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A Case Study of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province

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A Case Study of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province sustainability Article Measurement and Path Selection of Rural Development Level in Enclave Areas: A Case Study of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province Jianwu Qi 1,2 , Wei Li 1,2,*, Zongxiang Wang 1,2 and Haozhou Fang 1,2 1 College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] (J.Q.); [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (H.F.) 2 Institute of Urban Planning and Tourism Landscape Design, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-184-1995-0756 Abstract: The development of rural areas is a significant component in social and economic activities. It is very important for optimizing the allocation of rural production and living factors, promoting the integration of urban and rural areas and sustainable development to identify the characteristics and main types of regional rural development. In this paper, 169 villages in Jingyuan County were selected as the research object, and the evaluation index system of rural development level was constructed from the perspective of “Factor-structure-function”. The rural development level and spatial structure characteristics of Jingyuan County were analyzed by using rural development index, regional function index, nearest neighbor index, and exploratory spatial data analysis, and the types and specific paths of rural development were determined. The results showed the following: Rural development of Jingyuan County is at a low level, which is characterized by “high in the south and Citation: Qi, J.; Li, W.; Wang, Z.; low in the north”. The level of rural development shows significant spatial dependence in the global Fang, H. Measurement and Path space, and the spatial agglomeration characteristics are obvious, which are manifested as strong Selection of Rural Development Level agglomeration dominated by resource endowment and cultural function and weak agglomeration in Enclave Areas: A Case Study of dominated by production function and location relationship. The local space is characterized by Jingyuan County, Gansu Province. stable high value and high value (H-H), low value and low value (L-L) bidirectional agglomeration. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9904. https:// According to the spatial characteristics of the rural development level, the “4 + 10 + 6 + 2” system of doi.org/10.3390/su13179904 rural development type identification in Jingyuan County was constructed, and finally it was deter- Academic Editors: Jean-Pierre Gueyie mined that policy leading and characteristic protection are the dominant types of rural development. and Francesco Caracciolo Based on this, this paper put forward specific paths and development models of different types of rural development in Jingyuan County from seven dimensions: industry, population, land, tourism, Received: 9 August 2021 space, culture and ecology, so as to provide ideas and references for the integration of urban and Accepted: 31 August 2021 rural areas, the implementation of rural revitalization strategy, and sustainable development in the Published: 3 September 2021 western poverty-stricken areas. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: rural development level; regional function; type recognition; development path; enclave with regard to jurisdictional claims in area; Jingyuan County published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Rural areas are complex regional systems formed under the mutual connection and Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. interaction of society, economy, resources, and environment [1]. Under the influence of ex- Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ternal environments and internal factors, the evolution of the rural system shows different This article is an open access article characteristics due to the reorganization of factors, structure, and function [2]. In 2017, the distributed under the terms and report of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to conditions of the Creative Commons solve the imbalance between urban and rural development, specifically insufficient rural Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// development, through the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy, and to creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ complement the rural short board of building a well-off society in an all-round way [2]. In 4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 9904. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179904 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 9904 2 of 26 this context, the focus of rural sustainable development has gradually shifted to promot- ing the transformation of the integration and replacement of urban and rural resources by top-level design. The top-level design of rural development is realized through the establishment of an urban-rural integration development system and mechanism and the backflow of external resource elements [3]. The premise of the urban-rural integration mechanism and the backflow of external resource elements are to clarify the current situa- tion of rural development and reasonably evaluate the level of rural development. Rural development is an important constraint factor for regional sustainable development, rapid economic transformation, and balanced allocation of resources in China. Research on rural development level, rural type, and development path is necessary to accurately grasp the development trend and internal needs of rural areas, formulate scientific development strategies, and promote the effective implementation of rural revitalization strategies. As a special regional unit, the enclave-type areas are separated by the administrative function integration of political management and the spatial status quo hindered by the en- vironment, which makes the rural settlement space present regional, structural, and special characteristics [4]. The functional separation of enclave-type areas under administrative divisions and spatial layout makes the rural spatial structure scattered, the functional structure unitary, and the rural development vigor weak [5]. The enclave area is a region with a special shape, function, and grade in a northwest arid area and the Gansu province. The measurement and classification of rural development level in enclave-type areas are of great significance to the integration of village resources, industrial revitalization, cultural integration, and ecological maintenance under the influence of administrative divisions and natural environment factors. It is conducive to promoting the layout planning of villages and the construction of ecological civilization of well-off villages, reducing the spatial differences of rural development in Gansu Province, and promoting the sustainable development of human settlements, urban and rural integration, and regional coordina- tion. The key issues of rural research in enclave-type areas are to clarify what types of development exist in space and what the formation factors of spatial differences in rural development levels are. The core goal of the study was to scientifically measure the level of rural development in the enclave areas, explore the development characteristics of different types of villages in the enclave areas unit, and determine the specific path of rural sustainable development according to the actual development of different types of villages. 2. Literature Review The evaluation of rural development level is a re-cognition of the process of production development, environmental improvement, and cultural inheritance in the specific rural regional system [1]. The core of rural geography research from an international perspective is rurality [6]. Cloke et al. first proposed to measure the state of rural development in a region through rurality [6–8]. Based on recent advances in rural geography, Woods et al. proposed that rurality is a rural “character” experienced and expressed by rural residents and immigrants, farmers, landowners, workers, travelers, leisure tourists, policymakers, media, and academic researchers [9,10]. From the perspective of the evolution of the theory of rural studies, the rural areas have experienced the transformation from the functional perspective to the political and economic perspective and the social construction perspective [6–10]. In the functional perspective of the 1970s, rural space was determined by rural functional characteristics. From the perspective of political economy in the 1980s, rural areas were defined as the product of social, economic, and political processes. From the perspective of social construction in the 1990s, it is proposed that rurality should be reflected in the social, cultural, and moral values of rural areas [11]. Since the 21st century, the perspective of rural studies has gradually shifted to “cultural ecology”, and the proposal of the “Triple space model of rural” has further expanded the theoretical horizon of rural studies [1,2]. The rural regional system is a rural spatial system with a certain structure, function, and interregional connection under the mutual connection and interaction of humanities, Sustainability 2021, 13, 9904 3 of 26 economy, resources, and environment [8,12]. From the current research on rural devel- opment, the themes focus on rural connotation and rurality [7,13,14], rural development type classification [15–18], rurality evaluation [19–22], rural transformation and recon- struction [17,18,23], rural construction, and revitalization [1,2]. Halfacree et al. elaborated the specific connotation of rural in four dimensions: the descriptive definition,
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