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Chapter 5 Art Offers a Glimpse at a Different World Than That Which The
chapter 5 Art Art offers a glimpse at a different world than that which the written narratives of early Rome provide. Although the producers (or rather, the patrons) of both types of work may fall into the same class, the educated elite, the audience of the two is not the same. Written histories and antiquarian works were pro- duced for the consumption of the educated; monuments, provided that they were public, were to be viewed by all. The narrative changes required by dyadic rivalry are rarely depicted through visual language.1 This absence suggests that the visual narratives had a different purpose than written accounts. To avoid confusion between dyadic rivals and other types of doubles, I con- fine myself to depictions of known stories, which in practice limits my inves- tigation to Romulus and Remus.2 Most artistic material depicting the twins comes from the Augustan era, and is more complimentary than the literary narratives. In this chapter, I examine mainly public imagery, commissioned by the same elite who read the histories of the city. As a result, there can be no question of ignorance of this narrative trope; however, Roman monuments are aimed at a different and wider audience. They stress the miraculous salvation of the twins, rather than their later adventures. The pictorial language of the Republic was more interested in the promo- tion of the city and its elite members than problematizing their competition. The differentiation between artistic versions produced for an external audi- ence and the written narratives for an internal audience is similar to the dis- tinction made in Propertius between the inhabitants’ knowledge of the Parilia and the archaizing gloss shown to visitors. -
• Late Roman Empire • Germanic Invasions • Emperor Constantine • Christianity LATE ROMAN EMPIRE
• Late Roman Empire • Germanic invasions • Emperor Constantine • Christianity LATE ROMAN EMPIRE MEDITERRANEAN as MARE NOSTRUM = our sea GERMANIC INVASIONS OF 3rd CENTURY AD 250-271 271 Aurelian wall in red Servian wall in black AURELIAN WALL 271 AD built by Emperor Aurelian for defense of city against German invaders Military revolution of 3rd Century begins with temporary measures under Marcus Aurelius: resorts to conscription of slaves, gladiators, criminals, barbarians (Germans) Septimus Severus 193-211 opens Praetorian Guard to Germans increasing militarization, rise in taxes rise of provincials and Germans in army: Diocletian: son of freedman from Dalmatia social revolution in army and ruling class Diocletian 284-305 TETRARCHY 284-305 AD “rule of four” DIOCLETIAN’S REORGANIZATION OF EMPIRE: Motives: 1) military defense of frontiers 2) orderly succession Four rulers: two Augusti (Diocletian as Senior Augustus) they choose two Caesars (adopted successors, not their own sons) Four Prefectures and four capitals: none at Rome WHERE IS ROME? Four Prefectures and their capitals: GAUL ITALY ILLYRICUM ASIA | Capitals: | | | Trier Milan Sirmium Nicomedia (near Belgrade) (on Bosphorus Straits near Byzantium) Imperial government under Diocletian: 4 prefectures, each divided into 12 dioceses, which are then divided into 100 provinces for local government and tax collection Western Empire: capitols – Trier and Milan Eastern Empire: capitols – Sirmium and Nicomedia DIOCLETIAN’S DIVISION OF EMPIRE INTO 12 DIOCESES • Four Prefectures and their capitals: (none at Rome) • GAUL ITALY ILLYRICUM ASIA • Capitals: | | | • Trier Milan Sirmium Nicomedia (near Belgrade) (on Bosphorus near Byzantium) • Rulers: West East Senior Caesar Augustus Augustus Caesar Constantius Maximian Diocletian Maximianus | | (abdicate in 305 AD) Son Son | | Constantine Maxentius PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN, SPLIT (modern Croatia) Split (in modern Croatia) site of Diocletian’s palace BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN, ROME Basilica of San Marco Venice 11-12th C. -
Civilizations: Rise to Power Teacher’S Guide
Civilizations: Rise to Power Teacher’s Guide Grade Level: 9-10 Curriculum Focus: Ancient History Lesson Duration: Two class periods Program Description Rome’s Beginnings (30 min.)—Traces the early chapters in ancient Rome’s history, from Romulus and Remus to the dawn of an empire. Inside Byzantium (6 min.) —Explores how its Eastern empire kept alive Rome’s ingenuity and culture. Islam: History and Teachings (5 min.) —Examines this religion and its worldwide practice today by more than a billion Muslims. Suleiman, Magnificent Leader (6 min.)—Considers this progressive Muslim ruler and the legacy of his empire’s art, architecture, and social reforms. Onscreen Questions · What helped a small collection of Italian villages form the great Roman civilization? · How were myths, legends, and superstitions important in Rome’s early history? · How can traditions and ideas be passed from one culture to another? · How was religion a unifying force in the Muslim empire? Lesson Plan Student Objectives · Understand the three main periods in ancient Roman history. · Read primary sources to learn about the divisions of government in the Roman Republic. Materials · Civilizations: Rise to Power video and VCR, or DVD and DVD player · Internet access Procedures 1. After watching the video, ask students to describe how Rome was ruled under the Etruscans. (It was a monarchy, ruled by kings.) When the last Etruscan king was overthrown, what type of government was adopted? (a republic) Remind students the Roman Republic is different from the Roman Empire, in which emperors ruled Rome. You may want to show the three periods on a simple timeline: Civilizations: Rise to Power: Teacher’s Guide 2 · 753 BC to 509 BC Roman Monarchy · 509 BC to 27 BC Roman Republic · 27 BC to AD 476 Roman Empire (in West) 2. -
