Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425) Siren Çelik Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83659-3 — Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425) Siren Çelik Index More Information

Index

Acciajuoli, Bartolomea, 105 art artefacts, 127, 161, 177, 217, 223, 231–2, 249–53, Acciajuoli, Nerio, 104 261–2, 341, 353 Achaia, 321 Asan, Andreas, 196 Adam of Usk, 23, 230, 267 Asan, Constantine, 168, 186 Address as if from a Benevolent Ruler to his Subjects, Asan, John, 84 337, 392 Asan, Matthew, 323 Admonitions Leading to Brevity and Peace in the Aşıkpaşazade, 23–4, 134, 156, 309 Councils, 337, 395 Athens, 105 Adrianople, 28, 37 Augustine, 183, 197 Agapetos, 320, 325–7 Augustus, Roman emperor, 250, 251 Akyndinos, Gregory, 183, 184 Aurispa, Giovanni, 286, 287, 359 Alexander, the Great, 97 autobiography, 15–16, 48–9, 69–71, 74–6 Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, Avignon, 31, 37, 52, 232 270 Alexios III of Trebizond, 345 bailos, 31, 271, 362 Amadeo of Savoy, 52, 54, 65 Balsamon, Michael, 168, 295 Amaseia, 131 Balsamon, Theodore, 303, 304 Anacreontic Verses to an Ignorant Person, 294, Barker, John, 2, 70 328, 351 Barlaam of Calabria, 183, 184 Andronikos II Palaiologos, 207, 278, 303 Bayezid I, Ottoman sultan, 49, 121, 126, 128–9, Andronikos IV Palaiologos, 27, 37, 39, 51, 130–2, 162, 169–72, 202, 206, 210 56–7, 60–2, 66–9, 72–3, 107, 121, 127–8, portrayal of, 131–8, 153–6, 247–9, 309, 333 163, 300 Berger de Xivrey, Jules, 70, 187 Andronikos V Palaiologos, 48, 170, 261, 298 Bessarion, 254, 339, 340, 378, 379, 380 Anemas, 38, 63, 66–71, 73 Monody on Manuel II, 346–52, 362, 378 Angelos, Alexios, 104 biography, 17–20 Angelos, messanger, 119, 120 Bithynia, 138 Ankara, 131, 138 Blachernai, 26, 159, 175 Ankara, battle of, 134, 209, 247–9, 259–60, 310, Blachernai Palace, 175, 262 347, 354 Black Sea, 51, 130 Anna of Kiev, 321, 352 Blackheath, 228 Anna of Savoy, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, Blemmydes, Nikephoros, 320, 326 56, 78 Boucicaut, Jehan II Le Maingre, 211, 213, 215, Antiochos, 215, 265 233–4, 255, 258 Aphthonios, 46, 373 Boullotes, Manuel, 177 Apokaukos, George, 80 Branas, Alexios, 215 Aquinas, Thomas, 43, 183, 234–6 Brontocheion, church, 298 Aragon, 107, 206–8, 220, 232, 260, 379 Bryennios Leontaris, Manuel, 270 archontes, 81, 91, 94, 96, 162, 274, 297, 305, 311 Bryennios, Joseph, 141, 146, 168, 187, 200, 235, Aristophanes, 45, 82, 131, 151, 291 287, 339, 345, 360–1, 369, 378 Aristotle. Bakın ethics, Aristotelian Buda, 50–2, 57, 123, 213

