Physics, Technology and Engineering in Automobile Racing
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Drag Force Calculation
DRAG FORCE CALCULATION “Drag is the component of force on a body acting parallel to the direction of relative motion.” [1] This can occur between two differing fluids or between a fluid and a solid. In this lab, the drag force will be explored between a fluid, air, and a solid shape. Drag force is a function of shape geometry, velocity of the moving fluid over a stationary shape, and the fluid properties density and viscosity. It can be calculated using the following equation, ퟏ 푭 = 흆푨푪 푽ퟐ 푫 ퟐ 푫 Equation 1: Drag force equation using total profile where ρ is density determined from Table A.9 or A.10 in your textbook A is the frontal area of the submerged object CD is the drag coefficient determined from Table 1 V is the free-stream velocity measured during the lab Table 1: Known drag coefficients for various shapes Body Status Shape CD Square Rod Sharp Corner 2.2 Circular Rod 0.3 Concave Face 1.2 Semicircular Rod Flat Face 1.7 The drag force of an object can also be calculated by applying the conservation of momentum equation for your stationary object. 휕 퐹⃗ = ∫ 푉⃗⃗ 휌푑∀ + ∫ 푉⃗⃗휌푉⃗⃗ ∙ 푑퐴⃗ 휕푡 퐶푉 퐶푆 Assuming steady flow, the equation reduces to 퐹⃗ = ∫ 푉⃗⃗휌푉⃗⃗ ∙ 푑퐴⃗ 퐶푆 The following frontal view of the duct is shown below. Integrating the velocity profile after the shape will allow calculation of drag force per unit span. Figure 1: Velocity profile after an inserted shape. Combining the previous equation with Figure 1, the following equation is obtained: 푊 퐷푓 = ∫ 휌푈푖(푈∞ − 푈푖)퐿푑푦 0 Simplifying the equation, you get: 20 퐷푓 = 휌퐿 ∑ 푈푖(푈∞ − 푈푖)훥푦 푖=1 Equation 2: Drag force equation using wake profile The pressure measurements can be converted into velocity using the Bernoulli’s equation as follows: 2Δ푃푖 푈푖 = √ 휌퐴푖푟 Be sure to remember that the manometers used are in W.C. -
Chapter 4: Immersed Body Flow [Pp
MECH 3492 Fluid Mechanics and Applications Univ. of Manitoba Fall Term, 2017 Chapter 4: Immersed Body Flow [pp. 445-459 (8e), or 374-386 (9e)] Dr. Bing-Chen Wang Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6 When a viscous fluid flow passes a solid body (fully-immersed in the fluid), the body experiences a net force, F, which can be decomposed into two components: a drag force F , which is parallel to the flow direction, and • D a lift force F , which is perpendicular to the flow direction. • L The drag coefficient CD and lift coefficient CL are defined as follows: FD FL CD = 1 2 and CL = 1 2 , (112) 2 ρU A 2 ρU Ap respectively. Here, U is the free-stream velocity, A is the “wetted area” (total surface area in contact with fluid), and Ap is the “planform area” (maximum projected area of an object such as a wing). In the remainder of this section, we focus our attention on the drag forces. As discussed previously, there are two types of drag forces acting on a solid body immersed in a viscous flow: friction drag (also called “viscous drag”), due to the wall friction shear stress exerted on the • surface of a solid body; pressure drag (also called “form drag”), due to the difference in the pressure exerted on the front • and rear surfaces of a solid body. The friction drag and pressure drag on a finite immersed body are defined as FD,vis = τwdA and FD, pres = pdA , (113) ZA ZA Streamwise component respectively. -
National Hot Rod Specifications
NATIONAL HOT ROD PECIFICATIONS S NATIONAL HOT ROD RULES NHR.1 DEFINITION NHR.44 EXHAUST SYSTEMS NHR.2 TYPE OF CAR NHR.45 COOLING SYSTEM NHR.3 IMPORTANT PROHIBITIONS NHR.46 LIFTING EYES NHR.4 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING NHR.47 WINDSCREEN/GLASS NHR.5 BODYWORK NHR.48 STOP LIGHTS NHR.6 SPACEFRAME NHR.49 MIRRORS/GLASS NHR.7 BULKHEAD NHR.50 CATCH TANK NHR.8 TRANSMISSION TUNNEL NHR.51 BATTERIES & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM NHR.9 REAR FIREWALL NHR.52 FUEL TANK & SYSTEM NHR.10 FLOOR NHR.53 RACING NUMBERS NHR.11 SUSPENSION NHR.54 DRIVERS / SPONSORS NAME NHR.12 SHOCK ABSORBERS NHR.55 DRIVERS SEAT NHR.13 WHEELBASE NHR.56 WINDOW NETS