Xyris Complanata

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Plant of the Month - January by Allan Carr Xyris complanata Feathered Yellow-eye Pronunciation: ZY-ris com-plan-ART-a XYRIDACEAE Derivation: Xyris, from the Greek, xyris – cutting knife, shears (referring to the sword- shaped leaves; also an older form of the word iris, from the genus, Iris); complanata, from the Latin, complanare – flattened, compressed. Leaves Flower, fruits Habit Xyris is a temperate and tropical genus of around 250 species, with about 25 of these occurring in Australia, most of them in WA. They are mostly tufted plants found in moist or water-logged sandy soils such as wallum heathlands in Qld and NSW. Description: X. complanata is a small tufted grass-like herb to 65 cm of moist sandy soils. It has fibrous roots and leaves crowded at the base. Found from south of Sydney to north Qld and across the tropics to south of Broome in WA. Leaves to 300 mm x 4 mm are flat and sometimes twisted with basal sheaths to 70 mm long. Flowers are *bisexual on distinctly flattened *scapes to 65 cm x 3 mm, bright yellow, three -petalled to 15 mm across and appear mostly from September to May. Flowers last only one or two days but a succession of flowers open on the following days giving the plant an extended flowering period. Fruits are knobbly columns of 5 mm capsules arranged vertically to 25 mm long at the tops of the flower stalks with tiny seeds to 0.5 mm long. X. juncea (Little Yellow-eye) is very similar but has shorter, smooth, nearly *terete leaves and knobbly fruit capsules not arranged in vertical columns up to 8 mm long. Species name, juncea from the Latin, juncus – rush, because this plant is rush-like. *scape = the stem-like flowering stalk of a plant with leaves clustered at the base *bisexual = having male and female parts in the one flower *terete = cylindrical, circular in cross-section Habit (X. juncea) .

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Common Name: DRUMMOND's YELLOW-EYED GRASS
Common Name: DRUMMOND’S YELLOW-EYED GRASS Scientific Name: Xyris drummondii Malme Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Xyridaceae (yellow-eyed grass) Rarity Ranks: G3/S1 State Legal Status: Special Concern Federal Legal Status: none Federal Wetland Status: OBL Description: Perennial herb usually occurring in clumps; base of the plant with a shiny, reddish-brown patch, often buried in sand. Leaves 1¼ - 4 inches (3 - 10 cm) long, less than ¼ inch (1.5 - 5 mm) wide, flat, leaf bases overlapping and forming a fan. Flower stalk 1½ - 8 inches (4 - 25 cm) tall, ribbed, with a leaf-like sheath, as long as or slightly shorter than most of the leaves, enclosing the base of the stalk. Cone-like flower spike - inch (3 - 8 mm) long, oval, solitary at the top of the flower stalk, composed of many tan, papery, rounded, overlapping bracts, each bract with a small green patch; spikes usually produce only 1 flower per day. Flower with 3 yellow petals, rising from under a bract, opening in the morning and withering around noon; sepals are hidden under the bracts. Similar Species: Yellow-eyed grasses are very similar; this species is distinguished by the reddish-brown patch at the base of the plant and by the sheath of the flower stalk which is about the same length as the leaves. Related Rare Species: Harper’s yellow-eyed grass (Xyris scabrifolia, Special Concern) has a fleshy, pink-purple base; a twisted flower stalk with a sheath shorter than the leaves; and rounded petals. Its leaves are covered with tiny bumps which give them a rough texture and a glazed look.