439

440 Index

Bulgarians, 28, 52, 65, 162, 178 Confession Addressed to his Spiritual Fathers, 367, Bursa, 118, 128 370, 376 Constantine XI Palaiologos, 158, 262, 322, Calais, 225 380 Canterbury, 228, 229 Constantinople, 30, 276 Caresini, Rafaele, 23, 63 blockade of (1394–1402), 162, 166, 173–4, 196, Caroldo, 64 206–12, 275, 326 Castile, 220, 379 city space, 174 Catholicism, conversions to, 42–3, 55–6, 119, siege of 1411, 308–9 180–6, 190–3, 205, 234–6, 240, 345 siege of 1422, 358–9 ceremonial, 26–7, 159–60, 169, 267, 304 Corinth, 197, 275, 315 Chalazas, 93, 267 coronation, 26–7, 159–60, 169, 353 Chalkokondyles, Laonikos, 22, 56, 57, 63, 66, 72, Council of Constance, 354 78, 109, 158, 163, 171, 256, 298, 354–6, Council of Florence, 241, 354, 365, 380 366–7, 379 Council of Lyons, 31, 241, 365 Chapters of Compunction, 370, 377 court, imperial, 168, 267–70 Charanton, 218 Crete, 195 Charisios Gate, 126 Cyprus, 30, 284 Charles VI, king of France, 207, 211, 218–19, 225, Cyriac of Ancona, 285 229, 230, 246, 298 Çamurlu, battle of, 310 Chioggia War, 72 Chios, 65 Damius, Dalmau, 208 Chomatenos, Demetrios, 303, 304 David and Damian, Manuel II’s spiritual fathers, Chora, monastery, 286 84, 369 Chortasmenos, John, 168, 286 David, biblical figure, 376 Address to Manuel II, 271, 346–52 Declamation regarding a Drunken Man, 46, 199, Chronicle of Kefalonia, 366 282, 294, 296 Chronicle of Saint Denis, 23, 218, 223, 231, 247 Dejanović, Dragaš, Constantine, 157, 177, Chrysoberges, Maximos, 43, 119, 181, 186 207, 353 Chrysoloras, Demetrios, 146, 168, 200, 235, Demosthenes, 100–1, 120 266–7, 270, 284, 285, 294, 305, 312, Dialogue on Marriage, 46, 158, 169–70, 369 196–203, 210, 227, 261, 284, 285, 292, 299, Hundred Letters, 346–52 315, 339, 343 Synkrisis of the Emperor of Today and Ancient Dialogue with a Persian, 36, 45, 138–57, 180, 185, Emperors, 346–52 189, 194, 196, 199, 236, 243, 282, 292, 293, Chrysoloras, Manuel, 43, 168, 187, 216, 225, 296, 332 231, 255, 260, 273, 286, 313, 343, 345, 346, diatribe, 331, 367, 370 354 Didymoteichon, 28, 33, 37, 63 Discourse on the Funeral Oration, 346–52 Dio Chrysostom, 321, 323 Chrysostom, John, 287 Dionysios the Aeropagite, 231–2 Church Fathers, 46, 182, 183, 320, 330, 331 Discourse on Dreams, 47, 196, 296, 339 Church of Saint Stephen, 360 Discourse to Iagoup, 40, 53, 55, 67, 69–71, 74–6, Church Union, 31, 55, 107, 129, 205, 240–2, 353, 184, 186–95, 243, 266, 292, 338 354, 359–61, 365 Discourse to Kabasilas, 109, 112–18, 140, 147, 227, Church, Byzantine, 102, 180–6, 299–302, 371 282, 292, 293 imperial rights over, 302–7, 327–8 Discourse to the Thessalonians, 94–102, 227, 291, civil war, Ottoman, 259, 307–10, 365 292, 337, 343 civil wars, Palaiologan, 25–9, 60–2, 66–9, 72–3, Dobrotica, Bulgarian nobleman, 67 107, 126–8, 326 documents, monastic. Bakın documents, Clarification on a Debate between Demetrios official Chrysoloras and Antonio d’Ascoli, 286, 335, documents, official, 59, 60–2, 221, 278–80, 343, 345 396 Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalo de, 23, 63, 176, 210, 266, Doria, Hilario, 208, 281 267, 285 Doukas, Michael, 22, 63, 66, 72, 210, 214, 256, coinage, 162, 276–8 354–6, 361, 366–7, 368, 379, 399