NHR.14 ROLL CAGE NHR.57 NECK SUPPORTS NHR.15 8 VALVE ENGINES — SOHC TYPE NHR.58 SEAT BELTS NHR.16 BORE / STROKE NHR.59 HELMETS/EYE PROTECTION NHR.17 CARBURETTORS NHR.60 CLOTHING NHR.18 AIR FILTERS NHR.61 FIRE EXTINGUISHER NHR.19 FLYWHEEL / CLUTCH NHR.62 FINAL PREPARATIONS & COLOURS NHR.20 CYLINDER HEAD / BLOCK NHR.63 VIOLATIONS NHR.21 ENGINE POSITION NHR.64 ENGINE SEALING NHR.22 16 VALVE ENGINES — DOHC TYPE NHR.65 TIMING TRANSPONDER/RACECEIVERS NHR.23 BORE / STROKE NHR.66 DATA LOGGING NHR.24 CARBURETTORS NHR.67 SCRUTINEERING OF NEW CARS NHR.25 AIR FILTERS NHR.68 RULE CHANGES NHR.26 INLET MANIFOLD NHR.69 FUEL SPECIFICATION NHR.27 CYLINDER HEAD Toevoegingen / Beifügungen NHR.28 CYLINDER BLOCK NHR.70 Opel 2,2 Liter Motor NHR.29 PISTONS NHR.71 Motoren algemeen / Motoren allgemein NHR.30 CON RODS NHR.72 Buitenspiegels / Ausenspiegel NHR.31 CRANKSHAFT NHR.73 Gewicht NHR.32 BALANCING NHR.74 Geluid / Lautstärke Db NHR.33 FLYWHEEL / CLUTCH NHR.75 -
UNIT – 4 FORCES on IMMERSED BODIES Lecture-01
1 UNIT – 4 FORCES ON IMMERSED BODIES Lecture-01 Forces on immersed bodies When a body is immersed in a real fluid, which is flowing at a uniform velocity U, the fluid will exert a force on the body. The total force (FR) can be resolved in two components: 1. Drag (FD): Component of the total force in the direction of motion of fluid. 2. Lift (FL): Component of the total force in the perpendicular direction of the motion of fluid. It occurs only when the axis of the body is inclined to the direction of fluid flow. If the axis of the body is parallel to the fluid flow, lift force will be zero. Expression for Drag & Lift Forces acting on the small elemental area dA are: i. Pressure force acting perpendicular to the surface i.e. p dA ii. Shear force acting along the tangential direction to the surface i.e. τ0dA (a) Drag force (FD) : Drag force on elemental area = p dAcosθ + τ0 dAcos(90 – θ = p dAosθ + τ0dAsinθ Hence Total drag (or profile drag) is given by, Where �� = ∫ � cos � �� + ∫�0 sin � �� = pressure drag or form drag, and ∫ � cos � �� = shear drag or friction drag or skin drag (b) Lift0 force (F ) : ∫ � sin � ��L Lift force on the elemental area = − p dAsinθ + τ0 dA sin(90 – θ = − p dAsiθ + τ0dAcosθ Hence, total lift is given by http://www.rgpvonline.com �� = ∫�0 cos � �� − ∫ p sin � �� 2 The drag & lift for a body moving in a fluid of density at a uniform velocity U are calculated mathematically as 2 � And �� = � � � 2 � Where A = projected area of the body or�� largest= � project� � area of the immersed body. -
Chapter 4: Immersed Body Flow [Pp
MECH 3492 Fluid Mechanics and Applications Univ. of Manitoba Fall Term, 2017 Chapter 4: Immersed Body Flow [pp. 445-459 (8e), or 374-386 (9e)] Dr. Bing-Chen Wang Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6 When a viscous fluid flow passes a solid body (fully-immersed in the fluid), the body experiences a net force, F, which can be decomposed into two components: a drag force F , which is parallel to the flow direction, and • D a lift force F , which is perpendicular to the flow direction. • L The drag coefficient CD and lift coefficient CL are defined as follows: FD FL CD = 1 2 and CL = 1 2 , (112) 2 ρU A 2 ρU Ap respectively. Here, U is the free-stream velocity, A is the “wetted area” (total surface area in contact with fluid), and Ap is the “planform area” (maximum projected area of an object such as a wing). In the remainder of this section, we focus our attention on the drag forces. As discussed previously, there are two types of drag forces acting on a solid body immersed in a viscous flow: friction drag (also called “viscous drag”), due to the wall friction shear stress exerted on the • surface of a solid body; pressure drag (also called “form drag”), due to the difference in the pressure exerted on the front • and rear surfaces of a solid body. The friction drag and pressure drag on a finite immersed body are defined as FD,vis = τwdA and FD, pres = pdA , (113) ZA ZA Streamwise component respectively. -
Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B. -
CCC Newsletter # 07-16 Well Here We Are Again!