Contested Triumphs
chapter 1 Triumphal Decision Making and the SPQR Tacitus’s Annales opens: “From the beginning kings held the city of Rome.”1 If indeed, as both Livy and the Fasti would have it, Romulus and his regal successors also celebrated the earliest triumphs,2 then they did so presum- ably on their own merits and by their own sovereign proclamation, needing no further sanction from anyone else. But under the Republic the situation grew far more complex, as command of Roman armies, and hence the opportunity to become the focus of a victory celebration, passed from the kings to the consuls and dictatores, later joined also by promagistrates and eventually praetors too.3 How then was it determined who deserved to triumph? The answer to this question turns out to be as subtle and multi- layered as the Republican constitution itself. For each recorded triumph, the Fasti Triumphales include the follow- ing: the name of the triumphator (including patronymics and cognomen); the offi ce that he held at the time; a Roman numeral, where appropriate, to mark a second triumph (or third, or fourth, etc.) by the same individ- ual; the name of the enemy over whom he celebrated his victory (marked by de plus the ablative case); and the year (from the founding of the city), the month, and the date when the triumph took place. Although a special 1. Tac. Ann. 1.1: “urbem Romam a principio reges habuere.” 2. For the earliest entries in the Fasti, see Degrassi 1947, 64 – 65, 534 – 35. Livy describes Romulus’s procession to the Capitoline with the spoils of his victory at 1.10.5 but does not call it a triumph. -
SPQR: a History of Ancient Rome by Mary Beard
blogs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2016/03/11/iwd2016-book-review-spqr-by-mary-beard/ #IWD2016 Book Review: SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome by Mary Beard With SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome , the renowned Cambridge classicist Mary Beard presents a new history of ‘the Senate and People of Rome’, covering over 1,000 years and a diverse array of themes. Marion Koob applauds this superb book for its gripping narrative threads, its persuasive account of Rome’s contemporary relevance and for drawing attention away from the colourful personalities of the Roman emperors to instead consider the structures and patterns of power through which they ruled. Put simply, this is an essential read. SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome . Mary Beard. Profile Books. 2015. Accounting for the rise or fall of the ancient Roman civilisation is almost something of a rite of passage for each generation. Every couple of decades or so, someone undertakes the endeavour, in the process both reflecting new discoveries and the prejudices and anxieties of their epoch. It makes for brilliant historiography. Mary Beard, Professor of Classics at Newham College, Cambridge, as well as author of numerous books on the ancient world, is the next to step into the fray. And to call SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome anything less than superb would be doing it a severe injustice. Starting at the earliest settlements of ancient Rome, Beard concludes her history at the moment that Emperor Caracalla granted Roman citizenship to all of his subjects, when, she argues, the nature of the Roman world irreversibly shifted. -
Beard's SPQR. a History of Ancient
Beard’s SPQR. A History of Ancient Rome as Background Reading in Classical Latin Courses. A Teaching Proposal by Tamara Lobato Beneyto The Cambridge scholar provides an formulated by the present author and Introduction. Rationale, scope, analysis and discussion of primary aimed at furthering a reflection on and a and structure sources, and re-examines the significance discussion of the book’s contents among and consequences of the main historical students. This document was originally Contextual or background knowledge events and processes during such elaborated for undergraduates completing performs an important function in centuries. She starts by focusing on the ab initio and intermediate courses in second language learning and reading events of 63 BCE (first chapter), and then Classical Latin as part of degree comprehension, as a number of proceeds to discuss previous periods in programmes other than Classics (mainly theoretical and empirical studies have Roman History. In the sixth chapter, History), but it may be likewise useful for shown (see, for instance, P. L. Carrell, Beard resumes the account of events of students in other educational settings, 1983, 1982).1 To the extent that the already mentioned year, and continues such as the pre-university stage and Ancient Greek and Latin are verbal thereon with the rest of the historical continuous education. codes too, they constitute no exception account in linear chronological order. The headings in the first section, to the aforementioned principle. With a most engaging narrative style,she entitled On the chapter contents, are phrased Indeed, contextual knowledge is implicitly introduces non-specialist in a similar way as essay questions. -