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Four New Species of <I>Xyris</I> (<I>Xyridaceae
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Xyridaceae, Poales)
Braz. J. Bot (2016) 39(2):721–727 DOI 10.1007/s40415-015-0244-9 Seed micromorphology and its taxonomic signiﬁcance to Xyris (Xyridaceae, Poales) 1 1 1 Kaire de Oliveira Nardi • Aline Oriani • Vera Lucia Scatena Received: 24 August 2015 / Accepted: 14 December 2015 / Published online: 19 January 2016 Ó Botanical Society of Sao Paulo 2016 Abstract The seed micromorphology was studied in 2014) and Xyris (Weinzieher 1914; Rudall and Sajo 1999; eight species of Xyris (Xyridaceae) with taxonomic pur- Nardi et al. 2015) and proved to be useful taxonomically. poses. The results show that the presence of longitudinal The importance of seed coat ornamentation for the taxon- endotegmic ridges in the seed coat is a pattern for the genus omy of Xyris has already been demonstrated in the litera- and that the shape of these ridges differentiates among the ture (Wanderley 1992; Silva 2010; Mota et al. 2015). Mota species. The following characteristics are also useful to et al. (2015), for example, analyzed the seed coat surface of identify the species: shape and size of the seed, number of 17 species of Xyris and used characteristics such as length cell rows between the ridges, and the striation pattern of the and shape of seed, type of striae, and pattern of cross-lines seed coat. Based on these characteristics, a standard ter- to distinguish among species. It is worth pointing out that minology is proposed to describe the seed coat in species of the knowledge of the ontogeny of the seed is very impor- the genus. An identiﬁcation key for the studied species is tant for the analysis of micromorphology because it facil- also provided.
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Poales Poales 4 Main Groups: • Acorales - Sister to All Monocots • Alismatales – Inc
Poales Poales 4 main groups: • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatales – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit • “Lilioids” (lilies, orchids, yams) cattails, rushes, sedges – non-monophyletic – petaloid • Commelinids – Arecales – palms – Commelinales – spiderwort – Zingiberales –banana – Poales – pineapple – grasses & sedges Poales Poales • showy flowers, Evolutionary trends: • showy flowers, insect or bird insect or bird pollinated • nectar to pollen gathering to pollinated wind pollination • +/- reduced • reduced flowers - loss of • +/- reduced flowers, insect or perianth flowers, insect or wind pollinated wind pollinated • unisexuality sometimes • bracts become important • reduced • reduced flowers, wind • flowers to florets in spikelets flowers, wind pollinated pollinated 1 Poales II: wind pollinated families Xyridaceae - yellow eye grass Small family (5/260) of rush-like leaves with • “grade” centered in the terminal spike of small but showy yellow (or Guayana Shield and blue) petalled-flowers with no nectar. distinctive in tepui-top flora Inflorescence with spirally arranged bracts. • +/- reduced flowers, insect or wind pollinated Xyris difformis Xyris torta - yellow-eyed grass Xyridaceae - yellow eye grass Xyridaceae - yellow eye grass Subfamily with Xyris is widespread and includes Other subfamily is diverse only on Guayana northern hemisphere species. Shield and Brazilian cerrados Abolboideae distribution Xyridoideae (Xyris) distribution Orectanthe Xyris difformis Abolboda 2 Eriocaulaceae - pipewort Eriocaulaceae - pipewort
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Novitates neocaledonicae. Taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Xyris (Xyridaceae, Poales) in New Caledonia, with description of a new species Jérémie Morel, Jérôme Munzinger To cite this version: Jérémie Morel, Jérôme Munzinger. Novitates neocaledonicae. Taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Xyris (Xyridaceae, Poales) in New Caledonia, with description of a new species. Phytotaxa, Magnolia Press 2021, 502, pp.219 - 229. 10.11646/phytotaxa.502.3.1. hal-03238529 HAL Id: hal-03238529 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03238529 Submitted on 27 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Phytotaxa 502 (3): 219–229 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.502.3.1 Novitates neocaledonicae. XIII. Taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Xyris (Xyridaceae, Poales) in New Caledonia, with description of a new species JÉRÉMIE MOREL1 & JÉRÔME MUNZINGER2 1AMAP, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, F-34000 Montpellier (France). [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7969-2609 2AMAP, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, F-34000 Montpellier (France).