CCC Newsletter # 07-16 Well here we are again! Another month has rolled by and I'm typing frantically to get the newsletter out to you in a somewhat timely manner. I hope you're all enjoying the abundance of car shows around, and I hope some of you take the time to submit the those that you know about. Here's a submission from Steve in Washington; The fenders, the taillights, and what is made to appear as a license plate on the back. How cool can a lawnmower be? Steve didn't provide any data, but I would guess it to be from the 50's. Thanks Steve, now go enjoy some spice brown mustard. And of course, I can't forget what my goofy cousin sends me: OK, now on to the shows! June 2016: 16th: • Lincoln, CA: TrefFUN: At Lazy Daze Brewery, 631 Lincoln Blvd from 7pm till 9pm. Info: 916-505-1511 or www.dreamsanddrivers.com 17th-19th: • Pismo Beach, CA: 30th Annual Classic at Pismo Beach; The Mothers Polish Classic at Pismo Beach Classic & Hot Rod Show, presented by GEICO is now approaching its 30th year. The Classic is Central California’s finest seaside classic & street rod show. The show is located in the beautiful downtown area of Pismo Beach and on the pier. This 3 day event features over 900 show cars, giant Budweiser Beer Garden by the beach, large name manufacturers like Ford, GM, Mothers Polish, Barrett Jackson, GEICO, Eldelbrock and more; over 120 vendors. A cruise night Friday & Saturday, local merchant shopping, opening night gala event, live music, celebrity appearances, live charity auction and trophy presentation. -
List of Symbols
List of Symbols a atmosphere speed of sound a exponent in approximate thrust formula ac aerodynamic center a acceleration vector a0 airfoil angle of attack for zero lift A aspect ratio A system matrix A aerodynamic force vector b span b exponent in approximate SFC formula c chord cd airfoil drag coefficient cl airfoil lift coefficient clα airfoil lift curve slope cmac airfoil pitching moment about the aerodynamic center cr root chord ct tip chord c¯ mean aerodynamic chord C specfic fuel consumption Cc corrected specfic fuel consumption CD drag coefficient CDf friction drag coefficient CDi induced drag coefficient CDw wave drag coefficient CD0 zero-lift drag coefficient Cf skin friction coefficient CF compressibility factor CL lift coefficient CLα lift curve slope CLmax maximum lift coefficient Cmac pitching moment about the aerodynamic center CT nondimensional thrust T Cm nondimensional thrust moment CW nondimensional weight d diameter det determinant D drag e Oswald’s efficiency factor E origin of ground axes system E aerodynamic efficiency or lift to drag ratio EO position vector f flap f factor f equivalent parasite area F distance factor FS stick force F force vector F F form factor g acceleration of gravity g acceleration of gravity vector gs acceleration of gravity at sea level g1 function in Mach number for drag divergence g2 function in Mach number for drag divergence H elevator hinge moment G time factor G elevator gearing h altitude above sea level ht altitude of the tropopause hH height of HT ac above wingc ¯ h˙ rate of climb 2 i unit vector iH horizontal -
Antique Car: Cars Built Before 1965, Both Foreign and Domestic
Skyview Drive-In Car Show Categories, Judging & Awards Car Show Categories: • Antique Car: Cars built before 1965, both foreign and domestic. • Classic Car: Cars built between 1965 and 1975, both foreign and domestic. • Muscle Car/Hot Rods: American cars built between 1965 and 1975, adhering to the hot rodder’s philosophy of taking a small car and putting a large-displacement engine in it. • Import Car (Future Classics): All model year cars from foreign manufacturers, such as MG, Porsche, Toyota, Nissan, Mazda • Custom Car: Any car with three or more significant modifications to the body, engine and/or interior, including custom paint jobs, blowers, turbos, low-riders, custom interiors, custom bodies. • Modern American Car (Future Classics): 1995 to present model year cars sold by American manufacturers such as