Index 441

Dragaš, Helena, 157–60, 199, 232, 261, 262, Great Palace, 175, 262 322, 378 Gregoras, Nikephoros, 22, 26, 33, 36, 41, 168, 196 Dušan, Stephan, 28 Gregory of Cyprus, 143, 236 Gregory of Nazianzos, 46, 240, 244 economy, Byzantine, 30–1, 65, 80–2, 162–5, Guarino of Verona, 255, 343, 345, 346 208–10, 270–2 ekphrasis, 45, 50, 244, 254 Hacı Bayram Veli, 145, 156 Ekphrasis on a Tapestry in Louvre, 50, 244, 254, Hagia Sophia, 26, 127, 160, 175, 287 292, 297 Hagios Basileos, village, 80 Eltham Palace, 228 health of Manuel II, 120, 204, 359–60, 367–8 emirates, Turkish, 30, 130–2, 162, 259 Helikobounon, 396 England, 31, 179, 206–8, 233, 245–6 Henry IV, king of England, 221, 228–30, 246, English Channel, the, 226 251, 273 Epiros, 104 Hermogenes, 95 epistolography, Byzantine, 6–7, 87–8, 91–4, Herodotos, 44, 205, 287 119–21, 131–8, 224–5 Hexamilion, 275, 310–14, 348, 362, 380 Ethico-Political Orations, 45, 50, 109, 143, 206, Hippocrates, 47 276, 330–6, 339, 369 Holt, Peter, 220 ethics, Aristotelian, 45, 98–9, 125, 155–6, 192–3, Homer, 45, 82, 137–8, 242, 283, 291, 294, 324, 349, 316–17, 324, 329–30, 331, 333–6, 372–4 351, 373 ethopoiia, 11, 45, 248–9, 349 Hospitallers, the, 127, 197, 206, 274, 315 Ethopoiia on Tamerlane, 247, 248–9, 394 Hôtel de Saint Paul, 222 eudaimonia. Bakın ethics, Aristotelian Hungary, 31, 50–2, 178–80, 363 Eudaimonioannes, Nicholas, 353 hunting, 40–1, 119–20, 152, 154, 284–6, 366 Eugenios Gate, 159 Iagoup, Alexios, 187 Filelfo, Francesco, 359 Ibn Arabshah, 354 ﬁlioque, 234 Ibn Battuta, 152, 175 fortune, 125, 148–9, 332 Ignatius of Smolensk, 23, 127, 159–60, 210 Foundations of Imperial Conduct, 41, 45, 128, 143, Imbros, 206 267, 276, 285, 297, 319–21, 343, 347, 351 Isa, son of Bayezid, 259, 307 France, 31, 179, 206–8, 232, 245–6, 260 Isidore of Kiev, 168, 254, 257, 313, 339–40 Freising icon, 217, 223, 231 Panegyric on John VIII and Manuel II, 346–52 Funeral Oration, 34, 35, 38, 40, 49, 64, 66–9, 72, Isocrates, 321, 323 74–6, 109, 133, 170, 174, 197, 211, 214, 227, Italos, John, 190 274, 292, 297, 313–18, 339, 341–3, 346, 369 Ivankos, 85 identity, 97–8, 135–6, 193–5, 240, 314, 332–3 Gabras family, 177 Gabriel of Thessalonike, 84, 282, 284, 308, 343, James I, king of Cyprus, 284 369, 372 Jean, duc de Berry, 221, 222–3, 249–51 Galen, 47 Jews, 272 Gallipoli, 72, 258, 355, 357 John Climacus, 334 Gattilusio, Francesco I, 65 John of Damascus, 115, 140, 143, 331 Gattilusio, Francesco II, 111, 163 John V Palaiologos, 25–9, 42, 55, 60–2, 64–9, Gattilusio, Giorgio, 310 72–3, 78, 80, 87, 107, 117–18, 120–9, 161, 164, Gazes, Theodore, 313 272, 276, 300 Genoa, 30, 31, 65, 72, 73–4, 121, 126–8, 163, 166, John VI Kantakouzenos, 22, 25–9, 31, 32–3, 35–7, 207, 234, 258, 260, 270–2, 354 42, 73, 94, 120, 142–3, 147, 164, 185, 197, 207, genos, 47, 92, 159, 188, 194, 315, 333 235, 242, 264, 272, 282 gift exchange, 92, 120, 204, 217, 220–3, 229, 231–2 John VII Palaiologos, 63, 73, 108, 121, 124–5, Glabas, Isidore, 77, 94, 102–4, 109, 302, 372 126–8, 161, 162–3, 169–72, 201–3, 208–12, Golden Gate, 126, 128 214, 232, 258, 260–2, 269, 278, 298–9, 332 Goudeles family, 163, 209 John VIII Palaiologos, 169, 232, 261, 285, 321–3, governance, 58–9, 64–5, 83–4, 160–9, 266, 332, 352–6, 358, 360, 361–2, 363, 366, 379, 269–81, 362 380, 400

