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Introduction to Camera Trapping

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Introduction to Camera Trapping Choosing the right camera traps based on interests, goals, and species Marcella J. Kelly- Professor, Virginia Tech Dept of Fish and Wildlife Conservation WildLabs Community – Tech Tutors July 15, 2021 Remote-Camera Trapping Background Remote cameras/camera traps/game cameras Been around since the late 1890s. But using trip wires and track pads and gave single shots only. 1980s deer hunters => scout hunting grounds 1990s biologists expanded techniques using multiple shot film cameras - film 2000s (mid) brought affordable digital camera technology Remote Camera Applications - Today Scientific Studies Mammals – especially for monitoring of various forest carnivores (e.g. American marten, fisher, wolverine, lynxes, tigers, jaguars, etc.), but also for big game, and large-mammal movement across highways, prey studies, denning behavior (black bears); physical condition of animals (sun bears) Birds – count and monitor ground bird; avian nest predation Herps: e.g. monitoring of timber rattlesnakes. But few herp studies. Remote Wildlife Photography Recreational users (e.g. hunters etc.) Camera Types Cameras now use mostly passive (PIR) infrared sensors PIR –triggers by motion/heat differential when moving object differs in temperature from the environment and moves in front of the sensor Up and coming– remotely download to a base station or satellite uplink Things to consider Do you need protection from wildlife? White flash or infrared? Do you need to lock cameras due to theft? User-friendliness? Do you have a price range? Still photos or video? How long do you need them to last? Protection from the weather? One camera or two per station? How often can you checK them? Battery life Memory card size Kelly et al. 2013 Camera set up with 2 cameras and locKs Example Brands – between $100 and $250 Bushnell Camera Lens Browning IR Sensor Camera Lens IR Sensor Moultrie $57 when you buy 10 or more IR sensor Camera Lens Reconyx (older model) $400-500 and Camera Lens not so user friendly Info Screen Operational Buttons Power Button IR Sensor SD Card Slot User Friendliness Reconyx Video – Professional Series ($500 – $600) Camera Lenses IR Sensor Things to consider for data analysis and results What species are you interested in? How many cameras for a scientific study? How far apart or what spatial arrangement? What are you interested in learning about? species presence or distribution (occupancy) species diversity species activity levels species use of specific features species population abundance, density and trends, species interactions (co-occurrence) species survival Camera Setup – baited vs. unbaited Camera PIR set with hanging bait Unbaited trail set with paired PIR cameras Unbaited PIR set outside of a culvert Baited cubby set triggered by a Long et al. (2008) Noninvasive pressure pad => to get picture Unbaited PIR set along a mouse runway Survey Methods for Carnivores of ear tag General Camera Trapping Uses with increasing complexity 1) Behavior 2) Indices of activity - trap rates 3) Presence/absence (i.e. occupancy) 4) Population Estimation using Mark- Recapture (CMR, SCR, SMR, SPIM) 1) Behavioral Research New Information - Den behavior – emergence times and frequency Patterns Activity 10% 12% 14% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 Puma (N=208)Puma 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 Jaguar (N=172) Jaguar 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Nest Predation documented by remote cameras Nest predation on bird eggs by foxes and crocodile eggs by monitor lizards Underpass Usage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bICTWNRrGE Scavenging behavior – VT Study Dominance at carcasses Herp studies https://t.co/SIwtuF8vqT SNAKE study using cameras on time lapse 2) Index of Activity –Trap rate or trap success Number of photo captures per 100 Trap nights TS = (Caps/TN)*100 Capture = independent events within a 30 minute period Some use 60 minute time periods Indices of Activity - Trap Success Trap success = the number of trap events per night or per 100 trap-nights Not as powerful as occupancy or individual ID, but still can be useful Camera Survey at the Mountain Lake Biological Station, VA; (Kelly and Holub 2008) However, indices are problematic Smiley J4 male For Example: 2005 Pine Forest Survey in Belize Total Jaguar “Captures” = 109 12 individuals dates time x-location y-location place 06/22/01 night 284995 1861441 NM 06/24/01 day 284995 1861441 NM 07/12/01 21:08 284995 1861441 NM Total Captures of J27 male = 75 07/28/01 07:59 284917 1850123 MR 07/28/01 20:07 283538 1851661 RR2 08/14/01 11:14 287315 1860485 NM2 08/23/01 06:55 287315 1860485 NM2 3) Presence/Absence or detection/non- detection (e.g. occupancy) “Occupancy” replaced the term presence when imperfect detection was included. For species where you can not tell individuals apart. Estimate detection and occupancy simultaneously. Darryl MacKenzie et al. (2006, 2015) demonstrated p/a information (detection histories) could be incorporated directly into a maximum liKelihood estimation framework Landscape occupancy Farris et al. 2015, 2016. 