Svran CnnNrvonr CoNSERVATToN

The Newsletterand Journal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group IUCN

Number28 April2003

SPEcrEsSunvrvAL CoMMISSIoN

Stflpe-necked/vlongoose Herp€stes vitticollis - Photo:M. N.loyokunor, lFS,ARPS, AFIAP

The productionand distributionof this issuehas beensponsored by "l\,4arwellPreservation Trust Ltd", Colden Common, UK "RoyalZoological Society of Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium "CarnivoreConservation & ResearchTrust". Knoxville. TN. USA "ColumbusZoo", Powell, Ohio, USA and "WildlifeConservation Society/Central Park Wildlife Centel', NewYork, NY, USA

ColumbusZOO ...1'!hiigtr4rr iihtr r.ontt. t.t dos Svrnn Cnnxrvonr CoNSERVATToN The Newsletterand Joumal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid.Viverrid & hocyonidSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief: HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Associateeditor: William Duckworth,Bristol, UK

Editorial board: AngelaGlatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands MichaelRiffel, Heidelberg,Germany Amd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Germany RolandWinh, Miinchen, Germany

Thc !icws cxpressedin tbis publicalioDare thoseoflhe authorsand do not necessarilyreflec! lhose of lhe IUCN. nor the IUCN/SSC Musteljd. viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group.

Thc ann ofthis publicatbn is to offc. thc mcmbcrsol rheIUCN/SSC MV&PSG, andthose who are conccmedwith mustclids,vi!cnids, and procyonids,briefpapers, news items.abstacts. and titles of recentliterature. A1l readersare invited to send material toi

Small Carnivore Conservation cy'oDr. H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei,15 2650 Edegem- Belgium [email protected]

Pnnredon reclcledpaper ISSN 1019-5041 Brown-tailed Mongoose Salanois concolor in the Betampona Reserve, eastern Madagascar:Photographs and an ecological cornparison with Ring-tailed Mongoose Galidia elegans

Adam BRITTT and Mcki VIRKAITISI

Fi! 1 Bt \tn 1orl..l Moh(..t SaL3i.,a .oicolor Ph.b: V Vnkniis Abstract

Photographsot' the lir(le knoNn Bros,n tailed Mongoose Sa I un o i a tu no lor in rhe BetamponaReser!c. castcrn Madagascar arc prcscntcd.Theie are probabl) the lirsr in ges of this species taken in the wild. MoFhological features of S. oneb atc dcscrihed.Cornparjson oflhe bchalioural ecoiogy ofthis specic\ with the slmpatric Ring triled Mongoose GalLIia elesans, irdicates thal whilc Lhctwo speciesshire rhe sarnc hlbitat and acli!it] clclc. thev have dietary dillerences.Evidence suggests that S. .,,.or,r is mainly insecrilorous.while G. elesd,r is nxne carni\'orous. Both spccies exhibit acrivlty perks in rhe early moming and late afternoonand show .t prefefencelbr relativel]'. 'lhe intact rain li)rcsl. Obserlations suggestthnt 6. cluSdrr is more mrnfall is grcrtcr thrn 2.5(10nm. forest al tseranpona is rrborcd than t .or.o/of. Both spccicsoften frtragesolitanly. bur dominlrcd by rrees of the t'amilies Liuraceac. Morrcere. li\e r. 'nonocanror.pdir. sirh Jr||nJenr .,ft.Jnn: Etrphorbiaceae.Clusiacqre, Sipotrccrc, Mynaccac. Arecaceae. Lilia.eae and Bursernceae:lirnrs of thc 1lmilics Dillenidae and Introduction Apocyanaceaeiand oumerous epiphltes of thc frDilies Asplcni&eae and Ofchidaceae (Andrianarisit.r. 1995i Tl. R. Thc Br)wn t{iled Mongoose Su knoin (,krnor tlceofftoy Iambana,/drs. .orDn-)- Thc canopyheighr averages 20 - 25 ln and S.rini'Hilaire, ll3l9) ol rhc monotypic genus S.alanotr (Cray, is !cr] broken. with occnsionallargc cmcrgcnrsol > l0 nl. The 1865)isoncof the leastknownMalagasyn]ongooses(Herpestidae. terrainis neep with numc(trh ridges. Calidiinrc). Albignac (198.1)devores only rwo shof senterceslo this spcciesin his oven-.iewofMnhg.rsy clmilores. lt is reporred Thc sympatricoccunenceof Suk1onto oLora Galidid as occuring ir thc easterncoa(al zoneofMadrgascar (AlbiSnac. ?l.Aart at Betanlponawas prcliously r.pollcd by Britt (1999). l9lt4). The pelageis unifomrllr dark browr. The speciesjs known Obscr!rtir)nsofS: .or.o/orand G. elesdnJwere collcctcdoppor to be diurnal and is susFcted to have a dier mainlr conlistirg of tunisticallyfron Norember 1998to Dcccmbcr 2001. S. concolot inlcct larvae(Albignac. 1984)..t .,,. dol wasfecently classified .|'as first notcd at Betamponaby lngrid Porron (Sr. Lolris Zoo. as Vulneitble by ITJCNred list cdtefia (IUC]N/CBSG,2001 ). U.S.A.) in 1998.Limued data arc prcscntcdoD Lhehehaliour of both st)eciesat Betanpom biscd upon obsc.vltions hy personnel The Rins rrilcd Mongoose C.r/n/tu slcsd,r (L Ccoffroy oflhc MadagascarFaunaGroup s (MFC) kojcct Bctampona.M tG S.inr Hilaire, I817) is common rnd widesread in tbe easl.norlh personnclwcrc in theforest daily between07:U0 and 16:00hrs. rnd and\esl otMrdagrsc{r. lt is represeffedir thecrsl by theform (;. on average3 times a week an hour bciorc drwn and rn hour after .. e1"!d,r. with reddi!h brownpelageand l;ve or six darkerbfown du\k. Additionally occrsionrl night walks were taken. The rings on the lail (Albignrc. 198:l) The speciesis diurnal and caL\ following vafiableswefe recordedwhen the specicswcrc sighled: r !aried diet including rodents,snal1 lcmurs. reptiles.frogs, tish, locntioni rinrc; numherof individuals:a8e ofindividuals (adulr or $ails. insec|S.womrs rnd cggl (Albignac. 1984). innnturc); a.tiviiyt sub(mte. Locations were recordedmakinS useoi fixcd.mrrkers positionedevery 50 m on the rail syslcm. Both speciesarc morphobsically si'nilar and exisl s) mp.ttricrlly in therain fore!t ofthe eastemcoaslal z()nc (A lbignac. A total of 75 observalionsof Salanoia .on.oltt werc lgtt,li BritL, 1999). recoded. Tines of obsen-alions(indicaLi!c ol rctivity pattefr). vanation in group !i/e. and comnlenrson diet and habitatnse arc Study Site and rnethods presented.These are comprrcd wilh daLafroD 70 oblewations of the sympatricCalidid ./.B.rrr. The BcLrmponr ReseNe was firsi created in 1927 rnd becane fie first ol thc stricl nature resenes (R6serveNrturcllc Results Int6gtule)esrablished in i 966 (Andriarnpianina& Peyrieras.I 971). Thcrcrcrvcissixutedbetweent7"15 - l7'55'Sand49'12'49"15 Description E. about.10krn north-westol thcciL)olToamasinaontheens{ coasr The photognphs show that S?/drold .?r.o1or has fairly ol Madrg,rsoar.Betdrnpona covers an areao1 2.228 ha with aititudes shon.&rk brownpelage- Thisis llcckcd wiLhk)ngcr. light cdoured ranging lron 275 - 650 nr abolc sca level (Razokiny. 19851. guard hiirs ak)ng thc hxck and flanks. The back cover ilhrstrates ( urent estimates(Britl cl al.. in prcss)indicare that only 507. of lhe slighllr- lighLcrcollrr of reddishbrown fur running fiom just the reservearea renains as relativ.ly inract titrelt. The climareis below the cars ar)und thc thrcat. The fur on the verrrum is nlso humid tropical. Mean aonual tenperalurc is 24'c rnd annual reddishbrosn The ealsnre rclalilcly largcrnd ntrcr)undedthan in Galidio elesais. Fig. I illusiracs clearly the sharply pointed pairs(see Fig.3). Groupsof tuee were alsoobserved ' usuallyone mrutlc ol S. onLok)r. Thc snoul prolrtrdcssomcwhrt olcr thc animalwas clc.trly smrllcr than tbe othertwo andwas assumedto lowerjaw. Themuzzleisvery thinly furred witb shortwhiskers. lur be an ofispring of thepair. ln Mdrch 1999th.ee adult siTedand one Lrnderthe cbin and around the mouth is whitislr./grey. The tail is imnature individualwere observed travelling together. 1n Novemhef unilbrn y dark brown. The lur on the mil is much longer than on 2001 two adults. one juvenile and one infant were obsened the rest of the body and can be erected when the animal is alarmed. together.The samegroup was observedagain in l)ecember2001. The claws afe about lcnl long and relatively snaight. On both occasionstheinfant was concealcdin r holk)w undcrrrce roots, and not obsened until the motherretumcd t() Ieadit rway. ln the lield .taldn.d .,n.olol is noriceablysmaller and ln July 2(X)()five adult sizedanimals were observedforaging as a nofe gracile than Galidia el.gans.'lhe rail of the latter is also group. Infants were observedfrom Nolcnrbcr LoMarch. As trios considerablylonger. lndividual vananon in pelage colour has wefe observedihroughout tbe yearit is hypothesisedthatoffspring been noted,such that someindividuals of S. .?,.olor appearthe remain with the parentsfbr at leasta year. same shadeof reddish-brownas G. clcg.rtrr (althoughthis may result fron varying light conditionsin the fbrest). Galidia (lcgahs ls ^lso mostfrequenrly obscrvcd singly or in paiff Gee Fig.3). No more than three individuals we.e ever Salanoia conrclor clr';r'r variety ol soft, thrcaty squcxks rccordcdl('gclhcr. rnd tbesewere invariabiy a pair of aduhsand an and growls while tiraging, bul are generally lairly silenr- On oltspnng.Inhnts wereobserved from N ovemberto May. As groups "head !ighting human!, individualsoften exhibit bobbing" ofthree individualswere notedthroughour lhe year it is proposed behaviour.lf alarmedthey produceloud growls and nove with a thal young remain with thei. pareDtsfor 11lcrst x year. siifi-leggedgait. erecdnCthe iail bair.ln contrast,Cdlidid clcgrrr is very vocal.with awide rangeofcalls, andare often ti.st detected Habitaa u,sr by their chdracteristichigh pitched whistling contact calh. Salanoiaconcolor is observcdrnosr frequently in relatively intact rain forest (92.57. of observaiiont. but i! also recordedin Prior to ihis publication the only known photograph of dreas of secondary vegetation and cultivalcd lrnd (7.57. of Saldnoid con.olor 'n cxislcncc wft ol .r stufltd specimcnat the observalions).On three occasionsindividuah were obsened in Field Museumof NaluralHisto.y in Chicago,publishcd in Garbull trces,oDcc at 2 m lbraging in a deadtrunk and twice descending (1999). Phobgraths presenredwcrc takcn hy Vicki Virkaitis in vcnicrl lrunks between 5 - l0 n above tbe ground. All other Mly 20Ol at Bctmpona. observalionswere on the ground. This speciesatpears to have a preferencelbr ridge tops,as 88.I7. ofobsenNtn)nswere rc.orcrcd Activitypattern in this habitNt. All obscrvarionswcre recorded during daylighr. Neither specieswere observedto be dctive atnight during nocturnalfNunN Calirlid elesans wrs also observed most liequently in surveys undenaken oo 20 nights between Ocbber 2001 Nnd relrtively intact .Ninforesl (94.:l E of observalions).but were also January2002 nor during occalional night walks in the ReseNe re.orded in areasof second.tryvcgctarion (5.7S. of observations). from 1997to 2002- G eleSdrr appenrs|obe markedlynore arborealthan S..onblor, being notedin rees during 12.8%ofobsenNtbns. Mosl detcclions Data presenlcdin Fig. 2 suggcstthrl both spccicscxhibil of G. eLesai! of} the ground were below 5 m. although one peaksofactivityintheearly norningand lateafternoon. with lower individual was observedmoving throughtbe canopya( around 12 levels of activity throughoul lhc dxy. n above rhe ground-G. "/?gdrs was observedio climb ve.tic{l trunks,clamber through dense masses offine b.anchesand lianas, Group size and composition and to leapbetween borizontal and venical sutpons. This spccics Solanoiuconcob,is mosrfiequenlly observedsingly or in was recordedon ridge tops during 60% of the observrtions.

