Transformationsprozesse in Oasensiedlungen Omans

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Transformationsprozesse in Oasensiedlungen Omans TRANSFORMATIONSPROZESSE IN OASENSIEDLUNGEN OMANS. DIE VORISLAMISCHE ZEIT AM BEISPIEL VON IZKI, NIZWA UND DEM JEBEL AKHDAR. Band I: Text Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Jürgen Schreiber aus München Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Stephan Kroll Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Roaf Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 09.07.2007 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis BAND I: TEXT VORWORT................................................................................................................................ 7 I. EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS PROJEKT .............................................................................. 11 1. Allgemeine Vorbemerkungen ............................................................................... 11 2. Ziele des Projektes................................................................................................. 12 3. Der geographische Raum ...................................................................................... 14 3.1. Definition des Forschungsgebietes............................................................ 14 3.2. Naturräumliche Gliederung....................................................................... 16 3.3. Klima ......................................................................................................... 20 3.4. Vegetation.................................................................................................. 21 II. ENTSTEHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG DER OASEN IN SÜDOST-ARABIEN: FORSCHUNGSSTAND................................................................................................. 23 1. Die Entstehung der Oasen ..................................................................................... 23 2. Die chronologische Entwicklung der Oasen ......................................................... 28 2.1. Die Hafit-Periode (3000-2700 v. Chr.)...................................................... 28 2.2. Die Umm an-Nar-Periode (2700-2000 v. Chr.)......................................... 29 2.3. Die Wadi Suq-Periode (2000-1600 v. Chr.).............................................. 40 2.4. Die Späte Bronzezeit (1600-1350/1250 v. Chr.) ....................................... 45 2.5. Die Frühe Eisenzeit (1350-300 v. Chr.) .................................................... 47 2.6. Die Späte Eisenzeit (300 v. Chr. – 300 n. Chr.) ........................................ 61 2.7. Die Sasanidische Periode (300 – 630 n. Chr.)........................................... 65 2.8. Die islamischen Perioden (630-heute)....................................................... 66 III. DER SURVEY............................................................................................................... 68 1. Methodik des Surveys ........................................................................................... 68 2. Archäologische Vorarbeiten im Rahmen des Projekts.......................................... 69 2.1. Die erste Projektphase 1999-2001............................................................. 70 2.2. Die zweite Projektphase 2002-2003.......................................................... 71 3. Die Keramik .......................................................................................................... 74 3.1. Allgemeine Vorgehensweise..................................................................... 74 3.2. Die naturwissenschaftliche Analyse.......................................................... 81 3 3.3. Die prähistorische Keramik....................................................................... 83 IV. DIE OASE VON IZKI.................................................................................................. 118 1. Topographie von Izki .......................................................................................... 118 2. Forschungsgeschichte Izki.................................................................................. 120 3. Die Fundstellen....................................................................................................122 3.1. Die Hafit-Periode..................................................................................... 124 3.2. Die Umm an-Nar-Periode........................................................................ 129 3.3. Die Wadi Suq-Periode und die Späte Bronzezeit.................................... 132 3.4. Die Frühe Eisenzeit ................................................................................. 134 3.5. Die Späte Eisenzeit.................................................................................. 141 3.6. Die islamischen Perioden ........................................................................ 145 4. Die Funde............................................................................................................ 146 4.1. Die Keramik ............................................................................................ 146 4.2. Kleinfunde aus Izki.................................................................................. 175 5. Zusammenfassung............................................................................................... 187 V. DIE OASE VON NIZWA ............................................................................................ 190 1. Topographie von Nizwa ...................................................................................... 190 2. Forschungsgeschichte Nizwa.............................................................................. 192 3. Die Fundstellen....................................................................................................193 3.1. Die Hafit-Periode..................................................................................... 194 3.2. Die Umm an-Nar Periode........................................................................ 198 3.3. Die Wadi Suq-Periode und die Späte Bronzezeit.................................... 205 3.4. Die Frühe Eisenzeit ................................................................................. 206 3.5. Die Späte Eisenzeit.................................................................................. 214 3.6. Die islamischen Perioden ........................................................................ 216 4. Die Funde............................................................................................................ 216 4.1. Keramik Nizwa........................................................................................ 216 4.2. Die Kleinfunde........................................................................................ 236 5. Zusammenfassung............................................................................................... 245 VI. DER JEBEL AKHDAR................................................................................................ 248 1. Topographie des Jebel Akhdar............................................................................ 248 2. Forschungsgeschichte Jebel Akhdar ................................................................... 249 3. Die Fundstellen....................................................................................................250 4 3.1. Die Hafit-Periode..................................................................................... 250 3.2. Die Frühe Eisenzeit ................................................................................. 254 3.3. Die islamischen Perioden ........................................................................ 258 4. Die Funde............................................................................................................ 259 4.1. Keramik ................................................................................................... 259 4.2. Kleinfunde ............................................................................................... 262 5. Zusammenfassung............................................................................................... 263 VII. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................. 266 1. Die späte Steinzeit............................................................................................... 266 2. Die Hafit-Periode................................................................................................ 267 3. Die Umm an-Nar-Periode ................................................................................... 267 4. Die Wadi Suq-Periode......................................................................................... 269 5. Die Späte Bronzezeit........................................................................................... 272 6. Die Frühe Eisenzeit ............................................................................................. 272 7. Die Späte Eisenzeit.............................................................................................. 276 8. Die sasanidisch/frühislamische Periode .............................................................. 279 9. Die islamischen Perioden .................................................................................... 280 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHIE........................................................................................................ 282 IX. ANHÄNGE................................................................................................................... 316 Abkürzungen der Fundstellen......................................................................................
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