3. Etruscans Romans
The Etruscans 8th to the 5th century B.C (900/700-500 B.C) Triclinium – formal dining room Interior of the Tomb of the Triclinium, from the Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, Italy, ca. 480–470 BCE Italy in Etruscan times Important sites: Tarquinia Cerveteri Vulci Villanova Brief History • The Etruscans occupied the region to the north of Rome, in what is today known as Tuscany (Central). • The Romans (still considered a tribe, yet the Empire it would become) were first a subject people of the Etruscans and later their conquerors. • The Etruscan culture was well-developed and advanced but distinctively different from the cultures of the other peoples in the region. This distinctive difference immediately led to the question of “where did the Etruscans originate?” Where did the Etruscans originate? • Some Greeks held that the Etruscans came from Lydia, a kingdom of western Anatolia (or modern day Turkey). • In the 19th c, it was discovered that most of the languages of Europe belonged to one big language family called Indo- European but Etruscan was not one of them. – The Etruscan language is unique in the ancient Greco- Roman world. There are no known parent languages to Etruscan, nor are there any modern descendants. As Romans took control, Latin became the dominant language. – We have no surviving histories or literature in Etruscan. Science vs. Art • The American Journal of Human • Villanovan Culture: 900-700 BC. Genetics reports finding 11 A culture of Northern Italy, they lineages of human mitochondrial were first identified by their DNA in Tuscany that occur in the cemeteries. -
Review and Lesson 1
Lesson 8 Latina Christiana MG 4 & UG 5/6 Second Declension Endings Welcome • Ms. Stephanie: Salvete, amici Latinae • Students: Salve, magistra • Ms. Stephanie: Súrgite. Oremus Table Blessing Prayer Benedict, Domine, Bless Oh Lord nos et haec us and these Tua dona Your gifts quae de Tua largitate which from Your bounty sumus sumpturi we are about to receive per Christum Dominum nostrum through Christ our Lord Amen. Amen. Recitation (I will give cues – you continue and finish) • 1st Conjugation – Present tense • 1st Declension: table endings • mensa…. • Case names • - o ….. • Never Give Dad Any Apples • 1st Declension – endings • Case functions • - a, - ae ….. • Subject or predicate noun… • Present Tense of Sum • 2nd Declension: servus • sum….. • Servus… Grammar Form Review 1st Conjugation – Present Tense & Declension Endings Person Singular Plural 1st I - o we - mus 2nd you - s you all - tis 3rd he/she/it - t they - nt Case Singular Plural Nominative -a -ae 1st Genitive -ae -arum Declension Dative -ae -is Endings Accusative -am -as Ablative -ā -is The Jobs of the Declension Cases Case Names Job or Function Nominative Subject or Predicate Noun Genitive Possessive or the “of” case Dative Indirect Object or the “to” or “for” case Accusative Direct Object Ablative Used with many prepositions or the in/by/with/from case Subject: the subject is who or what the sentence is about Direction Object: the direct object is the result of the verb or the direct object receives the action from the verb Indirect Object: usually the indirect object answers -
From Seven Hills to Three Continents: the Art of Ancient Rome 753 BCE – According to Legend, Rome Was Founded by Romulus and Remus
From Seven Hills to Three Continents: The Art of Ancient Rome 753 BCE – According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. According to Virgil, Romulus and Remus were descendants of Aeneas, son of Aphrodite. Capitoline Wolf, from Rome, Italy, ca. 500–480 BCE. Bronze, approx. 2’ 7 1/2” high. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. The Great Empire: The Republic of Rome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvsbfoKgG-8 The Roman Republic (Late 6th – 1st c. BCE) 509 BC- Expulsion of the Etruscan Kings and establishment of the Roman Republic 27 BC – End of the Republic - Augustus Becomes the First Emperor of Rome This formula is referring to the government of the Roman Republic, and was used as an official signature of the government. Senatus Populusque Romanus "The Roman Senate and People“ The Roman constitution was a republic in the modern sense of the word, in that the supreme power rested with the people; and the right to take part in political life was given to all adult male citizens. Although it was thus nominally a democracy in that all laws had to be approved by an assembly of citizens, the republic was in fact organized as an aristocracy or broad based oligarchy, governed by a fairly small group of about fifty noble families. Sculpture Roman with Busts of Ancestors 1st c. BCE-1st c. CE Roman Republican sculpture is noted for its patrician portraits employing a verism (extreme realism) derived from the patrician cult of ancestors and the practice of making likenesses of the deceased from wax death-masks. -