E'5 E,5 : a

700 $0 900 1000 1100 1a)0 t:too raoo rso0 1600 t70o

| 4, Pq,qLR( ol o^qw114] ol 4,3.J.0br.^ ar,,r ./ !ru, ,i?r r ld h.r ltdr a7 an b )3 a0 ]nm d Rnanpon Diet Acknowledgements SaLDbia ontubt a1 Betampona have been obscrvcd feedingonl) on coleopteranlar\ae exrrcLcd lr)nr rctting wood (n Borh authorswould like to rhankCharlie Wclch & Andrea = 8). Foragingin leaflitter hrs.rlso bccn obserled (n = 6). rhu! n Krtz (MFG) ntrtheifsupportandassistancein Madigasclr. rnd the see'nslikely tlut ofier inseclsarc aln) trkcn. AssocirtnnrNntionale pour ia Gestiondes Aires Plotdgacs (ANG AP) lbr pcmissir)n to u,o* at Betanlpona.Adnn Briu would like ro (;dlidix cl.gtns at Betamponahalc bccn ohserved ack owledgc Ingrid Porton(St. Louis Zoo) lbr first poinring out consuminSof hunting a wide variety ol prcy. including woolly firl nol all thc mongoosesat Betampora were cdlilidl Vicki Le]trlu|{Arahi kuiset) (n = l). a natile lbrest rodent (Ne9n)r Virkailii is gratefulto the Zoological Societyof Philadclphiafor ,?rrr) (n = 2), Mmtila(ltLut liogs (n = 2), crrbs (n = 1). and allowinghcrlinrcoff to volunteerrviththe MFG teamatBetltnrpona. coleotteraolaNae (r = 5).Ir is unclearshcrhcrC. ./.gdrr acrually Mrn) thrnks to l)r. SreveGoodmar (WWF Madagrscar)lirr his captu'€d and killed the , !drt. A Hcnsas Goshawk (A..q,r.r comnrcnlson.and suggestions lbr lhe inprovememofthc originrl /r.arrii) was obsened in thc rrca. rnd il i1 suspectedthat the G. mrnuscnpt. liinally special ilnnks to the MFG lield tcrm rl .kgdnr st(te its nreal. Thh camilore hrs rlso bccn ohserved Betirnponir.without whornonly atiaction ofthis datawouldhave rnempting lo capture the tollowing bird spccies: Cd,irdllrJ kk,loile!. Coua e(ruleti. C. rtnautlii. a]]d Btu(h'-tt?ra.:iu\ rqxdrrigdr. Arboreal aclilil) suggeslsthat C. .ll,gdb will raid Relerences birds nestsfor cggs or nestlingi. As wilh S. .,,.o/./r indiliduals ol G. elesan\ hrvc beenobserved tbraging in leal littcr (n = l). Albignillc, R. 1l98:1.Thc CNmivore!. tt1 K(! Enritonn?nts suggestingthat ofter insectsare also consunrcd.Both of lhese M/ddsdr.,zr. ed!. A. Jolly. P. Oberle& R. Albigmc. 167 carnilorcs are repotedby local villagerslo tlr]{edomcsri. toulny. 181. Oxiord:PcrgrmonPress. Andrianpirn.rna.J. & Pcyrci.as.A. 1972.Le! r6\ervesnarurelles Discussion inf6grales de Madagascar. ln Conpte\ Rentlrt d( l!1 Coulircn.? hx(national. su la(:onsen'dtionl? lu Natue The limited dr1ltprescnted suggestthat while both Salanotl at de s.t Re\sour..s n Modosostet. Td,dnarne, cotudot antl Galidid eleR,2rrlhare the lane habitatand activily Mu&truslat 7.ll Octobre 1970, 103 123. Glod: IUCN cJclc the) hrlcdictar) d iffercnces.lt seemslikely thal S..rrr?l,r/ Switzerlandand Cimbridgc, UK. is iinly iDscctivortra. specialisingin extracting insect llNac AnJri"nJri'JrJ.\4 lor)5 In\

Boft speclesappcar to prefert() forage alone. but likely live in piirs wirh dcpcndcntoffstring. Albignac ( l9E4) reportsGd,z/u .1.s'd,s livnrg in family rrcuts of3.4 of:nore. At Betrnpona no 1Madagascar Fauna Group, I Zoo Road more |han3 individualswcrc obserledtogethe.. althoughon rhree San Francisco,CA 94132,USA occasionslarger groups of Suldnoio con nor wrs rccorded..!. 'Philadelphia2oo,3400 West Girard Avenue ( o".o/o/ intdntsare born betweenNovember and January.ns h.rs beenrecordedibrC.c/e8.i,1r (Albisnac. 1984).lf s: .or.obr shares Philadelphia,PA lgl(X, USA a similaf gestationperiod wirhG. elesans('74 90d!y!. Albigrac. l9l3.l), ralnrgsould bc cxpectedto occu fcomAugusttoOctober. Addresslbr correspondence: Dr. Adam Britt Both spcciesrrc cstimrredn) exist in reasonablenumbers Depart.of HumanAnatomy & Cell Biology at Betampona.aDd it is likely thatpopulalions clln bc sclf+ustaining. SherringtonBuildings, Univ. of Liverpool Subje.tively it apFar! that S:.,ldrotd.on.,/,r is lhe commoncrof LiverpoolL69 3GE, UK the two speciesat Betanpona.Ccrhinly bolh spccie!arc ,rdapted Loli!e nr largelyintact rain forest.Betanrpona. as the lasl si/cablc Tel. +,14151 794 6870 remnantoflowland lbrest in thc rrca. thus trcvides an impollanl Fax+44 l51 7945517 reluge lbr bolh thesespecics. [email protected],uk Current and historical distribution of European Mink Mustela lutreola in Biscay, Evolution and comments on the results

Jabi ZABALAT and Iiiiso ZUBEROGOITIA'

Abstract Biscay.In rhispaperwediscuss theresults of thissurveyforBiscay. wc addromc olhcr locaLions, presenr past data on lhe distribution Firstrecords of EuropeanMink in Biscaydate back to I 963. ol EuropeanMinkintheareaandwediscussthecurcntdistribution sincethen ils disrriburionhad no importantchanges. Recently, a Nndits historicalcvolution. EuroplxnMink surveyhas been carried out in theBasqueCountry trsinglinc dggeredcamera sysielns. Results suggest a reduction Study area oflhe distribuiionin Biscay:however. this seems tr) be an anefrct due ro ditferent perfbrmancesof EuropeanMink derection BiscNy.in thc nortb oithe lberianPeninsula (Fig.l), ha! an techniques.Wc gilc a morcaccurale dismbution fbr lhe speci€s area of 2.236 tm: and a population ol ncar 1,200,(I)0people. lDdwc(rcss the needforasystenatisedmethodologyforEuropean Altitudesrdnse fionr 0 (by thc scashorc) 1o I .'17sm (Gorbeapeak). The clinale is oceanic.annual rainfall rangesbctwccn 1,200rnd 2,200nnr. and annualaverage temperatures range fn)m l:1.8'C to Introduction ')'4. /Fl,,rc., La|q).Winter\ Jre nrildand rhe|( i. n..ummer drcught.Slrerms me short.small and hst flowing..unning int()the The EuropeanMinkMrlrkld /!r/.o/d is a ripariannruslclid Bay ofBiscay. All lhe major rivers.with the solc cxccptir)nof thc nalilc 1() the continent. lts distnbulion experienceda severe Butroe River (Fig l). arc polluled. specially the Nerbioi dnd regressionduring the second half of the20th century anddisappeuod Ib.rizabalRivers (Depanment ofEnvironlnenl and I -andOrdinatn'D, liom mosLcounGcs (Youngnan. I982;Maran & Hentlomn. 1985: 2001). Springs, t.ibutarics and smrll coaslal streams show in Maranddl.. I998r). As r .csull ol thisdcclinc. no\\'adrys there are generalacceptable water conditions.howcver sone of them are two majorpopulational nuclci: onc in thcErst, (Mffxn & Hcntlonen. alsopollu|ed. especially those ofNerhioiand IbaizabalRivers near lg85r Tumanov. 1992), and another in the West. The easFrn fte main populationnu.lei (DcpanmcnlofEnvironmenl andLmd populationis still inregression(Maran & Henttonen.1985t Maran Ordinrtrcn, 2001).Bcsr w.rtcr condilions are io small Riversin the .r dl.. I 998b)i m ink hasdis:rppcarcd liom sornecountries in recent Artibai Okaarcaand westwards ofrhc Kadaguariver(Departmenl decades,and itcontinues decliningin afeaswhereitis still present ol Environrncnland Lrnd Ordioarion,2001). (Mamn & Hentbnen. 1985: Maran er dl. lgg|bi Rom.tnowski, 1990). Results