442 Index

Jonas, biblical ﬁgure, 117 Lucca, 208 Justinian I, Byzantine emperor, 270, 303 Lucian, 115

Kabasilas, Demetrios, 83 Magistros, Thomas, 320, 326 Kabasilas, Nicholas, 59, 84, 86, 89, 94, 112, 117, Makarios of Ankyra, 104, 215, 231, 235, 237, 239, 168, 200, 371 242, 286, 299–302, 306, 328, 350–1 Kadı Burhan-al-din, the ruler of Eretna Emirate, Makarios, Manuel II’s spiritual father, 368, 378 130–2 Makres, Makarios, 84, 141, 200, 237, 299, 339–40, Kalekas, Manuel, 43, 70, 104, 186–95, 215, 343, 345, 369 235, 351 Monody on Manuel II, 346–52 Kanonas, 106 Malatesta, Cleope, 353 Kantakouzene, Helena, 36, 37, 42–3, 67, 119, 158, Mamonas, Morean landlord, 171 196–203, 282, 294 Mancini, Antonio, 249 Kantakouzene, Irene, 28, 33–4 Manikaites, George, 51 Kantakouzene, Maria, 34, 73 Mantua, 363 Kantakouzene, Theodora, 34, 73 manuscript production, 93, 177, 201, 287, 339–41 Kantakouzenos, Manuel, 35 Margrethe I, queen of Denmark, 221 Kantakouzenos, Matthew, 28–9, 35, 64 Maritza, battle of, 58, 60, 102 Kantakouzenos, Theodore, 83 marriage, imperial, 27, 38, 105, 157, 159, 321 Kastamonu, 130 Martin I, king of Aragon, 208, 221 Kaukadenos, Theodore, 168, 322, 397 Massa, Antonio da, 359 Kauleas, monastery of, 66 Matthew of Medea, 299–302 Kırk Dilim, 131 Maximos the Confessor, 46, 185, 334 Konya, 128 Mazaris, 72, 93, 115, 169, 215, 267, 268, 311, Korax, Theologos, 358 352, 368 Koron, 105, 213 Mehmed I, Ottoman sultan, 259, 307–10, 363 Kos, 127 Melitas, 107 Kosmidion, battle of, 308 Menander Rhetor, 122 Kosovo, battle of, 120 mesazon, 42, 55, 64, 168, 281, 284, 305, 344 Kouboukalaria, icon, 177 Mesembria, 67 Kydones, Demetrios, 48–9, 51, 57, 60–2, 64, Metochites, Theodore, 9, 41, 295 77, 82–3, 87–8, 89–90, 91–4, 107, 111, 117, Meziérès, Philippe de, 253 119–21, 131, 133, 135, 137, 141, 142–3, 168, 180, Michael II, Byzantine emperor, 231 181, 183, 186, 196, 200, 203–6, 273, 275, 339, Michael VIII Palaiologos, 207, 277, 304 343, 345 Milan, 216–18, 363 On Despising Death, 205 mimesis, 5, 296 Oration for Getting Aid from the Latins, 51 Mircae I, ruler of Wallachia, 308 Kydones, Prochoros, 183, 190, 235, 242 mirror of princes, 319–21, 324–9 Kyra Martha, monastery, 34, 158 missions, diplomatic, 37, 50–2, 55–6, 64, 107, 178–80, 206–8, 213, 215–16, 232, 245–6, 260, Lake Langadas, 80 271, 272, 353, 363 Lannoy, Ghillebert de, 176, 267, 355, 366 Mistra, 30, 297–8, 354, 355 Laskaris Leontaris, Demetrios, 299, 352 Modon, 105, 213, 256 Lazarević, Stefan, 207 Moldavia, 305 Lemnos, 119–21, 126, 173, 206, 260 Monastery of Protaton, 280 Leo VI, Byzantine emperor, 371 Monemvasia, 322, 396 Lesbos, 65, 110, 111, 163, 260 Monte Croce, Ricoldo di, 141, 142–3 Libanios, 45, 46, 199, 244, 294, 296 Morea, 30, 35, 166, 212, 213, 271, 272, 274–5, libraries, 286–7 297–8, 310–14, 322, 347 literature, Byzantine, 4–12, 113–15, Morning Prayers, 367, 370, 376, 393 288–97 Mount Athos, 32, 59, 92, 162, 205, 281, 308 Lithuania, 208 Mouzalon, Theodore, 83 London, 228–30 Murad I, Ottoman sultan, 38, 60–2, 66, 73, 111, Louis, king of Hungary, 50–2 118–19 Louvre, palace, 222, 250 Murad II, Ottoman sultan, 355–7, 358–9

