMANN, Grundzüge (o. Anm. 5), S. 53; E. DABROWA, Politique (o. Anm. 5), S. 118-120; M. KAR- RAS–KLAPPROTH, Studien (o. Anm. 5), S. 60-62, 186-189; A.D.H. BIVAR, Political History (o. Anm. 5), S. 75f.; M. SCHOTTKY, Parther (o. Anm. 5), S. 103-109. 7 U. KAHRSTEDT, Artabanos (o. Anm. 6), S. 18, 20-22; Kl. SCHIPPMANN, Grundzüge (o. Anm. 5), S. 53; DERS., Arsacids II, in: Encyclopaedia Iranica II (1987), S. 529; M. KARRAS-KLAPPROTH, Studien (o. Anm. 5), S. 60; E.E. HERZFELD, Sakastan, in: AMI 4 (1932 [=1966]), S. 61f.; DERS., Archaeological History of Iran (SchL, 1934), 1935 (= 1980), S. 56; F. JUSTI, Geschichte Irans von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Ausgang der Sasaniden, in: Grundriß der iranischen Philologie II, ed. W. GEIGER – E. KUHN (1896- 1904 [= 1974]), S. 504; sowie bes. M. SCHOTTKY, Parther (o. Anm. 5), S. 99, 100, 102f.; zur Münzlegende vgl. E.E. HERZFELD, a.a.O.; DERS., Am Tor von Asien, 1920, S. 46f., F. JUSTI, Geschichte, und M. SCHOTTKY, Parther (o. Anm. 5), S. 92-94 Abb.9. 8 Dazu F. ALTHEIM – R. STIEHL, Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum, 1970, S. 447, 621; F. ALTHEIM, Geschichte der Hunnen I, 21975, S. 119f. Die patrilineare Erbfolge betonen M. SCHOTTKY (Parther [o. Anm. 5], S. 97) und M. KARRAS-KLAPPROTH (Studien [o. Anm. 5], S. 221f.), obgleich im Partherreich immer wieder Brüder oder Neffen des Großkönigs und nicht die Söhne die Nachfolge antreten. Iustin (XLI 5.9f.) ist kein Beleg für die Primogenitur. Der in einer patriarchalischen Welt lebende Iustin (bzw. Pompeius Trogus) konnte sich nicht recht vorstellen, daß ein Vater seine eigene Söhne von der Erbfolge ausschließt und seinen Bruder zum Nachfolger bestimmt, weshalb er die Herrschaft des Mithradates (I., 171-138 v.Chr.) als Sonderfall darstellt. HERAKLES VOM BERGE SANBULOS 243 geltend9. Nach Vardanes’ Ermordung 45 n.Chr. fiel Gotarzes das ganze westliche Gebiet zu. Wegen seiner tyrannischen Herrschaft wandten sich unzufriedene Satrapen an Rom, das Hilfe zusagte. Die treibende Kraft bei diesem Unternehmen scheint das Oberhaupt der Adelsfamilie Karin10, bei Tacitus nur Carenes genannt, gewesen zu sein. Als Kronprätendenten nahm Claudius (41-54 n.Chr.) Meherdates, den in Rom wohnenden Sohn von Vonones I. (9-12 n.Chr.), dem Vorgänger von Artabanos II. auf dem Arsakidenthron. Meherdates war ein Enkel von Phraates IV. (38 v.–2 n.Chr.), der seine vier Söhne (Seraspadanes, Vonones, Phraates, Rhodaspes) im Jahre 10/9 v.Chr. an der Euphratgrenze M.Titius, dem römischen Legaten von Syrien, übergeben hatte, um Phraatakes (2 v.– 4 n.Chr.), dem Sohn von Musa, einer Sklavin aus Italien, die ihm einst Augustus schenkte, den Thron zu sichern. Die Prinzen lebten fortan in der römischen Hauptstadt11. In die Schilderung der Rebellion des Meherdates flocht Tacitus (Ann. XII 133) eine längere Notiz über den Kult des Herakles vom Berg San- bulos ein, dem Gotarzes im Hinblick auf den bevorstehenden Kampf ein Opfer darbrachte, ehe er sich samt seiner Armee am Fluß Corma ver- schanzte, da er den gegnerischen Truppen unterlegen war. Unmittelbar zuvor berichtete er, daß Meherdates die urbs Ninos und das castellum einnahm, wo einst Alexander den entscheidenden Sieg über Dareios Kodomannos errang: Indessen brachte Gotarzes auf einem Berg, dem man Sanbulos nennt, den Göttern des Ortes seine Gebete dar. Gegenstand besonderer Verehrung ist Herkules, welcher zu festgesetzter Zeit die Priester im Traume anweist, Pferde, zur Jagd angeschirrt, vor dem Tempel bereit- zustellen. Sobald man den Pferden die mit Geschossen gefüllten Köcher aufgeladen hat, zerstreuen sie sich in dem Waldgebirge und 9 Nach Tacitus bestieg Gotarzes nach Artabanos’ Tod den Thron (Ann. XI 8), nach Flavius Josephus jedoch Vardanes, der Sohn von Artabanos II (Ant. XX 3.4, §69). Da Vardanes später mit seinem ‘Bruder’ Gotarzes (so Tacitus) einen Vertrag schloß und ihm Hyrkanien als Herrschaftgebiet überließ, waren dessen Ansprüche eventuell nicht völlig aus der Luft gegriffen. In Rom bezichtigt ihn die parthische Adelsgesandtschaft nicht der Illegitimität, sondern klagt über seine Tyrannei. Die einschlägige Forschung folgt bei der Darstellung der Ereignisse nicht selten Tacitus (R. HANSLIK, Vardanes [o. Anm. 6], Sp. 368f.; W. SCHUR, Parthia [o. Anm. 5], Sp. 2011; N.C. DEBEVOISE, Political History [o. Anm. 5], S. 166f.; M. SCHOTTKY, Parther [o. Anm. 5], S. 104f.). 10 R. SCHMITT, Suren und Karin, MSS 42 (1983), S. 197-205. 11 N.C. DEBEVOISE, Political History (o. Anm. 5), S. 143f.; W. SCHUR, Parthia (o. Anm. 5), Sp. 2000; Kl. SCHIPPMANN, Grundzüge (o. Anm. 5), S. 47f.; M. KARRAS- KLAPPROTH, Studien (o. Anm. 5), S. 95f., 145-147, 147f, 154f., 158, 210. 244 J. TUBACH kommen erst nachts mit leeren Köchern heftig schnaubend wieder zurück.
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