With the wcstcm populrtioD.rhc siluition is different. Ir European Mink was fi|!r rcported in Biscry in i963 thenorlh,1he French population has disappeared tron Brittany and (Rodigue?de Ondaru. I 961),a fcw ycrrs rlter thefirsl recordof the Paysdc Loire in 20 years,berween 1977 lrnd 1991 lLode et (1.. speciesin the lbefidn Peninsula(Rodriguez de ondar.. 1955). 2001).On the othef hand. in the IberianPeninsuh thc siLuarionis Allcr$'ards. persistenceof miok in ihe Bilcay area has bccn nrtriguing since lhe speciesseems to be expandingsouthwafds confirmed h severalworks (Crsrian & Mendioh. 1985i Palaz6n (Mrrrn & Hcnuoncn, 1985i Palaz6n& Ruiz-Olmo, 1992:Tones & Ruiz-Olmo, 1991. A.ih:d.t17|ct al.. 1999; Zubemgoitii d/ dl.. & Zubcrogoitia, 1997).Recently. a surveywas canied out in the 2001) includingthe last surveycanicd oul iionl February1999 to whole lberian area occupied by the Eu.opean Mink, includin-q December2000 (Gonzrlcz Eslcban ?r dl. 2OOlt Palaz6n.t dL., 2002). Thc speciesreached Bilca) liom Gipuzkoa in the East,aod by the trne of its lirlt report it hNd lrrivcd in thc nofhwest of the rc-lion.east of the Nerbioi riler (RodigueTde Ondarfa, l96l). Casli6n & Mendioh ( 1985) repofted t -'a -, .l-. eur.o. .: nirruerr Eu.oNan Mink to be presentin **i-, ':, live l0 x l0 km UTM squares, .r' .* including the two already ; ttf ..- .a' : r ri.. fr.: lbqlzbol I reporled by Rodrigucr dc .--.t rt-t..4 . ondana ( | 963). In I 997 aftcran .:aI extensivestudy. Prhz6n &Ruiz ,. t -.r.'r-'...: rr\i Olm) ( 1997) cited European .!. r.. - j:rr. Mink h 13 t0 x l0 km U l'M squarcs,tso of them basedon bibliographic data befofe 1980 and anolhcr one reponed betbre 1980and conlimred allerwards (l'ahz(in & Ruiz Olnro. 1997). Locarionsrecorded lpread over lhe catchmentsof the Rivers lbaizabal,Oka. Anibai and Butroe. Lg ::l andalso some othcr minor riveN (Palaz6n& Ruiz-Olmo. I 997). ln addition,lhey reportedtwobibliographical (bcli,.e 1980)location! in a t.ibutary oftbe Nerbioi and anorhcronc in rhc Nerbioi (rfter 1980).bul none weslwardsofthis river. AihaftA zrdl. (199). a! o b -c. the resul! of field suneys carried our betwecn 1990 Nnd 1996. rcl'oncd EurcpeanMink in len l0 x l0km squares.inchrding two J o'o o o a o new square!and the firsilocaiion westwardsol thc Ncrbi()iRi!e.. (2fi)l)cited Zuberogoitiastdl. lhc spcciosas presenlin nosiofthe (\ regbn. but nrcre comnlon in the onentil area.Thcy ,lso include f J T \ o o o rew &ia wesrwardsof lhe Nerbioi near thc westernedge of the re-q,on.Fioally in the lasi surveycanied our from February 1999 l/' a o to l)ecenber 2U)0. Gonzalez-Esleban., a/. (20O1)l({ated a tdal ofeighl EuropeanMink in fiye difterent 10 x l0krn UTM squNrcs. Fouroflhese locationsare in theArtibii calchmenl,onc in lhe I-ea ,rz C: (a smallerri vcr bctwcenAnibai andOka), two in rheOka catchment and the lasl one in the lb:riabal catchnent (Gonzalez,Estebanrl d1.,200lr Prhr(in .r dl..2tX)2). The authorsconcluded lha( rhe rx-l Fis : D^tirdht aI Eu.4tq Mt Europcrn Mink maintaih populationsin the area of the Anibai trt!. lttt .tk: irai.nk r?kr.? andOkarivers, and lhey alsoremarkedrhe lacl thatEuropcan Mink rs ahscnttlom {este.n Bi!cay, wherethe rilers arebest prcservcd (Gonralez Frteban €r a/., 2001). dctcctEur)peanMint in Araba,aregion adj.centto Biscaywbere simultaneouslya live-trappingstudy was being clirried out. Thcy Discussion iailed to detectthe sp€ciesin 11 squareswhere ihe live trapping methoddid (Conralcz Esrcban.1dl..2ml i Pa1u6n e.d1..?002). At firlt sighl, it seems that lhe European Mink spread On thc othcr hand. ihey detectedmink in a squarewhere live ratrdly over ealtern and central Bisciy after its arivrl rnd rrapping did nor (Go.zale7 Esteban.r dl.. 2001: P^laz6t1.t a!.. mainlrincd this dislribution tbr a long period of line. withoul 2002).However, despilc irs bwcrp.rfomance. rhemerh(x-l nscd bl coloni\ing the arer westwardsof the Nerbioi River. B_vthe late Gonzaiez-Estebanetdl. (2(n1) has seleral ad!anlageslikc being 1990sthere dre two recordsof Europern Mink wcslwrrds of the cheaperand non intrusile with the sp€cies.Moreover. it lacks Ncrbioi (Aihart/a .t al., 19991Zuberogoitia c, d/.. 2(I)l), but somedeleterious ellects thal livc lrrpping may hrvc (Zabalaetul.. p€rmanentcolonisafionoflheareahrs not bccnconfimed. The last 200r) suney, camed our by Gonzrlez Eslebrn er d/. (20O1).luggests a reductionof the dislribution ol EuropcanMink. with rhe sp€.ies I,inally. nroslstudies have b€en conducted over long peflods confined lo the north'eastarea. However. as slakd by Conzalez oi rimc (r wholc ycaror more).whilst smallca.nilores. including Esreb.rDet dI. (2001). there are rome methodologicalditterences nink, have difltrenl degrees of activily and displaccmcnts that prevent unconditionalcomparison among works. throughoulihc ysrr. Thcy rre lilcly () bc rnorc rura.lcd () bait in and iheir irappabilily also cbanges markedly firstly. wofks of Casti6n& Mendiola (1985) and Palar(in throrghoul the yerr (Brczinsti er dl., 1992i Ziclinski & Ku.cra. & Rui/ Olmo (1997) are partially basedon bibliographic data. 1995i Zabalaer dl.. 2ml). Morcover, olcrall trappinSsu.cess is dating brck as far t$ 1963 (22 and 34 years resp€ctively).By relntedto trapping ellon (McDonald & Hanis. 1999);therciorc. ntcluding inforrnation frrm many years, lhey risk anificially somedist.ibutional sludies. specially those based on irappingtbnr enlarginglhe actual distribulior of lhe species. do noi includc dlta tu)m (thc. $urces, rnd/d havc low trrpping cln)ns lrc not reliableandprobably only willreliably delecttarget Secondly.dara for Biscay siven by Palaz6n& Rufz olmo speciesin areaswith higb densnics. (1997)rnd Aihanzx er dl- ( I999) arenot the resultof a surveyfor Europ.rnMink with a lp€cific melhodology,but basedon difierent ln ouropinion, the resul(soflhe lasrEurop€an Mink survey sourccs such as: live n.pping data. tack searches.torching, in Biscay underrepresentedrhe disiribution ofthe sp€cies.Based enguiriesand rord casulltics and casualohservatio.s Tlus. they on theresull! ofthe recentsurveys, scient'tic research publjca(ions. are liable to lail lo delectnink in renote aExs rnd arers of low road kills and sighlings of thc spc.ics, wc givc r morc rccurate human density. distribution for $e lp€cies in Biscay (Fig. 2).

