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Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information CONSTANTINE, DIVINE EMPEROR OF THE CHRISTIAN GOLDEN AGE S Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age offers a radical reassess- ment of Constantine as an emperor, a pagan, and a Christian. The book examines in detail a wide variety of evidence, including literature, secular and religious architectural monuments, coins, sculpture, and other works of art. Setting the emperor in the context of the kings and emperors who preceded him, Jonathan Bardill shows how Constantine’s propagandists exploited the traditional themes and imagery of rulership to portray him as elected by the supreme solar God to save his people and inaugurate a brilliant Golden Age. The author argues that the cultivation of this image made it possible for Con- stantine to reconcile the long-standing tradition of imperial divinity with his monotheistic faith by assimilating himself to Christ. Jonathan Bardill has held fellowships at Oxford University, Dumbarton Oaks, Newcastle University, and Koc¸ University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul. He has contributed articles to numerous archaeolog- ical and historical journals, including the American Journal of Archaeology,the Journal of Roman Archaeology,andDumbarton Oaks Papers,aswellasseveral edited volumes, including Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity and The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. He is the author of the reference work Brickstamps of Constantinople. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information CONSTANTINE, DIVINE EMPEROR OF THE CHRISTIAN GOLDEN AGE S Jonathan Bardill © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521764230 C Jonathan Bardill 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United States of America A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Bardill, Jonathan. Constantine, divine emperor of the Christian golden age / Jonathan Bardill. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-76423-0 (hardback) 1. Constantine I, Emperor of Rome, d. 337. 2. Byzantine Empire – History – To 527. 3. Emperors – Rome – Biography. 4. Rome – History – Constantine I, the Great, 306–337. 5. Rome – Kings and rulers – Religious aspects – History. 6. Kings and rulers in literature. 7. Kings and rulers in art. 8. Rome – Antiquities. 9. Christianity – Rome – History. 10. Christianity and politics – Rome – History. I. Title. dg315.b334 2011 937.08092 –dc22 [B] 2010046932 isbn 978-0-521-76423-0 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urlsfor external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Publication of this book has been aided by a generous grant from the Vehbi Koc¸ Foundation. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information For my parents again © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information CONTENTS S Illustrations page ix Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi Chronology xxv Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchs and Constantine xxviii The Families of the Tetrarchs and Constantine xxx introduction 1 1 achangeofimage 11 2 emperors and divine protectors 28 3 the saving ruler and the logos-nomos 126 4 the hippodrome procession 151 5 the symbol from the sun, the standard, and the sarcophagus 159 6 the roman colossus 203 7 constantine and christianity 218 8 sol and christianity 326 9 constantine as christ 338 Epilogue 397 Bibliography 401 Index 425 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information ILLUSTRATIONS S 1a–d. The First Tetrarchy. (a) Diocletian as tetradrachm issued by Lysimachos. Augustus. Obverse of gold coin minted 306–281 B.C. 16 in Nicomedia. A.D. 295. (b) Maximian 9. Victory standing on a sceptre and as Augustus. Obverse of gold coin breaking a diadem. Reverse of silver minted in Nicomedia. A.D. 294.(c) denarius minted by Marcus Junius Galerius as Caesar. Obverse of gold coin Brutus. 43–42 B.C. 17 minted in Antioch. A.D. 294–295.(d) 10. Alexander the Great. Marble portrait Constantius Chlorus as Caesar. Obverse head from Kyme. Hellenistic, of gold medallion minted in Trier. A.D. third–second century B.C. 20 297. page 12 11. Commodus. Marble portrait head with 2. Constantine as Caesar. Obverse of gold eyes raised towards heaven. End second coin minted in Rome. A.D. 307. 13 century A.D. 21 3. Constantine as Caesar. Obverse of gold 12. Bronze head of the statue of a Tetrarch coin minted in Trier. A.D. 306–307. 13 from Adana, Turkey. Height: 37.8 cm. 21 4. Constantine as Augustus. Obverse of 13. Constantine. Marble portrait head with gold solidus minted in Trier. A.D. eyes raised heavenwards. Ca. A.D. 319–320. 13 324–337. 22 5. Constantine wearing plain diadem, his 14. Philosopher Carneades. Marble portrait head turned to heaven. Obverse of gold head. Late third century A.D. 23 coin minted in Ticinum. A.D. 326. 14 15. Constantine’s porphyry column as in 6. Constantine wearing diadem decorated 2010. Built ca. A.D. 324–330. 29 with small jewels and leaves, his head 16. Constantine’s porphyry column. Built turned to heaven. Obverse of gold ca. A.D. 324–330. 30 1 medallion of 1 /2 solidi minted in Siscia. 17. Reconstruction of the imperial statue A.D. 326–327. 14 and the porphyry column in 7. Constantine wearing heavily jewelled Constantine’s Forum at Constantinople. diadem, his eyes turned up to heaven. Ca. A.D. 324–330. 31 Obverse of gold coin minted in 18. Reconstruction of the imperial statue Thessaloniki. A.D. 335. 15 on the porphyry column in 8. Alexander wearing the diadem and the Constantine’s Forum at Constantinople. horns of Zeus Ammon. Silver Ca. A.D. 324–330. 32 ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76423-0 - Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age Jonathan Bardill Frontmatter More information x ILLUSTRATIONS 19. Detail of a reconstruction of the silver denarius minted in Rome by C. imperial statue on the porphyry column Antistius Vetus. 16 B.C. 45 in Constantine’s Forum at 32. Portrait head of Augustus from Constantinople. Ca. A.D. 324–330. 33 Pergamum. 27 B.C.–A.D. 14. 45 20. Sol wearing crown of vertical rays. 33.Silverdenarius of Augustus minted in Reverse of silver denarius minted in Spain. Obverse shows head of Augustus Rome by C. Coelius Caldus. 51 B.C. 34 wearing oak wreath. Reverse shows 21. Sol, wearing a chiton¯ , rides in four-horse comet with inscription referring to the chariot and radiates angled rays of light. divine Julius Caesar. Ca. 17 B.C. 47 Reverse of silver denarius minted in 34. Divus Augustus wearing radiate crown. Rome by M. Aburius Geminus. 132 Obverse of copper alloy as minted in B.C. 34 Rome under Tiberius. Ca. A.D. 15. 48 22. Drawing of the base of Constantine’s 35. Radiate statue of Octavian on a column porphyry column by Melchior Lorck. decorated with ships’ prows. Reverse of A.D. 1561. 35 silver denarius minted in Rome under 23. Drawing of head of Constantine Vespasian. A.D. 79. 48 wearing crown with vertical rays. Detail 36. The divine Augustus enthroned of Figure 22. 36 wearing radiate crown. Obverse of 24. Constantine’s statue upon the porphyry copper alloy sestertius minted in Rome column beside the enthroned Tyche under Tiberius. A.D. 21/22. 48 (Fortune) of Constantinople. Peutinger 37. Copper alloy as minted in Rome. Map. Twelfth-century copy of fourth- Obverse shows head of Nero. Reverse or fifth-century original. 37 shows Nero wearing flowing robes of 25. Colossal bronze head, left hand, and Apollo and playing the cithara. A.D. 62. 49 globe from a statue of Constantine or 38. Nero wearing radiate crown. Obverse Constantius II. 38 of copper alloy dupondius minted in 26.
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