Dodge, Ford, and Chevrolet. Car Show Awards: Best in Show Best Antique Car (1st and 2nd place) Best Classic Car (1st and 2nd place) Best Antique Truck Best Classic Truck Best Modern American Car Best Muscle Car Best Hot Rod Best Import Best Custom Truck Best Custom Car Best Jeep Best Motorcycle Best Engine Best Ford/Mercury Best Mopar Best GM Best Original/Stock Greaser’s Choice Each awardee is given a Trophy and a Certificate. Scores: Scores are tabulated based on the following criteria: Possible total of 20 points per category 1. Exterior: Paint, lamps, bright work, trim, and detailing 2. Drive train: Wheels, tires, overall appearance of undercarriage 3. Interior: Stereo equipment, dash, layout, coverings, specialty items 4. Engine: Inner fenders, fire wall, wiring, engine components 5. Customization or Restoration: Originality, workmanship, effectiveness, and appeal of customization; workmanship, authenticity, and appeal of restoration Bonus: Safety, hazard and emergency supplies (max 5 pts.) Grand Total points (105 points max . -
Hot Rod Dreamworks & Collision Repair
April 2021 Hot Rod Dreamworks & Collision Repair, LLC 24315 S. Hwy 99E, Canby OR 97013 503-266-6511 Weird State Motor Vehicle Laws We Found (not sure how much these laws are enforced): Alabama - No Blindfolds…..shouldn’t that be illegal everywhere??? Alaska - No dogs on the roof: It is illegal to tie a dog to the roof of your car. Arizona - No going back: You know what they say, “Keep moving forward.” In Arizona you cannot drive a car in reverse on a public road. Arkansas - No honking: In Little Rock, the state’s capital, it is illegal to honk your car horn anywhere that serves cold drinks or sandwiches after 9pm. California - No robes: It is against the law for women to drive in a housecoat, so no dropping off the kidsa t school in your robe. North Carolina - No cemetery joyride: It is illegal to drive through a cemetery if you are not there to dig a grave or bury someone. Ohio - In Cincinnati, taxi drivers may only wear shorts from May 16 through Labor Day. Oklahoma - No comics: It is against the law to read a comic book while driving (I agree with this law - but think you shouldn’t read at all while driving). Oregon - No car doors open: It is illegal to leave your car door open for longer than “necessary” (How did I not know this)?!?! South Carolina - No trash: In the vacation town of Hilton Head, it is unlawful to store trash in your vehicle. Tennessee - No hunting except whales: It is illegal to shoot any game other than whales from a moving vehicle (you know because of the “ocean” that Tennessee is next to). -
Airfoils and Wings
Airfoils and Wings Eugene M. Cliff 1 Introduction The primary purpose of these notes is to supplement the text material re- lated to aerodynamic forces. We are mainly interested in the forces on wings and complete aircraft, including an understanding of drag and related nomeclature. 2 Airfoil Properties 2.1 Equivalent Force Systems In some cases it’s convenient to decompose the forces acting on an airfoil into components along the chord (chordwise) and normal to it. These forces are related to lift and drag through the geometry shown in Figure 1. From l n d α c Figure 1: Force Systems the figure we have c(α)=cn(α)cosα − cc(α)sinα cd(α)=cn(α)sinα + cc(α)cosα Obviously, we can also express the normal and chordwise forces in terms of section lift and drag. 1 Figure 2: Flow Decomposition 2.2 Circulation Theory of Lift A typical flow about a lift-producing airfoil can be decomposed into a sum of two flows, as shown in Figure 2. The first flow (a) is ’symmetric’ flow and so produces no lift. The ’circulatory’ flow (b) is responsible for the net higher speed (and hence lower pressure) on the top of the airfoil (the suction side). This can be quantified by introducing the following line integral −→ −→ ΓC = u · d s C This is the circulation of the flow about the path C. It turns out that as long as C surrounds the airfoil (and doesn’t get too close to it), the the value of Γ is independent of C.