Thirdly, lhe lasi survcycanied oul by GoDZrle/ Elleban r/ As observedin Fig. 2. EuropeanMink in Bilcay o(cupies ,r/ Oml). *1. r,'nJurreJu\ing ph.norraphrchJrt \trlron\. more Jlmo.l theenrrre pror rnce. rncludrng 'e\(rrl ared.$er( rr*d\ nor concrctcly rhe Line lriggered Ca'ne.a System described by derectedin the su eys. The current distriburionis quite close 1() Ziclinski & Ku.era (1995).There rre someremarks that one should that reponed in older works (Casti6n& Mendiola, l9lJ5: Palaz6n bear io mind aboul this method: Firslly, ihnt $me studicsfound & Ruiz Olmo, 1997i Aibinza et dl, 1999).A possibledifference thal thrsmethod has a lower perfbrmancethan otber mclhGls whcn mighl be thccol(tDis!1i(Dofthc dc! wcnwardsofthe Nerbi{)iRivcr, derectingcarni !orcs (Z;elinski& Kuocra,I 995).Indeed. Gonzalez wheremink has beenabsent for nany yenr!. Indeed,besides daia Esiebancrdl. (2ml )failed todelectEuropean MinL in xrcaswhcrc on two roadkillr (Zub(rogoitiNerdl.. 2001).thcrc arc dNt,r on nrint lhere were dala of roird kills. thc specie!had beensighted dnd in in streamssouth ofthe arca(Palaz6n./ dl.. 2002).Small distribu- i sream wherc Europan Minft was heing studied at that time tn)nalchangesobserved in preyiousworks drenore likely to be due (Zuberogoitnt et a1.,2lfilt G^tin et dl.. 2002a.b). Moreover, tr)different samplinS effo4! thanto achangingdi,jtribution patlern (ionzaleT-Esteban.t dl.. (2001) usedthe sarnenelhod in ordcr ro with continuouscolonisalion xnd cxlinctioDsin somc arcr1. The main conclusionis thc nccd ofa reliableand common Palaz6n,S.. Ccnr, J. C.. Manas,S., Cena, A. & Ruiz Olmo. J. 2002. (fbr nll theregions) mcthodology to detectEuropean Mink. lndeed, Current disiribution ard status of the Luropean Mink using different methods results in incornpfiable data and inefficienl lMustela lutreolu L., 176l) in Spain, SmaU Canivot? efiort. ln our opinion, a deepsludy is nccdedin order to develop Consen,.,26:9 11. a shndardized rechniquc. which should fulfil some basic Rodrigucz dc Ondara, P. 1955. Hallazgo en Guipnzcoa de un "Fauna requlremenls.An easy,chcap and, most inrpotant. harmlessand rnxmifero Do cilrdo en la lb6rica" de Cabrera. reliable techniqueis needed. Munib? 4:2Ol-2O1. Rodriguezde Ondarra,P. 196:1.Nucvos datos sobre el vis6n en Acknowledgements Espana.Mrrile 15:103'110. Romanowski,J.19q). Minks in Poland.,SnallCdnivorc Consen.. We arethankful k) A. Secillafor helpingus with the maps. 2:l:1. Torrcs,J. J- & Zuberogoitia.l. 1997.l)istribuci6n de lo nesocar- References .iloros cncl rio Eb.oa supaso por la Comn idad Aut6noma de La Rioja.Ae8y,i!s 14:3134. Aihltnza,J. R., Zuberogoitia.1.. Cama€ho-Verdeio, E. & Torres.J. Tumanov,I. L. 1992.The numberof EuropcrnMink (Mrrkld 1999.Status of camit'orcsin Bircay(N lberidnPeninsula). l&r/.oldL.) in theeastern area and iis r€laiionto American Misc.Znot.,22:41-52. Mi\k. SenidquatischeSdugeti?re 1992:329-335. Brzezinski, M., Jedrzc.icwski,W. & Jedrzejewska.a. 1992. Winter Youngman.P. M. 1982.Distribution and systematics ofthe Europcan homerlnges and movements ofPolecats Mrrreld /rhrirr Mink Must?lu lutrcold Lirtr], ets 1161.A.ta Zool. Fenn.. in BialowiezaPrimaveral Forest. Polalid. Atto Therhl.. 166:1,18. 37:l8ll9l. Zabala,J.,Zuberogoilia. L. Garin.L & Aihariza,J.R- 2il0 l. Smlil C:rsti6n,E. & Mendiola,I. 1985.Mamiferos. ln t&rkoLAutonomi carnivorelrappabilily: seasonal changes and mortrlily. ElkarteLoomo.lunak. Eusko Jaurlaritra. Vitoria Gasteiz. A caseltudy on EuropeanMink Must?lalutrcola afi Depinm€ntof Eovironmentand Land Ordination.2ml. Medn) Spolled Gene( GenetraEeneftu. Snall Ca irorc Ambienteen la ComunidadAut6noma del Pais Vasco. Conserv..25:91t. BasqueGovemnent. Vitoria Gasteiz. Zielinski.W. J. & Kucera.T.E. 1995.Anerian Maien, Fisher, Flores, A. M. 1989-Kanografia. In L:uskaLAutononi Elktrteko L!"t*, and Wolt?rint: Sune! nerho.lsJbr th?irLlete.rion. ozo./a/at. Euslo Jaurlditra,Vit$ia Gasteiz. Albany,Pacifi c Southwe!tResea.ch Station. Fo.est Service. Garin.1.. Zuberogoitia, I., Zabala,J.. Aihrflza. J.. Clcvenge., A. & UnitcdStates Depanment of Agriculture. Rallo. A. 2002.r.Home rangeof EuropeanMink (M,rl.,ld Zuberogoitia.L, Torres.J. J., Znbala,J. & Campos,M. A- 2txl1. l t?r/.r L.)in SouthweslcmE'J:'o(p. ActaTheriol..ll:55 62. Carniwros d( Bi.kai6. BBK. BtlbJo. Gltrin,L,Aihrnza, J., Zuberogoitia. l. & Zabala.J.2002b. Activiiy pattemofEuropean Mink {Mrrlcld tuh.dld) in Southwestem Europe.Z JdgdrdJ, 48:102-106. Gonzilez-Estebd,J., Villate, I. & ]nzar,l. 2001. rirea de distribuci6n y valoraci6ndel estado de las poblacbnes del Vis6n Europeo I Seb€roOtxoa 45, 5 B. E-48480Arrigorriaga en la CornunidadAutrinoma del PaisVasco. Unpublished Biscay Basque Country [email protected] Lod6,T., Comier, J. P. & Lc Jxcques.D. 200 I . Declinein endangered speciesas !n indicatbnofanthropic tressures: the case of EuropeanMink Mustela luteola westernpopulations. ' Icarus. C/ Pintor Sorolla 6, 1' En|i nnn. M.lnuI e.. 28:221-221. 26007 Logroio, Spain Mffan, T- & Hcnttonen.H. 1985.why is the EuropeanMink inigo.zuberogoitia@ wanadoo.es (Mustelalutreold) disappearins?- A review of the process andhypothescs. ,4nr. Zorl. Fenn.,34:41 54. Maran.T..ltuuuk. H., Macdonald, D. W. & Polrnx,M. 1998a.Diei oftwo speciesofmink in Estonia:displacement of M,?rr.ld REQUESTFORINTORMATION ONMUSTEI,IDSI lutreolaby M. rison..L Zool.,bnl..245:2t8 222 FOI,KI,ORE, MYTHOI,OCY ANDBI]I,TBFS. Maran.T.. Macdonald,D. Vr'..Kru uL.H.. Sidorovich.V. & Rozhnov, V. V. I 998b.The continuing decline of theEuropean Mint For n work on elhnobiology. I would greatty appreciate Must?laLutreola. evidence for the intragxildaggression any informaiion on local belie|s and sesrelaled to musielids, hypolhesis.In Rehariour and Ecology of Riparian suchds the use of badgerfat dl medicineor thebeliefthat wedlels Mammals,eds. N- Dunstone& M. L. Gornan,297 324. can kill peopleas a revengeil disturbed. Cdmbridge:CamhnJgc I'nircr'ir) Pre* Any type of referencefron all around the world i! McDonald,R. A. & Hrnis. S. 1999.The use of trappingrelords to welcome, but publisheddata and especiallyfrom Burope arc monilor populationsof Slo^rs Muste la erninea NdW e sels preferred.Please send data to: Mustelanivalis: rhe impofianceof trappingeffon. J. App?. Ecol., 36:6'79688. JabiZABALAALBIZUA Palaz6n,S. & Ruiz-Olmo,J. 1992.Status of EuropcanMink Department of Zoololy and Animal Cellular Dynamics lMustela Luneola) iD Spain. S?nioqudtisthe Sriusetieft Euskal H€rriko Unib€rtsitar€a 1992:331-34O. E-48080 Bilbo. P.O. BOX 6.14 Palazdn. S. & Ruiz-Olmo,J. I 997.eds. El Vis(inEur(ipeo (Mustela BasqueCountrt, Spain l,r/c"la) y el Vis6nArnedcano (Murreld rtron)cn EspanN. [email protected] Ministeriode MedioAmbiente. Mad.id Thank you very much. Do European Mink use only rivers or do they also use other habitats?