0.6 0.5 0.4 Introduced species 0.3 ) Ψ ( 0.2 0.1 Indian civet probability of occupancy 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Distance to Village Multi-season occupancy NATIVE SPECIES Cryptoprocta ferox Fossa fossana Eupleres goudotii 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 Probability of Occupancy of Probability 0 0 0 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 Galidia elegans Galidictis fasciata Salanoia concolor 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 Probability of Occupancy of Probability 0 0 0 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 Canis familaris Felis species EXOTIC SPECIES 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 Probability of Occupancy of Probability Farris et al. 2017 0 0 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 ABUNDANCE/DENSITY ESTIMATION 1998: Seminal paper by Karanth and Nichols establishing use of camera traps to study naturally marked carnivores 4) Abundance/density estimation Individual ID and Capture Histories Compare spot/stripe patterns to identify individuals => get abundance and density estimates Kelly et al. 2003, Silver et al. 2004 Individual ID of male deer from antlers Population size estimates for male deer from mark- recapture Black Bear Research Population size estimates using “marked” bears. Note streamers as “marks”. Bridges et al. 2004 Ocelots density and sex ratios in Belize Satter et al. 2019 Multi-season SCR – growth and survival Ocelot survival through time Ocelot population growth rate between time periods Satter et al. 2019 Ocelot density surfaces Darker blue indicates areas of higher ocelot density Satter et al. 2019 Rich et al. 2019 Multiple densities? 25 Mopane Non-mopane Overall 20 15 10 Density(#/100Km²) 5 0 Spotted Leopard Wild dogs Serval Civet Aardwolf Lion hyena Rich et al. 2019 Abundance/Density Estimation is rapidly expanding Spatially explicit mark-recapture Maximum liKelihood (Program DENSITY) Bayesian techniques (SpaceCap – etc.) MarK-Resight for partially marKed populations Spatial Mark-Resight SPIM – Spatial partially identity models for marked pops with categories. Camera Trapping - Strength/Weakness 1. Strengths: y Minimally intrusive y Abundant data with relatively minimal labor y Detects multiple species simultaneously y Photos often important for public outreach y Studies of elusive species possible 2. Weaknesses: y Costly equipment (especially for initial set up) y Equipment malfunctions (e.g. sensitive to weather etc.) y Individual identification (hence abundance estimate) is only possible for species with distinctive marKs or pelage (e.g. tigers, jaguars, bobcats etc.) y Results may be sex-biased CHALLENGES: Camera Trap Data Management Spreadsheets, Citizen Science, Artificial Intelligence Importance of Data Mgmt Encourage entering data on ALL species and humans the first time around. Often takes longer than collecting data if you enter everything Formatting for various programs and analyses also taKe time Entering data on species captured 1) Manual data entry using “home-made” spread sheets (Excel, Access). 2) Use Citizen Science existing platform 3) Use an Artificial Intelligence existing platform Kelly et al. 2012 Manual Data entry Dcoument camera info at each first and last trigger, including when changing out memory cards. In addition to camera station, date, and camera number, I have now added “time” to our trigger cards in case the time stamp malfunctions (you can correct for that later). Kelly et al. 2012 Manual Data entry!! Helps if you have access to undergrads or interns Manual Data Entry for Individual ID Kelly et al. 2013 Citizen Science eMammal https://emammal.si.edu/ eMammal - facilitates the sharing of camera trap images and data for research and education purposes. Provides the public a query tool, allowing a user to access and share camera trap information from a variety of projects. Encourages collaboration with other institutions and individuals. For a fun animal ID game using eMammal favorites, clicK on eMammal Lite for more! eMammal License to Use Data. Provider grants to SI the royalty-free, nonexclusive, worldwide right, but not the obligation, to use, reproduce, publish, distribute, or otherwise use all Data (including, without limitation, to aggregate it with other data to create new products, to copy it, to cache it and to incorporate it into other worKs in any form, media or technology now Known or later developed), and to sublicense such rights to third parties for purposes within the scope of the Data, Software and Web Site User Agreement (Attachment).
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