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Kharasan and Its Cultural, Political and Commercial Position During Arsacid

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Kharasan and Its Cultural, Political and Commercial Position During Arsacid ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ؛ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣ ﻪ ي اﻧﺠﻤﻦ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺳﺎل ﭼﻬﺎرم ، ﺷﻤﺎره ي ﺷﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ ، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1392 ، ﺻﺺ 132ـ113 ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ و ﺗﺠﺎري آن در ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﻲ اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻘﻮب ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﻓﺮ،* ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ** ﭼﻜﻴﺪه1 ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ درﺻﺪد اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎن رودان را ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎدﺷﺎﻫﻲ اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ و اﻣﭙﺮا ﺗﻮري روم ﺑﺴﻨﺠﺪ . ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻔﺮد ﺧﻮد ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ زﻳﺎدي در رواﺑﻂ اﻳﻦ دو ﻗﺪرت ﺑﺰرگ و رﻗﻴﺐ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ اﻳﻦ رواﺑﻂ از ﻻﺑﻼي ﻛﺎوش ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺤﺪود و اﻧﺪﻛﻲ راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ آن وﺟﻮد دارد اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد . ﻳﺎﻓﺘـ ﻪﻫـﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺳﻜﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ رﻳﺸﻪ ي ﺑـﻮﻣ ﻲ، و ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﺳـﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺼـﺪ ﺗﺴـﻠﻂ ﺑـﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس و ﺗﺠﺎرت آن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ، اﺳـﺘﻘﻼل ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ در رواﺑـﻂ ﺑـﺎ اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎن و اﻳﺠﺎد رواﺑﻂ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري روم و ﻫﻨ ﺪ داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎن، ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎن رودان، ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ و ﺧﺎراﻛﺲ، ﺗﺠﺎرت . Downloaded from chistorys.ir at 16:28 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 * داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ـ ﻫﻤﺪان . ([email protected] ) ** داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎـ ﻫﻤﺪان .( [email protected] ) ) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 01/05/92 ـ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺄﺋﻴﺪ : 09/05/ 92 .1 ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن از ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﻧﮕﺎرش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﻳﺸﺎن را ﻳﺎري دادﻧﺪ، ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﻗـﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺻﻠﻲ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ و ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ ﺑـﺎ دﺷـﻮار يﻫـﺎ ي ﺑﺴﻴﺎري روﺑﻪ رو ﺑﻮد . از اﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺟﺎي دارد ﺗﺎ ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﺧﻮد را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻗﺎﻳﺎن دﻧﻴﻞ ﺗﻲ . ﭘﺎﺗﺲ از داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك، ﻟﺌﻮﻧﺎردو ﮔﺮﮔﻮراﺗﻲ از داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اودﻳﻦ اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، وادﻳﻢ ﻧﻴﻜﻴﺘﻴﻦ، ﻣﺎرك ﭘﺎﺳﻞ و ﺟﺎن ﻫﻴـﻞ از ﻛﻮك ﺗﺎون اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ، ﺑﺎﺑﺖ ارﺳﺎل آﺛﺎر و ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﺑﺮاز ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. 114 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﺷﻤﺎره 16 وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻴﺎن رودان اراﺿﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎن رودان و ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﻛﺸﻲ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻫـﺎ و ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه در ﻫﺰاره ي ﭼﻬﺎرم پ. م. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺪ.1 ﺑـ ﺮاي اﻳـﻦ ﺳـﺮزﻣﻴﻦ در ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، از دو واژه « ﻣﻴﺸﺎن» و « ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ » اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو رﻳﺸﻪ ي آراﻣﻲ دارﻧﺪ . ﻣﻴﺸﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً داراي ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ داراي ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ اﺳﺖ.2 آداﻣﺰ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎنرودان را دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ، رﻃﻮﺑﺖ اﻧﺪك و ﻣﻴـﺰان ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﺑﺎرش ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً در زﻣﺴﺘﺎن و ﺑﻬﺎر ﻣﻲداﻧﺪ،3 وﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺧـﺎك ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ و ﮔﺬر دو رود داﺋﻤﻲ دﺟﻠﻪ و ﻓـﺮات از اﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮاﺣ ﻲ، ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ را ﺑـﺮاي اﺣﻴـﺎي ﻛﺸـﺎورزي و ﺑ ﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ آن ﻳﻜﺠﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ و ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورد . ﺧـﺎك آﺑﺮﻓﺘـﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑ ﻪ وﻳﮋه ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﺷـﺪ ه اﺳﺖ.4 آب و ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺮﻛﺰ و ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎنرودان از ﻧﻮع ﺧﺸﻚ و ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً اﺳـﺘﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑـﻮده و ﺑـﺎ دﻣﺎي 50 درﺟﻪ در ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺎرﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از 25 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘ ﻲﻣﺘـﺮ، ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﻛﺸﻲ و آﺑﻴﺎري اﻣﻜﺎن ﻛﺸﺎورزي در آن وﺟﻮد دارد.5 اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﻫﺎي ﮔﺴـﺘﺮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻣﺸـﻜﻼت ﻓﺮاواﻧـﻲ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻬﻦ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎن رودان، ﺑ ﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺧﺎراﻛﺲ اﺳﭙﺎﺳﻴﻨﻮ ﮔﺸﺖ.6 زﺑﺎن، ﻣﺬﻫﺐ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻛﺪيﻫـﺎ در 2400 پ. م. ﺗﻔـﺎو تﻫـﺎي آﺷـﻜﺎري از ﻧﻈـﺮ اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ، اﻗﺘﺼـﺎ د ي و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﻤﺎل، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ و ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎن رودان ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪ.7 ﺳﻨ ﺖﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ وﺟـﻮد Downloaded from chistorys.ir at 16:28 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 1. Werner Nützel, “On the Geographical Position of as Yet Unexplored Early Mesopotamian Cultures: Contribution to the Theoretical Archaeology” , Journal of the American Oriental Society, 99, 2, 1979, p. 288. 2. John Hansman, “Charax and the Karkheh” , Iranica Antiqua, 7, 1967, p. 24. 3. Robert McC. Adams, (1981), Heartland of Cities, Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates , Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, p. 11. 4. Cheryl Lee Coursey, “Shaping, Stewing, Serving and Brewing: Uruk Period Pottery Production and Consumption in Alluvial Mesopotamia”, Advised by Susan Pollock, PhD Dissertation, Anthropology Department, State University of New York, 1997, p. 34-35. 5. ﻳ ﻮﺳﻒ ﻣﺠﻴﺪزاده، ( 1388)، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ و ﺗﻤﺪن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﻦ، ج1، ﺗﻬﺮان : ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮداﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ، ص .4 .4 6. “Charax and the Karkheh” , p. 36-37. 7. Norman Yoffee, “Political Economy in Early Mesopotamian Sites”, Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 1995, p. 290. ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ و ﺗﺠﺎري آن در ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﻲ اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ 115 ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺣﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪد، ﺑﺤﺮانﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از زوال اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﺟـﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻣﻴﺎنرودان ﺑﻪ ﻗـﻮت ﺧـﻮد ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ.1 ﺗﻨﻮع ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺬاﻫﺐ در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ راهﻫﺎي ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺟﻨـﻮب ﻣﻴـﺎ نرودان ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ در ﺳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪاي ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓـ ﺖ . ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﻧﻮﺷـﺘ ﻪﻫـﺎي اﺳﺘﺮاﺑﻮ و ﭘﻠﻴﻨﻲ، اﺳﻜﻨﺪر ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺗﺄﺳـﻴﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨـﺖ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧـﺪاري ﺧﺎراﺳـﻦ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ اﺳـﻜﻨﺪرﻳﻪ ( ﺧﺎراﻛﺲ اﺳﭙﺎﺳﻴﻨﻮي ﺑﻌﺪي)، ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آن، ﮔﺮوﻫـﻲ از ﺳـﺮﺑﺎزان ﻣﻘـﺪوﻧﻲ را در ﺣﺪود ﻳﻚ ﭼﻬﺎرم از ﻣﺤﺪوده ي ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و آن ﺑﺨﺶ را ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺷﻬﺮ زادﮔـﺎه ﺧـﻮد ﻳﻌﻨﻲ « ﭘِﻼ (» Pella) ﻧﺎم ﮔﺬاري ﻛﺮد.2 او ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎن ﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎم «دورﻳـ ﻦ » را ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﺧﺎراﻛﺲ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﺮد . ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ . ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ اﺳﻜﻨﺪرﻳﻪ، ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ ﺧﺎراﻛﺲ ﻧﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﻚ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ . در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﺸﻬﻮرﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪان ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از دو ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎدان ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي دﻳﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﻮس ﺧﺎراﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﭘﻠﻴﻨـﻲ ﻣ ﻲزﻳﺴﺖ و اﻳﺰودور ﺧﺎراﻛﺴـﻲ ﻛـﻪ اﺛـﺮ ﻣﻌـﺮوف «اﻳﺴـﺘﮕﺎ هﻫـﺎي ﭘـﺎرﺗ ﻲ»3 از او ﺑﺮﺟـﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﺪه اﺳﺖ ، ﻳﺎد ﻛﺮد . اﻳﻦ دو در ﺳﺪه ي اول ﻣ ﻴﻼدي آﺛﺎر ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﺎي ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﻠﻨﻴﺴﻢ در زادﮔﺎﻫﺸﺎن اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳـﻦ، ﻧﻮﺷـﺘ ﻪﻫـﺎي اﻳـﺰودور ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ زﺑﺎن اﺻﻠﻲ او آراﻣﻲ ﺑﻮده اﺳـ ﺖ.4 ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣـ ﻲرﺳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ اﺻـﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻪ و ﻧ ﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ از زﺑﺎن ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ، ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗﺠﺎري و ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ اﻳـﻦ ﭘﺎدﺷﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﺎن از ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن آن روز از ﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن و روم ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ 6 5 ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آﻣﺪه و ﺳﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ دور دﺳﺖ در ﻓﺎرس، و اﻣﺎرات اﻣﺮوزي Downloaded from chistorys.ir at 16:28 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 داراي اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ . 1. Heartland of Cities, Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates, p. 2. 2. “Charax and the Karkheh” , p. 22. 3. Isodore of Charax, Parthian Stations , The Greek text with a translation and commentary by Wilfred H. Schoff, (1914), Philadelphia: Commercial Museum. 4. Sheldon A. Nodelman, “A Preliminary History of Charakene” , Berytus, 13, 1959/60, p. 108. 5. Dietrich Huff, “Firuzabad, Qal’a-ye Dukhtar” , Iran, 16, 1978, p. 191. 6. Daniel T. Potts, (2001), “Before the Emirates: an Archaeological and Historical account of Developments in the Region c. 5000 BC to 676 AD.”, in: United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective, I. Al Abed and P. Hellyer, London: Trident Press, p. 55. 116 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﺷﻤﺎره 16 ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺎ م ﺷﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ، ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ رﻳﺸﻪ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻧﺎم ﺑﻨﻴﺎنﮔﺬار اﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠ ﻪ ، ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﻫﻴﺴﭙﺎﺋﻮﺳﻴﻦ، دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ،1 اﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻌﺪي ﻳﻌﻨﻲ آﺗﺎﻣﺒﻠﻮس، آﺑﻴﻨﺮﮔﻠﻮس، آدﻳﻨﺮﮔﻠـﻮس ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.2 ﻧﺎم اﻛﺜﺮ اﻳ ﺸﺎن از ﺧﺪاﻳﺎن ﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻌﻞ و ﻧﺮﮔﺎل اﺧﺬ ﺷـﺪه ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻴﺪه ي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺧ ﺪاﻳﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﺪان ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ آﻣﺪﻧﺪ.3 ﺑﺮاي آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎن و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ، ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ در دﺳـﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ . در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه، اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻟﻤﻴﺮ و ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ آﺛﺎر ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻳﻮﻧﺎن و روم رﺟﻮع ﻛـﺮ د . وﻳﮋﮔﻲ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺖ ﻣﺮدﻣﺎن ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و ﻳﻜـﻲ از ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ و ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻲ ﺷـﺒﺎﻫﺖ زﻳـﺎدي ﺑـﺎ آن دارد، ﭘـﺎﻟﻤﻴﺮ اﺳﺖ . ﭘﺎﻟﻤﻴﺮ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﻲ اﺷﻜﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﻴﺎن رودان داﺷﺖ و ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺟﻬـﺖ ﺑـﺮاي آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﭘـﺎﻟﻤﻴﺮ ﺿـﺮوري اﺳـ ﺖ . اﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرت در ﭘﺎﻟﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺧﺪاﻳﺎن اﻳـﻦ ﺷـﻬ ﺮ، ﻣﺴـﺌﻮل ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ از ﻛﺎروان ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ . ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ اﻧـﺪازه اﻣﺮي ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣ ﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ و ﻫﻤﻴﻦﻃﻮر رواﺑﻂ اﻳﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑـﻮد، ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﻮان از وﺟﻮد ﺧﺪاﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺑﻮد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺒـﺮ هاي از ﻣﻘﺎﻣـﺎت ﭘﺎﻟﻤﻴﺮي در ﺟﺰﻳﺮه ي ﺧﺎرك ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه4 ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮔﻮﻳﺎي ﺣﻀـﻮر ﺗﺠـﺎري و ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﻲ آﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ اﻳﻦ اﻗ ﻮام در ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﻨﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﺳﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ، ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎً ﺑـﺮ ﭘﺸـﺖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﺎراﺳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺮاﻛﻠﺲ ( ﻫﺮﻛﻮل ) ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣـ ﻲﺷـﻮ د،5 اﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣ ﻲ رﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ، از اﻳﻦ ﺧﺪا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺮﮔﺎل ﺧـﺪاي Downloaded from chistorys.ir at 16:28 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 6 ﺑﺎﺑﻠﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻬﺮام اﻳﺰد اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. 1. A. R. Bellinger, “Hyspaosines of Charax” , Yale Classical Studies, 8, 1942, p. 54. 2. M. L. Chaumont, “Etudes d'histoire Parthe V. La route royale des Parthes de Zeugma à Séleucie du Tigre d'après l'Itinéraire d'Isidore de Chaarax” , Syria, 61, 1-2, 1984, p.69. 3. “A Preliminary History of Charakene” , p.113 4. Roman Ghirshman, “L'île de Kharg dans le Golfe Persique” , Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 3,1958, p.267.
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