Ifrieo ZUBEROGOITIAand JavierZABALA

EuropeanMink M,rl{r.r /rrr.d/a has beer deined as a somewhere.Moreover. leveral studics hrvc. hithcno. rcpncd seDri-aqualicInustelid Unked ro aquaricecosys|ems (Young'nan, erclusiviry of home ranseswidrin sexes(SidoK)!ich. 2000: Garin 1982).Afterwards, several works on its ecolosy irvolving radio .t al..2O02a) ard in sonF case! ther€ a.c cluc\ ol tcritorialily tclcnrclricstudies borc out lhis (atenent (Piliz6n & Ruiz-Olnro. (Gann !r dl., 2{Xl2a.Zabala & Zuberogoitia.2003). On the other 1997;Maizcrcl er a/.. 1998;Sidorovich "r dl., 2000: Carin cr dl.. hand.Sidorolich "rdl (2000)reported that when Eu.opeanMink 2002a,b: Zabala & Zuberogoitia. 2Ul3: Zabala et ol.. 2003J. wasattacked by AmericanM ink. the fornEr usuallyleft thc sr.erm Indeed.radio'tracking studieshave !how. a very close relation areaand shelteredfor nf 1o 22 hours in habillts unusurl for this betweenEuropean Mi* and aquatichabitats (Palaz6n & Rui, specie!. such as fore!t or fields.In addition,bcha!iouitl cxperimcnls Olnm, 1998; C.trin er al., 2fi)2.ll Zrbala & Zuberogoitir. 2(X)li conducted in captivily showed lhai while the most common Z^balx et ul.,2ty.ll). inreractjonbetween Luropean Minks wasan approach(40 % of the cascs),rhcrc wcrc llso aggressilcbehaviours. detensive |h-reats, Howeler, it islx)ssibletofind irdirect dataahout thc uscof cscNpcsandchrscsbcrwecD them (in tdal60 7. ofthecaset(Maran non-aquatichabitats. Road kills areclaillled to bethe maln nortality d d/.. 1998j Macdonrld d dl.. 2002). In the sltmeway. it is ver) factor in lhe SpanishMediteranean area (Palazon & Ruiz Olmo. likcly that outcast minls (yonns, wedt or old indiliduals) are 1997)a! well as it is in the neighhouringFrench area (Maizc.ct "r pushcd by domnlNnl En(Fcan Minks out of main streams.lo dl., 1998).In this way, Palaz6n.t r/. (1997)repon deadninks on marginal streans or springs, and probably cvcn oul ol aquatic roadsfaraway fromrivers.Moreo!er, duringa studvon distribution habirat!.Probably oukrsl mnrks mo!c continuouslyseeking tbr ol crmilorcs in Biscay Aiharlzx "1a]. (1999) fbund lhree our of new lenitories.waiting fbf achanceto (cupy r lacant one. or to lburteenEuropean Mink records(21.1E ) to be a tong way away escapetrom tennorial conflicts with conspecifi.s or Anrerican fr)m rhc nerrcsl rilcr (nn)rc than I km). Both argumentssuggest Minks. This \r ould exptainthe r3pid substitutionofan adult nrale thrl Eurcpca! Mink may lcrvc river basinsbul do nol show how by anotherone afier the disappearanceof the f(trmer.our fail to ol tenthis e!ent occurs.Similar beha!iour has been already reported detect more mink inside the ho|ne rangcs(tcniloncs) of sludicd forotherscmi aquaticlpccics. which doso inordcrroincrcasctheir mink (Garin .r dl., 2(n2a) and ilso the high numbef of road kills hunling rerribries. roesrablishlheir deosorto seekrrew areas (i.e. dndobsenations ofEufopean Mink f,rr from lquaLichrbilrls. This otter !-!r/d scc Kruuk. 1995; Ancrican Mink Murreld rtsrn see $ould ltlsonnply rheexistence of a tloatinSpopulation of l-luropean l)unsn)ne,l99li Lod6. l99l: NieDima!, 1995; Fcrreras& Mink, lhrt hasnor yet been studied.Funher study on this topic is Macl)onald, 1999). lhe high numbcr of road kills and crsul sightinesofLuropern Mink fNr fun rivcrs suggc( that this takes phce lcrl ofien, rrhilst flrdio-tracking data contradict this References hypolhcsis. Aihartza.J. R.. Zuberogoitia.I.. CamachoVcrdcjo. E. & Torres,L Durnre r radi() tra.king srudy ol eighl EuropeanMink we 1999.Status ol cimivores in Biscay(N lberian penrNula). gathered1.092 locrtrcns,406 of thcm bck)nging10 Nclilc points Mis.. Zxn.22:11 52. rnd 686 to ina.tivc poinrs (n(rtumal .rnd diurml rcsling sites). Dunslone,N. 1993.L'r. Mtrt. London: T. & A. l). Poyser. Fi!c ninl were neverlound oul of streamsor narshes.The other Feneras.P. & MacDonald. D.w. 1999.The impact of AmcricaD three(all ofthenr nules). were ltuated at lersr oncc out of Nquatic Mink Mrsrela 'iso, on wrterbirds inthe upperThame!.J' '7O8. habitats.but always within 100 metresof the river. Altogclhcr. Appl. EcoL.,16:101 minks wcre lirund out ofaquatic bibitats l0linres (2.46'l.) during Carin,1.,Aihanza, J..Zuberogoitia, L & Zabala.J.2002a. Acdvity ac(ivity rnd five tines resting (0.8.1%).Out of the l0 times that patternofBuropean Mink (MrrPld lxlr",]d) in sou{hweslem minks wcrc li'und ont ol strcams,once is supposedto havebeen a Europe. Z Jaglrisr., 48:102 106. shorlcurf.om a strcNmk) thc mlin rilcr;rnd theolhernine times. Carin, L. Zuberogoitia.t., Zabala.J.. Aihanza, J., Clevcnger,A. & the minkprcsumlbly went out to lbrage(1wolc(alions werefound R3llo, A. 2tx:l2b Home mnge of Burop.ln Mink Mlrr.Ll in a chicken tarm 30 m fiolll a river). The conclusionthat can be l/rf"rld in s)uthwcslcm Eurcpe.Adu Th.ri.tl..41:55 62. drawn trom these results is that ter.itorirl minks use almosl Kruuk. H. 1995.WiZ Oft"rs. Prcddion nnll Populalior. Oxford: exclusilely aqurlic h,rbita(s.according with data reported by Oxford UniversityPress. Palaz6n& Ruiz-Olmo (1997).However, the high numberof n)ad Lod6. T. 1993. Dicl comF,sition and habitat use of sympatric lill, '.mJin' 'urpn\ind.Thi'.lnrc. iirhfl mint u.c non-dqudri( Potecatand American Mink in westcmFrxnce. A.rd 7'etol., habitats nuc oftcn than rcporled, or sludied mink are not 38:l6l-166. rcprcscntrtiveof the wholc popula(ion. Micdonald.D.w..Sidorovich.VE.,Maran.T. &Icuuk.H.2OD2. Eu.opeNn Mink. Mustela lutrtolu: analyses for ln our study dreanink honre.,rngeswere almostexclusivc conscrvati('n.Wildlife ConservationRelearch Un it. Oxford. wilh low overlap.and rhough intensively trapped Gee:,abah.rdl., Maran, T. Macdonald. D. w., Kruuk. H-. Sidorovich, v. ts. & 2001) ro othermink but trackedindividual! we.e fbund inside(bc Rozhno!,V. V. I 991t.The coniinuing de€line ofthe European horneranges (Carin .r dl., 2{n2a).Besides, atter the disappearance Mink M us tc la I utc ola : e\ idcncc lbrihe intraSuild agression ol a male,it wasreplaced by anotherone (a nature male)that cane hypothesis. fn In Rehariour dn/l e.olo8\ t.f iparian to &cupy rlmosl ihe samehone range(Gann.r d/.. 2ull2a).Tlris rutnials, eds. N. Dunstone& M. L. Gorman, 297'32.{. rapid substitutioosuggests the existenceof a floating lx)pulllior Cambridgc:Cambridge University Pre!! \laizeret, C.. Migot, P.. Calineau,H.. Grisser,P.& Lod€, T. 1998. Sidorovich.v. E..MacDonald,D.w.,Kruuk.H.&K.asko, A. 2000. R6panition et habitats du V isond Enrcpe lMultelu lutuda) Behaviouralinteractions betweenthe mluralised American en France.Arvt.old Ad.r Amiens 1991:6172. Mink Mrrrr.ldriror andthe nali!c ripariannustelids. NE Niemimaa. J. 1995. Aclivity patierns and home ranges of the Belarus.with implicationsfor populrtionchanges. Sndll American Mink Mustelu rien in ihe Finnish outer CdmivorcConse rr., 22:I-5. archipeiago.,4n'r7tDl. Fenn., 32:t t] t2t. Youngman.P. M. I 982.Disribution and systematics ofthc Eurcpcan PalNz6n.S. & Ruiz Olmo, J. 199'7.El vis6n t:unpeo (Mrsrcla Mink Mueela lutreolaL;un,.cus 1161. A.1a Zool. Fenn., l|llJeol.) \ el vis6n Ahei.dtro (Mustelavison) rtr rtpdtd. 166:l48. OrganismoAut6nono de ParquesNacionales. Ministefio i abala.J. & Zuberogoitia.L 200.l.Implications oftcrilo.ialily in de Medio Ambiente.Mad d. ihe spatial ecology ol EutopcanMink (Mustela lutreolu). Palaz6n.S.. Ruiz-Olno. J. & Cena.J.C. 1991. EL Vis.jnEurol o ,irra.ln press. (Mustela lutreola) cz tr"? fiu. kt El Visin Europ?o (Mnsrela Zabala.J.. Zuberogoina. l. Garin.l. & Aihatza,J. R. 2001.Small lutreola) ) ?/ vis6n Am.ri.dno (Mustela lison) ?, camivorerappabilityi seasonal chrngcs rnd monality.A Erfdtaeds. S.Palr6n. S.&J. Ruiz Olmo,9 77.Org,nismo casestudy on Eur)p.an M;ot^ Mustela lutrcolaa lsporred Aut6nomo de Pa.quesNacionrle!. Ministerio de Medio CenerC enetta genefta. Smll CdmiNoreConse N., 25:9-l|. Anbienre. Madnd. Zabala.J.. Zuberogoitia,1.. Garir. l. & Aihdnza.J. R. 2003. Sidorovich,V. E.2000. The on-goingdecline of riparianmustelids Landscapefeatures in the habitatlelection of European (EuropeNn Mink, Murtela lutrcola. Poleclr. I,Iuttela Mink (Musteldluteola) in soulhwestem Europe. I Z,ol., putotius.^nlSro^r, t4usteldc/-irea) in eastemEuropc: a l,"do,. In p.css- reviewofthe resultsto dateand an hypothesis.InMrrtcllr in a no.le ||o d..tl. H. H. Gr;ffiths, 295 :119.Lcidcn: Backhuys.

Is the European Mink Mustels lutreola a longstanding member of the Iberian fauna or a mid-twentieth-century arrival?

Jabi ZABALA' and If,iso ZUBEROGOITIA'

Sinccthe fir( repon,in I 95 I (Rodriguerde Ondarn, I 955), speciesin ffeas where photographicdevices and live trapping of Europeannink M,rr"ld /.1."o1din fie lberian Peninsulathere failed rodo soizabala & Zuberogoitia.2LU3). Findlly.ourpe$onal havcbeen 1wo hypotheses in orderto explainrbe laclol darabelbre iield erperienceshowed us thar in areaswhere EuropeanMink is 1951. The iirst suggestedthal EuropeanMink had jusl recently presentlocnls(atleaslsomeof ftem)notjcethe'n: wealsometsome reachedlberia. whilst the secondproposed that it is an ancient.but Europeanm ink watchers,especially in nrdiurE populatcdvillages. overlooked.nEmber of (helberian fauna.Most authorssupponed the first hypothesis(Rodriguez de Ondana, 1955i Youngm,tn, Ir can be arguedthal thc lack of dala belore 1951does not 1982: Senosiain & Donazar. 1983; lllana. 1994: Aihartza .l proveihe absenceofmink, as,indeed. negative or absencedNtacan al,.1999).Ho$e!er, re€endy,in rehtion with a paperdealing with neverbeconsidered sure. Howev.-r, as sia.ed by Youngman( 1982), the distribution of European nn* in the lberian Peninsula. both conlmerciallyvaluable turbearers areamong the fiAt spe.iesto be refereesobseNedthatthere i! still ro aniwerforthequestion in the recognisedby local hunters,trappers and naturalists. In Iberia.bolh title of this paper.Thereiore. we would like lo make here some naturalis6and tnxidemists were surprisedwiththefirst European commentson this poinr, :rndtry to clrriiy it. Mink individual,b€causethey had nor seen the aninal before. They did not Inow whal speciesil was.evcn thoughthey knew all As i! widely known. the first dala of EuropeanMinl in the the othe. mustelidsoi thc rcgion (Rodriguezde Ondana. 1955; peninsuladate back to Rodrisuezde Ondana( 1955).who descrjbes Elosegi.t .rff. .?nn.). rwenty yearslatlcr, Scnosiain& Donazar r|,]nklPutoriusIulftoLa inhis work) capturedin l95l (oneanrmal) (1983) €ported that trappersfrom Navam also chimcd not to and 1952(two) in Gipuzkoa.Two were caughtin Tolosa.and the knowthe specieswhentheyfi rstcapturcdEuropemMink. Because third in Vilhbona (Rodrisuczdc Ondana, 1955).Both vilhgcs lie tapping (wilhoul scienlificpurpose)was morecommon in thepast, in easiemGipuzkoa- Beibre this (hereare nodata on fte speciesin we shouldexpect European Mink to be known. ifthey werep.esent. the IberiaD Peninsula: ro data in (the sc.rce) scientific literaturei The prior lack of road tills ,tlso suggesrsan earlier absence, no anim.ils in taxidermi(s' colleclions; no knowledge arnong ahhoughthiscould be dueto thelow€r degrceofroad traffic in the trappers: Do rodd killsr .nd no observationsof river dwelling past.Inthe lame way thc lack ofsturcd aninuls. orcraniltl sanples nustelids (Rodriguez de Ondana, 1955: Casti6n & Mendiola. ir museumsand particular collections (well docunented now) 1985:Aihartza.tdl.. 1999).Since then. there have be strongly hears out thc hypothcsisoi nink absentfrom the area rccordsof Europcrn Mink in Iberii: one in 1951,three in 1952, before l95l (Rodrrguezde Ondarra, 11]55iBelamendia, 20O 1 ). rhreein 1954.two in 1956,one in 1958,one in 1959.one h 1962, There is liftle old material from the arer availNblc for (udy rnd th.e morc rnink crpturcd a1.tn unknown date (Rntrigucz de nowrdays, and some collections date only back to the 1990s Ondarra, 1963), and so on. Most of rhesemink were captured (Belamendia.2001). However. the distfjbuti()nol datain botb timc (presumahlyby frnners) and selcralofthcm (uffcd. Aflc.wards, and spaccis rcally suggestive,because the first lberian data a.e road kills and sightingshave both becomcinrpoftot datasourccs tu)m nclr thc French border, just ilter a period of high mink (Arambad e, al.. I 997),espcciNlly in dcnsclypopulltcd arcas(likc population dcnsity iD Frxncejudging lionl lhe large amount of Biscay or Gipuzkoa) where rhese melhods have detecled the specinens fiom Francedeposited in nruleunrsduring thc 1940s (Youngmin. 1982).In lhe next ycar. I 952,mink is li'und nr an arcr Arambrrri. R., Rodriguez,A- & Be lanrcndiN.G. I 997.Sclcc. iiin de ncarArrba, andby 1958in theborder area hetween Gipuzkoaand hribitat.notalidad y nuevaaponaci(in a la distribuci6ndel tsiscay. Unfortunately. Rodriguez de Ondarra( I 963) grve no dnte Vis6n Europco (Mustelu lutrcold) en Alava. tsr. Mrr. lor the mink lbund little more westwardsin Biscay. Howeler. CienL Ndttr. Aldra 12:211 225. ovenll this pattern suggesrscolonisalion iiom lhe bordcr soulh Bclxrnc.dia. C.20Ol. Mxmilcros cxmivoros inlentanadoscn lx colccci6n zoologin lcrtcbndos del Museo de Ciencias NJrurat(,deAla\ a 'lr.M,,.Cl.rr.A", A/,,,.,1blll.2,lb. RodriSuezdeOndana(l96l)describedas"capluredevery Casti6n.E.. & L Mendiola,t. 1985.Manfferos. ln tls kal Aukrnorti nrink tonnd uotil 1961.But fbr the first threehe gale morc dctail Elktrteko omodunak. E\t\ko Jaurlrrilza. Vibria Grslcir. in Rodfisuezde Ondaffa(1955): lwo were killed (oneby r hunter lllanr. A. 1994.El vis6n eurcpeo(Mr!t?la lutftL,htJ,distribuci6n andanothef one by childrenwhen rhey sa\r it swinningl, rnd rhe y conscrvlcnin cn Alxvr. Unpublishedrcpon. third one was captured.probnbly becruseir was causingdarnagc Rodrigucz de Ondlm, P. 1955. Hruazgo en Guipnrcoa de un to household poulry. Theretbre. these lirst records. obliined mmiltro no cirado cD la Fauna lbdrica' de Crhera. rl!nost simultaneously.were not a resultofscientjfic iryestigadon. Munib? 1:201-201. lndeed.lhe sameis probablyL'ue of atl dataobiained unlil the late Rodriguezde Ondana, P. 1963. Nuevos datos sobreel !is6n en l9li0s. Thcrclbre.clcn il hcightcncdrcicnlilic interelthasyielded Espafra.Mllrir. 15:103 110. a considerableamount ol dah in tbc areaduring thc last dccddc, Scnoliain. A. & Donaar. J. A. 1981. Nuclos dllos vrbrc h iL cannot hrvc bccn thc reanD underlying recordsof l-:uropean presenciadel vis6n europeo ( M ust(La lutrcolal..) erNava a. Mink bctwccn l95l and the late 1980s. Donnna, A.tt Ve ebrdta l0:219 22t. Youngman,P. M. 1982.Distribudon and sysrematics ofthe European In conclusion.the hypthesis that lhe EuroFan Mink has Mirk,ftMustelo lalr".o/.rLinoaeus l16l. A.ti 7anl. Fcnh.. alwals b.en trrt ofthe ]berianfauna. butwas only discoveredlast 166:l-4E. centurythrough increasedresearch. is nol supporledby an! drh. Zabrlr. J. & Zubcrogoiria, L 20{)1. Cunenr and hislorical Indeed.every c jrcunstantidl line of reasoningsuggests colonisaiion disrribution of European mir',k (Mu! teLi Lrtreola) in tsiscay. of the Peninsulashortly belore 1951, as staredby mosl aulhors Elolution and commcnls of the resulls. Small Camnrft (Rodfguez de Ondana, 1955i Youngman, 191t2;Scnosi.tin & Conse^,..28:16. Donazar.19113; Illana, 199.1;,\ihartza et r1., 1999). ' SeberoOtxoa 45.5 B. E-48480Arrigorriaga References BiscayBasque Country