Index 443

Musa, son of Bayezid, 259, 307–9 Panegyric to John V, 53, 101, 121–6, 148, 155, Mustafa, düzmece, 321, 355–7, 361 174, 332 Mustafa, the younger, 359, 360, 361 Pantokrator, monastery, 176, 378 müderris, 138–57, 194, 243 Papacy Mytilene, 111 Avignonese, 31, 232, 239, 246 Roman, 31, 35, 37, 55–6, 64, 107, 246, 260, 275, Navarre, 220 306, 311, 353, 354, 360–1 Navarrese Company, 105 Paris, 195, 218–19, 223–5, 230 Nea Mone, monastery, 36, 84 Patriarch Anthony IV, 160, 178, 181 Nemesios of Edessa, 331 Patriarch Euthymios, 104, 169, 274, 302, 304–6, Neşri, 23–4, 38, 134, 156 343, 345, 369 networks, literary, 42, 83–4, 85–8, 117–18, 167–9, Patriarch Matthew I, 181, 198, 209, 299–302 269, 341–52, 368–9, 371 Patriarch Philotheos, 40 Nicomachean Ethics. Bakın ethics, Aristotelian patris, 47, 89, 92, 94, 97, 159, 175, 224, 240 Nikopolis, crusade of, 178–80, 207, 211, 253 Paul, Papal legate, 54, 242 Notaras, Loukas, 363 Pavia, 216, 218 Notaras, Nicholas, 207 Pege, 159 Pepagomenos, Demetrios, 367 ofﬁcials of Manuel II. Bakın governance Pera, 31, 73, 127, 159, 181, 186, 267, 322 oikeios, 187, 215, 269, 305 Peribleptos, monastery, 176, 358 On the Order in the Trinity, 185 Philalites, letter bearer, 87 oratory, courtly, 94–102, 121–6, 256–8, Philanthrophenos, Andronikos, 281 346–52 Philip, king of Macedonia, 97, 100, 149 Orhan, Ottoman sultan, 34, 38 philosophy, Byzantine, 13–15, 190–3, 238–9, Orhan, pretender to the Ottoman throne, 309 320–39 Osmancık, 131 Photios, 320 Ottomans, 30, 58–62, 72, 73–4, 82–3, 90, 110, Pintoin. Bakın Chronicle of Saint Denis 118–19, 126–9, 162, 173–4, 178–80, 307–10, Pizan, Christine de, 253 354–7 Plato, 45, 91–4, 114–16, 140, 148, 190, 196, 198, portrayal of, 89, 97–9, 101, 123, 131–57, 180, 205, 242, 276, 283, 324, 331, 335, 343, 348, 247–9, 293, 332–3, 336 373, 375 Plethon, George Gemistos, 158, 193, 254, Padua, 216, 218 313, 339 paideia, 41, 45, 191–2, 333 podesta, 31, 267 Palace of the Porphyrogennitos, 262 polemics against Islam, Byzantine, 138–57 Palaiologina, Anna, 163 polis, 82 Palaiologina, Helena, queen of Cyprus, 379 Pompeiopolis, 131 Palaiologina, Irene, 27, 37–9 Pope Benedict XIII, 221 Palaiologina, Maria, 37–9 Pope Boniface IX, 221 Palaiologina, Zoe (Sophia), 379 Pope Innocent IV, 37 Palaiologos Goudeles, Demetrios, 281, 305 Pope Urban VI, 107 Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, Theodore, 207 Pothos, Manuel, 168, 273, 295 Palaiologos, Andreas, 379 Prayer for those in Peril or Simply at Sea, 226 Palaiologos, Andronikos, Despot of Preljubović, Thomas, 82, 104 Thessalonike, 215, 232, 262, 299, 352, proairesis. Bakın ethics, Aristotelian 362, 379 Procession of the Holy Spirit, 184, 234–44, 285, 292, Palaiologos, Constantine, second son of Manuel 294, 345 II, 178, 201, 215, 322, 396 pronoia, 59, 280 Palaiologos, Demetrios, 262, 322–3, 379 Psalm on the Fall of Bayezid, 247, 248–9 Palaiologos, Michael, 37, 39, 50, 61, 67 Psellos, Michael, 7, 9, 295 Palaiologos, Theodore, 119 Pseudo-Basil, 325–6 Palaiologos, Thomas, 262, 323, 379 Pseudo-Dionysios, 46, 161, 231 Palamas, Gregory, 32, 138, 143, 147, 182–4 Pseudo-Kodinos, 159, 266, 268, 304, 400 Palamism, 32–3, 168, 180–6, 190–3, 234–6, pyxis depicting the imperial family, 161, 243–4, 345 261–2

