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Dr. Ajay Kumar Ranjan, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN 2250-0588, Impact Factor: 6.452, Volume 08 Issue 08, August 2018, Page 276-279 Impact of Science and Technology and PPP in Rural Development in India

Dr. Ajay Kumar Ranjan (Assistant Professor, Dept. of Sociology, R.N.Y.M. College, Barhi, Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India)

Abstract: The Concept of rural is very comprehensive. Since independence the issue of Rural development has always been the first priority of Policy makers. Around 65% of the country Population living in the rural area. People in the rural area still deprived of many basic facilities. Rural Development which is concerned with social justice with equitable economic growth, improving the life conditions of the rural inhabitants by providing better health care, education and quality service delivery becomes essentials. The impact of Science and Technology and the role of Public Private Partnership (PPP) are playing an important role towards rural development. Keywords: Rural Development, Science and Technology, Public Private Partnership

India is the 2nd largest population country in the world. It is also the fastest growing economy of the world. About 65% of the population living the rural area. Time has passed government changes but the fate of rural development has not been changed. On the other hand if we see the contribution Villages are nation’s backbone which is necessary for the growth of a country as they provide us the basic amenities. But still the problems remain the same. The problem is not merely one of development of rural areas but of the development of rural communities to dispel ignorance and poverty and create self-reliant and self-sustaining healthy modern little communities. Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Rural development actions are intended to further the social and economic development of rural communities. Rural development programs have historically been top-down from local or regional authorities, regional development agencies, NGOs, national governments or international development organizations. Local populations can also bring about endogenous initiatives for development. Development is above all a human process and not just a mechanical or technological change. The goal of development is to enrich the quality of life, both individual and collective and its universalization in terms of minimal, if not equal, availability to all sections of the population. Recently the ministry for rural development has made certain rules and rights such that villagers should get equal benefits. Government of India has introduced project Bharat Nirman in collaboration with panchayat raj and state government. Bharat Nirman is a spectacular project which helps to raise the standard of living of villagers. Gandhian Model of Rural Development: “Gandhiji concept of rural development is uplift of the common man. A common man is developing is uplift of the life village have developed. He realised the need for integrated rural development and believe that education and health. Education is knowledge of power and health is stamina of person and society, his approach of rural development which would be non - violent. Self - governed, self – sufficient in regard to food, clothing, and shelter in rural areas through reduce the rural poverty. He focused his attention of agriculture and Non – Agriculture aspect of rural economy through all-round development of rural India. Remove the untouchability, Caste and social evil and give the rights of people, which are enhancing social and political status.”1 Rural Development Approaches in India S.no Approach Emphasis Programes 1. Multi-Purpose Approach All round development of villages Community Development based on self-help and self- Programe (1952) reliance 2. Sectoral Approach Intensive development of selected Intensive Agricultural sectors namely, age/culture with District Programme (IADP) concentration in area of (1960) comparative advantage 3. Target Approach Growth with social justice for Small Farmers Development promotion of weaker section of Agency (SFDA), Marginal rural area Farmers Development Agency (MFDA), Antyodaya.(1971) 4. Area Development Spatial planning and reduction of Command Area Development Approach regional Programme (CADP) (1974) http://indusedu.org Page 276

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Dr. Ajay Kumar Ranjan, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN 2250-0588, Impact Factor: 6.452, Volume 08 Issue 08, August 2018, Page 276-279