Alhartza,J. R.. Zuberogoilir, L. CanrchoVcrdcjo, E. &Toncs, J. ' lcarus. C/ Pintor Sorolla 6. lo 1999.Status ofcrmivores in Biscry(N IberianPeninsula) ilis.. 1iol. 2211152. 26007Logrofro, Spain

Records of small camivores {rom Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Bomeo

Vladimir DINETS

In Ocroblr 2002. dunng 16 hours oi spotlighting in rhc On October I6. thc authordiscolered lhrt a smrll rordsidc vicinity ol Cunung Knubalu Natn)nal Prfk headquaners,two garbagedump dlonglbe PowerStation RoNd oust bcbw ihc powcr speciesof carnilores were observed. slalion.locatedrl 1.950m elevrlion in montanebroadleaffbreso was attractingvarious species of squinels,treelhrews. aDd birds. On Octob€r t5, al approximately03:txl. a Hose's Civet Thedump $'lisrevisired ar approximalely 01 :00 on Octoberl7. The Diplosde hosei was sighled along Menpening Trail at about wentherthrl nighl wxs moslly clemwithbright moonshine.but ihe 1.700 m elevation.in hilltop montanebroadleaf tbrest. during a dump was in the shadow.lt was attendedby ncturnal I'en tailed 'lreeshrews dark rainy nighl. It wrs firn locatcdby its eyc shine with a small Prtb.er.rs larii and one Kinabrlu Feirer Brdger ll.rshlight.and rhcn wxs sccnbcucr wirh r l:rge. one.The animal M(LogaL(ewn ti.The lenet hadgerwrs vcry shyiil was not seen wasapparently curious aboxt the light andapproachedtheobserver drring the inuial approach,and appearedonly half an houf latef. closcly(toas liltleas5 m). IlwalkedpNrallel !othetrail butdidnot It wa! bdefly,je€nthrough the videocameralnlnr acrossthc road, use it. lts movenents and reacrion io light closely resembled al a dislanceof aboul 15 m. and rnn away as $on as the small Banded Civet li"nisdlar llerbrunus. a related lowland species. tlashlightwasturned on |onake videohping possible.The animal *hich the authof had a chanceto oblerve a tew days later in a had weakreddisheye-shine: it resenbleda very largeshoft tailed ripuirn forcst rlong Kinabatlngln Rivcr, Sabah.UnfonunNtely, treeshrewin overrll shape.nDvemctrG .rnd rgilily. bul could be ahhoughBrndcd Civet could bc videoLrpcdxl night r1 thc samc casily idcnlificd by its lxcial nukings. distance.the dark overall coloration of Hose's Civet made it impossiblc1() obtain rny vidco lboLagcol uscabtcqualily. Bolh Elevalions prolided .rs in Whc.rlley, N. 1996. Where k) specieshale mostly white eye shine.brightef than all other nor watch birds in Asid. PrincetonUDiverlity Prcss,Princclon. USA. aqu.(ic civet species of Borneo. except tbr Banded Liniang 14215Longridge Rd., Los Gatos,CA 95033,USA [email protected] Feeding ecology of the Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphtoditus (Pallas) ln semi-urban habitats ln Trivandrum, India

Hema KRISHNAKUMART:urd M. BALAKRISHNAN'

har of the pley were secn in the sc]t. Fresh faeces usually snlelt of Introduction blood. Consurned insecls were indicated by the chitinous The Cornrnon Paln Civet, Pdrddo&/xr hemdphroditus exoskeletonin the scats. (Prllas)or Toddy C.t asit is comnonly cxlled is stncdy nocturnal: The results presented percenlage restingby day on tees or in dick unde.brush.They live in a wide are as the iicqucncy of (nunrb€r vrriety ofhabitalsranging hom wildemesslothe vicinityofhuman occunence of scalswith the particulariten/total number (Table setllemenrs.They Nl$ se€krefuge in nan-nade slructuressuch as of scals x 100) l). A l(rte* was done to indicate |he prelerence pipes,wonten ceilings, dry drainsand outhouscs. of fmits ovcr animal matter. The food acceptability by palm civ€ts was noled by presentingdifferenr typct (fruit! Scal analysisis usedas a tool to study the feedingecology ol food and annnal mafter) to palm€ivets of ammals(Live( & R(Eder, 1987:Virgos ?r .r1..1996; Virgos & seven capturedfrom thewild usingl,rge woodentraps (size Casanovas,1997) so as to make out carnivorehrbitat sclcction l.5mx 1.5nx l.5rn) Theyweremaintainedindnopenarea (Rice, 1986i Kendall .t al.. 19921Clevenger.1994).The paln enclosureofS.Smx lm x 2 m withafence madeofgalvanizedpipes and 25 lllm x 25 rnn link nesh. civelsare conmon ly knownto eatfruit (Wenlner & Walling, I 986r Rabinowitz, I 99I ). They are pestsof fruit crops.cocoa pods md cotTeepods (Veen.kumari et al.,199eLee,1996) and nre good Results seed-dispersalagcnls (Jolhierd/., 1995:Corlett, 1996;Gancsher dl.. 1998).Palm civetsalso feed on srnallanimals such as insects. Of the totdl 75 scats collected, 39 were obtained lion the study grubs.centipedes, millip€des, lizxrds, m ice,rats. shrews, and gerbils areaat Kaudiar and 36 fiom the study ffea at Kariavattom. They were (Prater.1971: Wernrner & Watling. 1986iRabinowitz. 1991; Joshi obtainediiom specilic spotsrti.. on woodenbgs. near water zral.. 1995).They arealso ibnd of pxlmjuice or loddy andhence bodiesand on terracesofbuildings and woodencciUngs of thc name loddy cat'. The presentinvestigrlion wat designedto dnalyzethe feedingecology of thc Common Paln Civet in some semi urban nreas ir Trivandrum. Fruit ma(er was lbund in 82% ofthe lcats collectedftom Kaudiar (Table l). Of these.the highestlrcqucncy ol occunence was the fruii of papaya, Catica papay (23q.). An;mal matter was Methods presentin 187. of the scrts. Scrls containirg bone pieces.blood hair (rats. Scarsof Parudo\urus hemarrro&lr were collec|ed frorn and constiluted10E Raxus faxus 8E rnd mice, MlJ n"s.!lxs l'he.est (3q.) two remi'urban habitatsof Trilandru.n (08'29 N. ?6'59'E). lndia I%). containedinsecls likes cockoaches and beetlcs(5'lr. fa., Kaudiar and Karirvauom for the period Octob€r 2000 to Scplcmber2001. Eighty three percent of the scat sanples collecied from Kariavattom (Table Laboratoryanaiyscs ofthc s.atswere caried oui fbllowing containedfruit matter I ). Hereaiso. lhe highesl frequcncy \|as paryra (229.). the proceduresof Corber (1989) aDd Reynolds & Aebischer of occur.ence of Cari Animal prcscDt (1991).The remainswere idenlified usingdiagnosticfeatures like ma(er was in I 7./.ofthe scats.The remainsof Getbil.Tateru irdl.a wasloundin colour and smell ofthe scat.Keys {nd other referencecollections 3%. Rar.Ranus tuttus in6q., aadinscctsin 8./.. ID oneof were usedto idenliiy the undigestedremains such as seeds,hair. thescars. the crushed shell of a hen s eggwas lbund along pulp tx)nes. feathers and teeth. with the and seedsofCustard Apple,,ln,na rqrono\a ar,tl\l dnotherscat a iuft of grassalong with the pulp and seedsoicuava, The following criteriawere used 1o idcntify scats:.heywere regularly found at the same location and always contained Thoughfruits from RoscAppleTt.t,Jdnbosawlsaris a\d unJitse.ledtlanr .r rnimrl marler.Scdt. $er( elunS.,rc.IncJ.uring llmon. 5-8 cm in length.Thc contentswhen composedof tixirs could be Citrus darantiJL,lid were abundani al the location lvherc identifiedby its srnellaklncas PerceniaeeoiGcuRnce the fae.es had a fruity smell. The colour was sirnilarto that Commo. narE Fanjly Seai"nofFuninC K.udur Kanalanom ofthe pulp andthe skin ofthe fruits consumed.Undigested. 5.1:l i.tact sccdswe.e alsoobtained 10.26 fiom thescats. Only thefleshy 7no.d4,6 lEl.npbttr! exocarp and/or the nesocarp were sklughcd off. loosened 21.08 2) 22 or completely maccraled. Usuirlly, thc scats contained pans oionly one type off.uit |].89 When animalmatter had been consumed.bils of bones and Iabk)|tkdavo|/anac1'|a|h|.4li1lheld}|r)|lld|ro tL)

lhescats werecollecled a( Kaudiar, no scats containing Lhcsc fruits wereobtained. Similrrly. .r1 Kariautlom thc fruitsol theCalhcw rtct, Ana.aktiun o(dcnrL wereseen in abundancebut no scat conlainingthis fruit wasobtained. The scat samples collected lioln bothsires had a higherpercenrage ot'lruits over animal malrcr (in Kaudiar,)l:=22.26..t=l.P<0.001 a dinKariava(om.r=21.42,