444 Index

Ragusa, 256 Symeon of Thessalonike, 299, 306, 327–8, 354 Raoul, Manuel, 186, 187 Syropoulos, Sylvester, 58, 304–6, 322, 360 relics, 176–7, 217, 221, 223, 229 Şemsettin Fenari, 145 Renaissance, the, 254–5 Reply of Antenor to Odysseus, 46, 294 Tafur, Pero, 286 representations of Manuel II, 47, 210, 214, Tamerlane, 247–9, 259 218–19, 230, 256–8, 346–52, 354–6, 361–2, taxation, 91, 96–7, 102–4, 164–5, 281, 311 379, 400 Tenedos, xiii, 28, 56, 65, 72, 118, 164, 165, 166, visual, 231–2, 249–53, 341 271 Rhadenos, 83, 86, 95, 107, 111, 118 Thasos, 310 Rhalles, Constantine, 215 theatron, 85, 117, 122, 167, 202, 321, 344, 351, 371 Rhalles, Theodore, 215 Theodore I Palaiologos, Despot of Morea, 37, 39, rhetoric, Byzantine, 4–12, 41–2, 288–97 66–9, 72–3, 76, 87, 104–7, 108, 133, 166, Rhodes, 127, 206, 274 170–2, 197, 213, 297–8, 312, 313–18, 396 Richard II, king of England, 229, 246 Theodore II Palaiologos, Despot of Morea, 232, Rome, 54, 55–6, 107, 213, 379 285, 297–8, 321–3, 353, 378 Rovine, battle of, 158, 177 theology, Byzantine, 13–15, 32–3, 142–4, 180–6, 190–3, 234–44, 338, 345, 360–1, 372–5 Saint Demetrios, 89, 97, 278 theology, Latin, 43, 180–6, 190–3, 234–44, Saint Denis, abbey of, 231, 234 360–1 Saint John the Baptist at Petra, monastery, 176, Thessalonike, 27, 29, 34, 54, 58–9, 217, 259, 178, 285, 287 261, 275, 277, 280, 298–9, 308, 309, 327, Saint Sozon, monastery, 103 332, 362 Samsun, 131 churches of, 84 Sanudo, Marino, the Younger, 23, 366 in the fourteenth century, 78 Savcı Çelebi, son of Murad I, 60–2 literary milieu of, 84 schema, 48, 76, 189, 283, 324 siege of (1382–7), 90–1, 94–102 Schiltberger, Johannes, 23, 118 Thessaly, 104, 261 Scholarios, George, 339 travellers to Constantinople, 174 Selymbri, 308 