imbalance 5. Basic Need Approach Equalisation of social Minimum needs programme consumption (MNP) (1972) 6. Employment Removal of unemployment, Integrated rural development oriented Poverty through sectoral and programme TRYSEM, (1979) integrated rural area integration DWCRA, Jawahar development RozgarYojana, (1989) Indira A was Yojana, Employment Assurance Scheme, SGSY,(1985) DDP, DPAP, (1970) National Rural Employment Assurance (2006) Source: Lalith, N. (2004) “Rural Development in India Emerging Issues and trends”, Dominant Publications, New Delhi.2 The Role of Science and Technology in Rural Development Science and Technology has played a very important role in Rural Development. The use of Science and Technology has given different machines to be used in Farming. The green revolution of the 1970s was in fact powered by the scientific work in various agricultural research institutes. Now our Farmers have removed the tradition mode of farming which causes more time and labour. They are now using new machines like Tractors for sowing the seeds; machines are also used for cutting and thrashing crops. The spread of mass media, Smart Phone has changed the face of village. Science has extended the frontiers of our knowledge in various ways and various directions. It has enabled us to fight natural calamities and revolutionized industrial and agricultural processes. Science has revolutionized in the field of agriculture, transport and communication. This has directly or indirectly impacted the rural life. For Rural Development in India, advances in computing power, biotechnology and GIS are helping rural growth, Inclusive agriculture and other sectors to progress at speeds which were previously inconceivable. “The Scientific Policy Resolution adopted by the Government of India late in March 1958, had emphasized the powerful role of science and technology in the development of the country as indicated below: “The key to national prosperity, apart from the spirit of the people lies, in the modern age, in the effective combination of three factors, technology, raw materials and capital, of which the first Role of Science and Technology in Making Rural India Shine 61 is perhaps the most important, since the creation and adoption of new scientific techniques can, in fact, make up for a deficiency in natural resources, and reduce the demands on capital. But technology can only grow out of the study of science and its application.” In the last decades there has been a major effort to implement the spirit of the Scientific Policy Resolution (SPR). However, due to various reasons, and particularly the large and continuing increase in population it has not been possible to truly bring about an impact of scientific advances on the life of the people to the extent expected, but the desire to do so has been there throughout.”3 Through the Digital India Programe GOI is working to transform the face of rural life. In 2016 Prime Minister of India introduced a new national policy to double Farmer's incomes by 2022. It target poverty reduction, food security and climate change. Through GOI’s Goods and Services Tax (GST) system, to establish a uniform interface for taxpayers with a common IT infrastructure, shared between the central government and the states. Digital India’s strategic cornerstones, the Common Services Centres, are meant to provide access points for delivery of various electronic services to villages, to promote digital and financial inclusion, encourage rural entrepreneurship, and build rural capacities and livelihoods, offering a bottom-up approach to social change. GOI also launched a crop insurance scheme, the Pradhan MantriFasalBimaYojana (PMFBY) in 2016, which now covers 37 million farmers. In the case of health care the government-appointed ASHA workers can be enabled with a tablet or smartphone device that can not only help out people with online doctor consultation, but also provide critical health information to people, especially expecting mothers. “Applications of science and Technology in shining rural India” 4 It is intended to briefly give here some examples of technological developments which can have a direct impact on rural society. The key areas would include: In the context of agriculture, there are five key services or functions that are very closely related to S&T:  Access to information through different types of Agricultural Information Systems (AIS);  monitoring the situation of natural resources and environmental impact through different  Information Processing Tools (i.e. analysis of environment deterioration, soil erosion, deforestation, etc.);  Education and Communication Technologies that are playing a very important role in generating new approaches to learning and knowledge management; http://indusedu.org Page 277