Captive palnl civets showed clear differences in tbod acccpl,tbiliry(Tablc :). They ate fiuits only when fully ripe On d,rls when the anxnalswere presertedwith unnpenedtruirs.lhe! were leti untouchedin the enclosureu lil [nl] ripened.Thcy also are chicken. rais, riice. fish. worlns, cockoaches. bcctlcs, rnd \ rious othcr inse.ts. They trefefl€d sweetfiuits (oother fbod irems rnd rcjcctcd anything souf.

Discussion

Connnon lral'n Civet! are krowr to be onnivorous. They feed on a lariety ofplxnt and animalmatter indicating lo r ccrtain dcgrcc of opfodunisnr. Although fiuits are eaten whenever a!rihblc. fruit rvailability is lpatially and tempofarily variable (Rabjnouitz. l99l). thritloving palm civets malr i creasethe L... C H I 996.Cocoa tod detredrrionpoleilirl a.d penslatus of nrne propoftnrnolnon liuit lbodsof aseallDalfruits ir ihei diet dufing mamnrals.,4/d/dl R.i. J., ?.1:E591. periods of tow lruu availability (Leighlon & Lcightrnr. 198:l). Lci8hlon.M & Leighton.D. R l9E:1.Vertebrare respor\es to ftuniig However.lher'also licd oDa varicr) oianimll speciesthrcughout seaemhr $ithii d Bomeantuin iarcsL.ln Ti.rrnrl z?i,ln,?ru ul,losrund anusdlnt.eds S L.Suud.///..93 l05.London: lhe yei.. Thc p.cscnccofgkss in a scalsanrple indi.ates that talnr BLackqellScienrific Publ. cilets like nany camivoresusc grassas an inlcstinal s.ourcr. Lilcr.F&Rocdcr-l J. 1987 I-agcnc c(C.r.r"s.,.rrd,I innaQslT5E). E .r./ (d,,n. /:rdr.. 16:lll. Unjfbrnr composili(Jlrsol scatscoDtaining fruits indicate Purcr,S. 1971.&. ,,,,,DriD/ Ihdian dnihdk. 3'r.tl. Bambly:BNHS & lhat the paln civet has the habit of eating io bulk the fruits of a Orntrd LJnilcbityfies\. singlespecicsat onc pdrticulrr lccdingtinlc. Palmcivet\.rre known Rabinowjtz-,\. R. 1991.Bchlviour and nolcDcnts oi sympltriccivct lo rid colltc phntations,crr the hull ofthe coffeebeans ard expel slccicstu HuaiKIa KIacneWildlifc Srncluary, Th.iland. 1 Z,l. t\" un,liHf,t.JI, mJi' in rheirfue, e' PLnrrI.n n$ I(f, nr.unlxn Iaa.loa 223:2tll 298. llnt il is lro thesesecds thal thc hnicsl coffcc is nrade(l'rater, Relnolds.J. C. & Aebisrhe..l. 1991(l)nparison and quantiir.alron of lilTl). Srrrcepaln civem are ardenltree chnbers and ffc highlr cdtirore dietby foecal an.l) sn: a.riiqre. wilhrecoltmendadons. nobile, they nuy play an impofant role in seeddisper\al (Grua^ blscdon a fidy oilhefox. ltu l?t: tulr!. Matrn R.r..21 97 l2).. Rlce.C. G. 19E6.Observat s oi predaronand prey nt Erulikulan' & Soligam. 1990).rDd rhus in the maintenanceand structuringof Natn)nalP!rk, Kc.lla J Ratnbd\Ndt F/irr .1a..,8l:283105. tropical fbrest comnNnities. vccnaklmlri, K.. Moh!nr'1,P. & Ran-einarh,H. R. 1996 Pesrsof fruir crop\rn ,\.danru andNicobar isllnds. linrd,oa 2lrl53 156. Virg6s,E. & (lasanovas,J. (1. 199? Illbital\electn)nofeenet G.,.'a we wish io thankDr. J. ValsalaKum:rri. Herbarium Cumtor, .!,c,?/r,i. rltemoudrains ol cedfrl Sp.in.A./d ir'lirri,l...12:169 DcpartmentofBo1[ny, Univcsity of K.r!1a. Trivrndrunr. Indiafor t71 idcntil)ing lhc secdsand other plan! pats. virg(-'s.L.. (rAanova\, .l. (i &Blltque/,T 1996.Ccnct {Gor.na Eenetta |... l75E)dict shift in Dounrainsofcenrral Spain. Z .td'?g.r,erl.61 :221 Rcfcrences 227. Clcvcnger, P. 199.r.Conplmrive i!.dire ecoloeyof lhe Pire nr.nen wenmcr.C. & watline.D. 19E6.Ecolo8y.nd siaus ofthc SulawcslpalD (Mdr.r dan.t andStonc nia]1en rMdrer.i)da) in Enrcpe.In: ci\cr. Mo.rosoldtu tnussch.nbroekii,Schlcecl. Ir.t ADJ./!., MandLt. sdhl6 aun fshe6: b/ito3) .rd .ur.turdr. eds. S. W :15lrl-!?. Buskirk?r d/.. J26 3.10. ltl[.r & Nes Yorl:Comell Unilersil] Pres\. r'i,lrrr K lo8o\.{ ..e"cdicrodinSr'irc trer'(.:.'J,pxn.or ofthrcemedods J. \vndl.Muture..53:316 316. Corleu.R. T. I 996.Characreristics of lenebrate dispebcd iiuits in Hon-s Kon-e.1r/rp. E dl, 12:819833. GaNsh,T .Ga.esad, R. & S.nbrdra.M. I 998.Dier ol rheBrown paln civet Departmentof Zoology,Uniyersity of Kerala (Pd ludo turus / nloni) \n K^l.kad Mundanthurlil igerRcserle, Tlmil Nldu 1 ,o,rb.f,val l1,ir..to..,95:108109 Kariyavattom, Trivandrum 6955E1,Kerala, India Gruezo.W. S. & SoliSdn.A. C. I 9q) IdentiLt andgeminrtbn of \ceds I Correspondingauthor: inrmf.ecesofthePhilippinepxl ci\et t.Putudo'utu! phi Iirfun?nsis Dept,Zoology, National Taiwan University J.urd,nl.d//1. \ua \ / Itr. \,, . ie rio.t) loshi, A. R., Smilh,J. L. & Curhbcrl.f. L. 1995.lntluence of lbod Tapei,Taiwan ROC distributio!and predation prsure on spacingbehavn)ur in pdlm hemakumaar@ rediffmail.com civelsJ. ntlnu , 16:12051212. 2 Presentaddress: Department of Biology Kendall.K.C.Metzgd. L H..Patrer$n.DA.&Stele,B.M. lrr2. Power Addis Ababa University of\ig. slNcvsto Droni{orFpnhtions lrends.li,l. Apr,l,2:422 .130. Addis Ababa,Ethiopia The first record of Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia tiairgata trom Cambodi+ with notes on surveying the species