Traversari, Ambrogio, 346 Selymbria, 73, 107, 162, 211, 309 treaties Serbians, 28, 30, 58–60, 120, 157, 178, between Genoese and Byzantines, 74 179, 309 between Ottomans and Byzantines, 60, Sermon on John the Baptist, 370–6 259–60, 363 Sermon on Oikonomia and the Providence of the between Venetians and Byzantines, 164, 166, Lord, 370–6 260, 362 Sermon on St Mary of Egypt, 286, 370–6 between Venetians and Genoese, 165 Sermon on the Dormition, 367, 370–6 Triboles, 86, 105 sermons, Byzantine, 371–2 Trnovo, 178 Serres, 60, 82, 90, 133, 170 Tunstal, Cuthbert, 230 Siena, 208 Turahan, Ottoman general, 362 Sigismund of Hungary, 178–80, 207, 260, 272, Tzykandyles, Philip, 64 322, 354, 363 Silistria, 67 Ursins, Jean Juvenal, 23, 247, 267 Sinop, 131, 132 Skaranos, Demetrios, 187, 273 Varna, crusade of, 179, 380 society, Byzantine, 33, 80–2, 91, 162–4, Vassilipotamo, 258 208–10, 268 Venice, 30, 31, 56–8, 65, 72, 73–4, 105, 107, Souda, 90, 287 123, 160, 173–4, 176, 178–80, 203, 206–7, Sparta, 313 213, 216, 246, 258, 260, 270–2, 311, 354, Sphrantzes, George, 22, 158, 241, 266, 281, 322, 358, 363 354–6, 360–2, 363, 366–7, 378–9, 396 Verona, 216 St Alban’s Chronicle, 251 Verses to a Foolish and Ignorant Person, 391 Supplicatory Kanon, 267, 308 Verses to an Atheist, 292 Süleyman, son of Bayezid, 259–60, 307–8 Vicenza, 216

Index 445

virtues, cardinal, 122, 328–9, 333–4 Yolanda of Montferrat, 78 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 216–18, 221, 246 Zaccaria, Centurione, 321 Wallachia, 30, 162, 179, 305, 308 Zagora, 61 Walsingham, Thomas, 23 Zampia, Manuel II’s half sister, 200, 208, 359 Xanthopouloi, monks of, 368 Zealots, the, 27, 78, 79 Xenophon, 44, 137–8, 287, 291 Zeno, Paolo, 271 Xerxes, 44, 149, 248, 332, 336 Zenopolis, 131