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TAXON: Xyris complanata R.Br. SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Xyris complanata R.Br. Family: Xyridaceae Common Name(s): feathered yellow-eye Synonym(s): Xyris anceps Vahl hatpins Xyris elongata Rudge yellow-eyed grass Xyris laevis R.Br. Xyris malaccensis Steud. Xyris scabra R.Br. Xyris walkeri Wight ex Kunth Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 10 Mar 2018 WRA Score: 15.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Perennial Herbs, Environmental Weed, Disturbance-Adapted, Water-Dispersed, Prolific Seeder Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 10 Mar 2018 (Xyris complanata R.Br.) Page 1 of 14 TAXON: Xyris complanata R.Br.
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Common Name: TENNESSEE YELLOW-EYED GRASS Scientific Name: Xyris tennesseensis Kral Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Xyridaceae (yellow-eyed grass) Rarity Ranks: G2/S1 State Legal Status: Endangered Federal Legal Status: Endangered Federal Wetland Status: OBL Description: Perennial herb with a fleshy, bulbous base, usually occurring in small clumps. Leaves are 5½ - 18 inches (14 - 45 cm) long, ¼ - inch (0.5 - 1 cm) wide, erect, flat or slightly twisted with swollen, pink or purple leaf bases overlapping up to one-third the length of the blade. Flower stalk is 12 - 28 inches (30 - 70 cm) tall, straight, unbranched, ribbed, and slightly flattened in cross-section; the upper stalk is angled or winged; a reddish-brown sheath, shorter than the leaves, encircles the base of the stalk. A single, cone-like flower spike, - inch (1 - 1.5 cm) long and bluntly oval, is held at the top of the flower stalk; it is composed of many tan, rounded, overlapping bracts; spikes usually produce only 1 flower per day, from the rounded tip of a bract. The flower has 3 oblong, yellow petals; sepals do not show above the tip of the bract. Similar Species: Carolina yellow-eyed grass (Xyris difformis) has rough leaf surfaces and flat leaf bases. Twisted yellow-eyed grass (X. torta) has swollen leaf bases but its leaves are less than ¼ inch (0.5 cm) wide, twisted, with strongly raised veins. Both may occur with Tennessee yellow-eyed grass. Related Rare Species: See Drummond’s yellow-eyed grass (Xyris drummondii) on this website.
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Nuclear Genes, Matk and the Phylogeny of the Poales
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Nuclear genes, matK and the phylogeny of the Poales Hochbach, Anne ; Linder, H Peter ; Röser, Martin Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships within the monocot order Poales have been well studied, but sev- eral unrelated questions remain. These include the relationships among the basal families in the order, family delimitations within the restiid clade, and the search for nuclear single-copy gene loci to test the relationships based on chloroplast loci. To this end two nuclear loci (PhyB, Topo6) were explored both at the ordinal level, and within the Bromeliaceae and the restiid clade. First, a plastid reference tree was inferred based on matK, using 140 taxa covering all APG IV families of Poales, and analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The trees inferred from matK closely approach the published phylogeny based on whole-plastome sequencing. Of the two nuclear loci, Topo6 supported a congruent, but much less resolved phylogeny. By contrast, PhyB indicated different phylo- genetic relationships, with, inter alia, Mayacaceae and Typhaceae sister to Poaceae, and Flagellariaceae in a basally branching position within the Poales. Within the restiid clade the differences between the three markers appear less serious. The Anarthria clade is first diverging in all analyses, followed by Restionoideae, Sporadanthoideae, Centrolepidoideae and Leptocarpoideae in the matK and Topo6 data, but in the PhyB data Centrolepidoideae diverges next, followed by a paraphyletic Restionoideae with a clade consisting of the monophyletic Sporadanthoideae and Leptocarpoideae nested within them. The Bromeliaceae phylogeny obtained from Topo6 is insuﬀiciently sampled to make reliable statements, but indicates a good starting point for further investigations.
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