Roman Myth As History -‐ Monarchy to Republic
The Roman World Roman Myth as History - Monarchy to Republic Terminology • BCE - Before the Common Era • CE - Common Era Now: 30th July, 2013 CE Caesar murdered: Ides (15th) March, 44 BCE ROME’S SEVEN HILLS! " • Palane Hill • Roman Forum • River Tiber http://www.laits.utexas.edu/moore/rome/image/map-early-rome Ethnic Groups of Ancient Italy Early Romans trade with •Etruscans •Oscans •Latins •Greeks Similar image http:// at - http://www.utexas.edu/courses/romanciv/romancivimages3/Italymap.jpgSiwww.orbilat.com/Maps/Latin/ Origins of Rome • MYTH: Rome founded 753 BCE (8th c.)! • ARCHAEOLOGY: Iron Age settlements - 9th c.BCE" • hRp://www.utexas.edu/courses/ Reconstruction of Iron Age huts on Palatine Hill (based on evidence of excavation) http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=72 ‘Capitoline Wolf’ (Capitoline Museum, Rome) bronze wolf ?5th c.BCE; babies added 15th c.CE hp://schools.nashua.edu/myclass/lavalleev/Art%20History%20Pictures/ch09/9-10.jpg Romulus and Remus! • mythic narrative • Mars • Rhea Silvia (Ilia) - Vestal virgin • Amulius - uncle of Rhea Silvia • Numitor - father of Rhea Silvia • twin boys cast adrift on River Tiber Statue of Mars, Roman god of war, early 4th c., Yorkshire Museum http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/7684918728/lightbox/ Romulus and Remus! • mythic narrative • Mars • Rhea Silvia (Ilia) • Numitor - father of Rhea Silvia - king • Amulius - uncle of Rhea Silvia • twin boys cast adrift on River Tiber • come ashore at Lupercal near Palatine • raised by she-wolf (lupa) • foster mother Larentia => lupa -
I Give Permission for Public Access to My Honors Paper and for Any
I give permissionfor public accessto my Honorspaper and for any copying or digitizationto be doneat the discretionof the CollegeArchivist and/orthe ColleseLibrarian. fNametyped] MackenzieSteele Zalin Date G-rr.'. 1 30. zoal Monuments of Rome in the Films of Federico Fellini: An Ancient Perspective Mackenzie Steele Zalin Department of Greek and Roman Studies Rhodes College Memphis, Tennessee 2009 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors in Greek and Roman Studies This Honors paper by Mackenzie Steele Zalin has been read and approved for Honors in Greek and Roman Studies. Dr. David H. Sick Project Sponsor Dr. James M. Vest Second Reader Dr. Michelle M. Mattson Extra-Departmental Reader Dr. Kenneth S. Morrell Department Chair Acknowledgments In keeping with the interdisciplinary nature of classical studies as the traditional hallmark of a liberal arts education, I have relied upon sources as vast and varied as the monuments of Rome in writing this thesis. I first wish to extend my most sincere appreciation to the faculty and staff of the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome during the spring session of 2008, without whose instruction and inspiration the idea for this study never would have germinated. Among the many scholars who have indelibly influenced my own study, I am particularly indebted to the writings of Catherine Edwards and Mary Jaeger, whose groundbreaking work on Roman topography and monuments in Writing Rome: Textual approaches to the city and Livy’s Written Rome motivated me to apply their theories to a modern context. In order to establish the feasibility and pertinence of comparing Rome’s antiquity to its modernity by examining their prolific juxtapositions in cinema as a case study, I have also relied a great deal upon the works of renowned Italian film scholar, Peter Bondanella, in bridging the ages. -
Gardner's Art Through the Ages
Gardner’s Art through the Ages Chapters 6-7 The Etruscans and The Roman Empire 1 Italy - Etruscan Period 2 Sarcophagus with reclining couple, from the Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, ca. 520 BCE. Painted terracotta, 3’ 9 1/2” X 6’ 7”. Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. Note the archaic smile. Made with the coiling method. Women had more freedom in Etruscan society and had more rights than in Greece. Educaton was more available and they could own property. 3 Tumuli (Earthen covered mounds) in the Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, seventh to second centuries BCE. These tombs often housed many generations of family members with earthly objects like furniture, kitchen utensils, mirrors, murals of life on Earth. 4 Interior of the Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia, Italy, ca. 480–470 BCE. 5 Interior of the Tomb of the Augurs, Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, Italy, ca. 520 BCE. 6 Figure 6-12 Capitoline Wolf, from Rome, Italy, ca. 500–480 BCE. Bronze, 2’ 7 1/2” high. Musei Capitolini, Rome. The two infants are 15th Century additions, Romulus and Remus. 7 Arch construction started in the late Etruscan period, but flourished in ancient Rome. Key words: Voussoirs, keystone and crown 8 The Roman World 9 ROMAN ART • Roman architecture contributed to the expanse of the Roman Empire. • Much of Roman art and architecture communicates ideas of power for the emperor and empire. • Many of the changes in Roman art and architecture came as a result of expansion of the Roman Empire and the incorporation of the conquered cultures. • The Romans took over Greece in 146 BCE.