 Networking where S&T can contribute greatly to relating people/institutions among them and facilitating the emergence of ‘Virtual Communities of Stakeholders’ that generate and exchange information and knowledge among themselves. If well managed, networking is a first step in the direction of developing interactive knowledge development processes that may lead to learning networks; and  Decision Support Systems (DSS) through which data and information provide relevant knowledge inputs for informed decision-making. These tools are playing an important role in converting information systems into knowledge systems. The Role of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in rural Development In the 21st century, government around the world is looking for a new ways to finance projects, build infrastructure and service delivery. Public Private Partnership (PPP) are becoming a suitable model to bring together the strength of Public and Private sector Public Private Partnership or PPP is a new mode of implementing government programe or welfare schemes in partnership with the private sector. Over the period of time it has been seen that Public Private Partnership (PPP) is suitable model in which public administration and private organizations value and recognizes each other capacities, capabilities and competencies. PPP model is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies. “PPP has its origin in the market led growth process which was initiated by Margate Thatcher in U.K. and Ronald Reagan in USA is adopted by India.”5 For the effective implementation of PPP model there are certain requisite like responsibilities of both public as well as private organization as well defined and need of more skills and competencies are required. The term Private in PPP includes all agencies which is non- government in nature such as the voluntary sector, corporate sector, Self Help Group (SHG), Community based organisation, partnership firms etc. The roles and responsibilities of the partners may vary from sector to sector. The benefits from PPP could be seen as a it is cost effective, high productivity, clear customer focus and very useful in social service sector. PPP model involves a long term relationship between the public and private sector which is considered as a most stable partnership. In the developing countries PPP is a suitable method of delivering service commonly provided by the local government in rural development. Schemes and Modalities of PPP Schemes Modalities Build-Own-Operate (BOO) The private sector designs, builds, owns, develops, operates Build-develop-Operate (BDO) and manages an asset with no obligation to transfer Design-Construct-Mange-Finance(DCMF) ownership to the government. These are variants of design- build-finance-operate (DBFO) schemes. Buy-build-operate (BBO) The private sector buys or leases an existing asset from the Lease-develop-operate(LDO) Wrap-around Government, renovates, modernises, and/ or expands it, and addition (WAA) then operates the asset, again with no obligation to transfer Build-operate-transfer (BOT) Build-own- ownership back to the Government. The private sector operate-transfer (BOOT) designs and builds an asset, operates it, and then transfers it to Build-rent-own-transfer (BROT) Build- the Government when the operating contract ends, or at some lease-operate-transfer (BLOT) Build- other pre-specified time. The private partner may transfer-operate (BTO) subsequently rent or lease the asset from the Government.

Source- Public Private Partnership, Fiscal Affairs Department of the IMF.6 Government Major Initiative for Rural Development through PPP Bharat Nirman (2005): This schemes helps in building rural infrastructure, mainly roads, water supply, power, housing, irrigation, telecommunication and information technology. National Rural Health Mission (2005): This mission serves health services to the poorest households in the remotest rural regions. The main aim of this mission provides accessible, affordable and good quality of health services to the rural household peoples

Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) (2004) The mission of this scheme was the holistic and accelerated development of compact areas around a potential growth centre in a Gram Panchayat (or a group of Gram Panchayats) through Public Private Partnership (PPP) framework for providing livelihood opportunities and urban amenities to improve the quality of life in rural areas primary objective of this scheme is to providegood quality infrastructure and associate services in rural areas.

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Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)(1995-96) “Government of India created the RIDF in NABARD in 1995-96, with an initial corpus of Rs.2,000 crore. With the allocation of Rs.28,000 crore for 2018-19 under RIDF XXIV, the cumulative allocation has reached Rs.3,20,500 crore, including Rs. 18,500 crore under Bharat Nirman.”7NABARD has allowed the initiation of the PPP model to access these funds for infrastructure development projects in irrigation, housing, water supply, rural electrification andconstruction of roads and bridges.

CONCLUSION To realise the dream of our forefather the new industrial revolution, public policy making bridging the gap between skilled and unskilled labour. But the other side of the story is very grime; GOI is confronting challenges in poverty, high unskilled labour force in rural areas, forced migration in the cities, youth employment and rapid feminization of agriculture and the low productivity of agriculture. These are issues which can’t be ignored. For that Government of India need to make a holistic plan for Rural Development. More PPP and use of Science and Technology in rural development could be the safest option. It also note that there is clear lack of PPP policies and guidelines in the states, Private sectors are reluctant to invest in rural area due to low return and last the more important unwillingness on part of rural people which need to be addressed properly.

REFERENCES [1] Yesu Suresh Raj s, Muthupandi P, "Gandhain Approach to Rural Development", National Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development , Vol- 1;Issue 3;July 2016; Page No.41 [2] Lalith, N. (2004) “Rural Development in India Emerging Issues and trends”, Dominant Publications, New Delhi [3] Samata B. Deshmane, "Impact of Sciences and Technology on Indian Rural Society: A Sociological Study", Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), Vol-2, Issue-13, 2016, pp-40 [4] IbId, pp-40 [5] http://joaag.com/uploads/7_-_4_1___Reaserach_Note_SharmaFinal.pdf [6] Public Private Partnership, Fiscal Affairs Department of the IMF [7] https://www.nabard.org/content1.aspx?id=573&catid=8&mid=488

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