J. L. WALSTON'and J. W DUCKWORTH'

Until lhe end oi the 1990s.o.ly limited information was Province.Cambodia. The animal was in a snall area of semi- avrilable on mammalsof Cambodia.Hiltorically. few collecting evergreenforest amid an extensivearer (over 1.50{)km')of largely expeditions visited the country (e.g- Thornas, 1929i Osgood. naturalhabitats, consisting predoninantly of a patchworkof semi- 1932;Delacour,1933, 1940i rcvicwcd in Walston,2001).I'olitical evergreen fbresr within a predoninandy deciduous diptei]-arp lurbulenccand thc rcsultinginsccurity of many pats of thecountry lorestedlandscape. Although lhe nrea is wiihin i loggingconcession, in thc sccondhalfofthe 20th century limited fieldwork. with the operations have ceased since 20m and the vegeiation ffo nd lhc few activilies endiDg to conccDtratcon speciesof outstanding siteofobservaiion retains essentially a maturelorest structure.As intemarionalinteresl. sLrch as Kouprcy BoJ rdxrelt (e.g.Whanon. with almostall naturalhabitats in Cambodia.the Keo Seina area 1957i Pfeffer & Ou Kim San, 1967).ln the late 1990s,stability is widely usedby lo.al peoplefbr collec(bn of rnirnal and plrnL retumedto thccountry. Ex Lensivemammal surveys were an obvious forest productsfor subsistenceand commercial use. Many such conseNationpriority: Cambodia could be ihe last reluge of Kouprey, peoplc subsisrdu.ing ovcmight trips on li)od thcy crtch in the and populations of other very large lnanrnals such rs Asi.rn li)rcsti snaringand otherfr)ms ofhunting remrin heavyenough to ElephanrElephas nd\imus. TiEc. Pantherd rts/ir. and Banteng depresssonle populations. although gun usehasdropped narkedly Bos ja ni.us were widely speculatcdro bc high and of ,in\'eI o'18 J\. re.uhoi. cnvernrnenr!un cnnr-i\.ri^npr.gmrnme. connensurate internalionalsigniticance (Sanliapillai & Jackson. 199(liBycrs er.1., 1995,Nowcll & Jacklon,1996i Laif. 1997i The civet was avidly feeding on ripe fruit in a cauliflorous fig Duck\ronh & Hedges, 1998; Nowell ", dl., 1999; Rabinowih, 1ree.ranging liom 6 to l0 m abovcthe ground,and was trcsont on 1999). Moreover, a Dumbcr of .&ords of little known an.rol both passesof the tree(at 00h10and 02h15). lt wasfound duringa thrcatcnedsmal le. species(e.g. Mainland Slender tailed Treeshrew spotlight search ibr nociumal mannals along a largely dry stream D?ndrcgal. ,rurina.Timmlns ./ d/., in press:Wroughlon s Free- bed.md viewedwilh a 500.000cp spoLlightliom wilhin 6 nr o1thc t^iled lt^t Otomo\ ||rcuAllorl. Walston & Bates.2ivJla Hairy- tree. Ii showed liltle obvious reaclion to such intense illumination. noscdOttc. a!t/a srddr.dd, Long.2000i PooleIr pr.p.) suggest both tines fbr several minutes, even coniinuing to feed. This lack of a rich mammalfauna. shynesswas especially nolable given the dense layer ofdry banboo debrisin the sftam bed.wh;ch fenderedour approachnoily. Collatior ofhistoical recordsofmammah in Cambodiaby walston (2001)found that many speciescommon andwidespread Thc dislinctive lcxlurcs ol thc norrhem(l",.orir) group oi in neighbouringcounrries (Thailand, Lekagrl & McNccly, 1977i rrccs ofSnrall t(nnhcdPalnr Civer werc rcadily lisiblc: lrrgc crrs I-aos,Duckwonh d dl.. 19991Vietna r, Dang Huy Huynh, 199:1) withexrensivepinkrsh-whileareas (theserefl ecting \ery prominent- wcrc not rep.esentedhistorically from Cambodiaby specimensor ly rn the torchlight)i warn dark-browndorsum with thrce rcadily other specific relords. Although many luch species.ard indeed visible longitudiml dark stripes:niher paler vente4 long soft'- otherslnorc localised in lndochina(e.g. Greater Orientnl Chevrotain looking dark tail with some obscuredarker nnging brsally; head Ttusulus nary, Sunda Colugo qno.:ephalus raie|atus) te greyer brown than dorsumi rather unifom head (comtared wilh matpcd for Cambodia in the generalireddistribution naps of local Comnon Pzlm Cirer Pdtudorutus h.mdphroditus). 6e Lckrgul & McNeely (1977)and Corber& FJill(1992), this is mostnotable features being a darkermuzzle with a pronrinent well- assumed1o rcsult fronr cxtftpolrtion of rcco.ds in meighbouring defined white stripe running betweenthe eycs towards the nose, countries.Ongoing surveyshave tbund many of thesepredicted and slighrly dnrker spectnclestrich red-bown irides. !pecie!. but a clearerunderstanding of nan naliar biogeography in lndochina(e.9. Tinnins & Trinh VietCuong,200I: Annex l{)) Keo Seimr is the siteofalong lerm biodiversltyconserva suggeststhat this practicecould be ilnprudent. tion project of the Govemment of rhe KinSdon of Cambodia (spccifically.thc Dcpanmcntof Forcstrnd Wildlile ol theMinistry Aftcr somcrcconnaissrncc survcy s fr)m I 99,1onwrrds (e.8. of Agri.ulture, Foestry and Fisheries) with suppon irom an Olivier & Woodford, 1994;Dcs.ti & Lic Vulhy. 1996rTimmins & intcmationNlNGO, thcWildlifc Conser!ltion Sociely.Brckground Men Soriyun, 1998).tield surveyslbr large mammals(i.e. those to the site is given in walslon./ d/. 12001).Since 2001. r( has identifiablewilhoutcapture) began in earnestin 1999.These used becone oneof lhe bestsufveyed areas for mammalsin rheconntry, a vJfl

12

degradationthtuugh logging (Duckwonh, 1997).Il is, however, Duckwonb.J. w., Timnins, R. J., Khounboline,I(., Saltcf,R. E. & almostentircly no{turnal,so cannotrcliably be direcredby diumal Davidson,P. 1999.Large mammals.In lviLlLife ia ba PDR: 1999 {lircct observation.It is stfictly arbore,tl..rnd so is unlikety ro be .tlatkrnzpot- comp.J. W Duckwod, R.E. Salrcr& K. Khounbolinc, directedby camcratraps. Moreovcr, nosthunting tcchniques(e.g. l6l'220.vicntims IUCN,Thewo.ldConscnatiorUnnm/wildlife snaresand olhcr traps. dogs) arc not effecrive agrinst arboreal CodserlarionSocicry/Cemre for ProleclcdAreas and warer\hcd species.which can only really be t*cn in iignificant numbe.! by Lfi. R. e- 1997. Goi? annt: the .ure ol nanas.n nt al the Asidn shootjng.While the spcciesleaves nany signr in the fbrm ofspat Eterhanlin.loneniLi|. B^ngkok:FAO (RAPAPubl 1997/16) oulcbcwed and./orcompressed fruits,1hc.e is noinfbrmrLion as to Lefigul, B & McNely. L A. 1917. Mannah of Thdildntt. B^rykok: how to tell rheseliom potenriallysimil.r feeding signs of oiher Associationfor 6e Consen'ationoi Wildljie (asupdated 1988). irugrvorousmammals- Footprinis and olhef signs would atso be Long.B. 2000.The Hairy noselol].t lbm lunataM) in (:ambodia. challengirg to identify io specics,because severat orher civet tIICN O .t Sp?c.(nolp Rull. l7(2t:91. speciesoverlap in disriburion wilh Small-toolhedPalm Civet. Nowell.K. & Jackson,P. 1996.Wilrj .at.r: sntus sut,(! ut L({rl infonnalion would be snnihriy difficulr to assign10 species. ..d,rrla,. cland:IUCN. Sporlighring(direc{ observation by night) is rheonly methodwith No*cU.K.. SunHean.Wcilcf.H. & SDith.J.L. D 1999.Nationalsratur arcalisticchance ol rssessingthe specics'status in an ffcr. Hence. sDNeyfor Tigersi. Cambodia.Cd N.wJ 30:4 8. (:atnbodia, Duckworth (1997) assembledliom southernand centralLaos 34 Oljvicf. R. & Woodford,M. 1991.A? ial sune]l jbr Kouprer in Morchl991.G1ann lk recordslrom spotlighting,three by diurnaldirect oblervation(one C^mbfidge,UK:IIJCN/SSC. Oseood.W. H 1932M.lrmals olrhe Kcllcy Rooseyelt\dnd Dchcou. ofwhich was in the moming hal ight). andonly'sma]lnumbcrs' Asiatice\pcdillons. Publ. Field Mus.Nut. Hi!, Zo.L. S.ti.s iDtrade in the posscssion lincluding of hunters).As in Keo Seimt. 18:l9l':119. lhe reccntmalnmal surlcys acrossCambodia have inclrdcd 1i1rte Ptcfter.P.&Ou KimSan.1967.Le Kouprey_Aoi (B,&dr)rdrrzli Urbain, spollighling. This nethodological irnbalance quite ptausibly 1937:discussion systdmatique eL sratus actucl. Hyporhese sur exptainsthe lack of recordsof what may lum out to be a specics l originedu /ebu {?lornrd.zr). Manmatio3t:52t 536. widelpread and numerous in the country's remaining (seni-) Poole.C. M ln prcp.The sraru!of 0116 jn Cambodia,wiLh plnicuiar rcierencet) theHairy nosed Otrer Lutra sundtruk.. Rabi'rowilz,A. 1999.Tbc sratus ofrheTigerin Indochinar sepa.aring lact Thesesllmcieatures dlat makc the species difiicukro suryey from fictn,n.In Ridlnglk, 7is.r: TiserCo^serralkn in huwa p. br-nrost merh(xls also me3nthar ir may be one ol thc mannlats in .lominat.dLatulscap?!, eds. J. Seidenstickcf.S. Chrinie & J.ckern.Canrbr dsc, UK:Cdhbridge ns size'class lcrst affecled by rhc very heavy hunting across LinilcrsityPress. Sanriapirhlli. C. & Jacl!'n, P. t990.The Atian Elqhait: ana.tior ptunfur Indochina. lr thus is probably nor a consenarion prioriry, but itu.orrcrrd,nir. Cland:IUCN. rlarificalion ofstatus acrossits globdlrange is dcsirable.This will TnnDlns,R. J. & MenSorlyu n.1998. A fiAli|e surer ol lhetbnLe Sdn antl .equ're extensivespollighting. which rl lealr ir lndo.hina lhould TonleStupok rivt basinsin aorthea!.m Canhodia.Ha\al ^nd probably be undctuken during Mrrch Mayi Duckworh (1997) PhnoDPeoh: Fauna & FloraInternational and Wildli1 Prctection \uspecteda dcpressionof aclility during the cold nonfis of I)ecenberrnd January.Moreovcr. aninals arercadily deteciedby Tnrnins.R. J. & T.inhVieL c hnE 2$l .An dts4ttuntol the.ahletvuttun loudcalls(aswcll rs byeyeshine,andsodndsof crashing vegeraiion inpotran.e ofthe H uanss.n (Ana4'nne)loree, HuTinh Pnria.e, ind fNlling frxil). which lnay be pnmarily given dunnS mid Vetnun,bavd onthe rcluhs .t a|ielr1 sune)" fot brse tuMnals arlrtr&. Nes Yo*: CenrerforRiodive^itylnd Conservarion at lheAme.ican Museun ofNarural llislory. Timnins.R. Acknowledgements J..Duck{onh.J.w.. Robson.C. R. &Wahr)n. J.L. tnpres. A revicwofrhe disrnbulion,sr.tus and ecobgy offtc M.jnland Wc thankthe Depanment of Forestryand Wildlife (DFW) Sle.dcrt.iled TreeshrewD.adtog.k nurina.Md"L Ret. tor pemnssn)nand suppon. Thomrs,(). 1929.The Dela.ou.expliration of Fren.hIndo,Chin!. Manrmls lll. Mrnrnalscolle.red during the winrcrof 19272iJ. References Ptu.. Zool.Sa.. bndon l9?8(,1):831 8:11. Walsron.J. L. 2001.Manmrls of Cambodia.In arJdn?ttit)-,the hk t,J Byc$.O ,Hedges. 5. & Scal,U S..etls.t995 . Asidn*iluuurc .a8erv! nrt Cdhbn.liu Canbo.liahbi.dt,.^in natut rcpo 2Wl,ed.l.D. usressnehtar.l nanagen.rtplah turkslnl) l[or|ikS daunEnt. Snift, 115l5l. PhnonPenh: Crmbodia Biodivenny EDlbljng ppte Valley, MN, USA: IUCN/SSCConsenrtun Brccdin8 Activity.F@d and Agriculntr. O.grnisaftn. Specirli\t(noup. wakr()n.I & Bares.P. 200 L Thediscoverf ofwtuughk).-s Frcc tailed Brr .,rbct, G. B &Hilr..r F 1992.Mantnals d th. Ihdonulu,-anR.sion: d ot.nops \|rauxhtuni lchitoplcra: Moio$ldae) in camhodia ,,1.r/ n.,rdr. r?rtzrr.London & Oxford.U K: NaluralHisrory Museum D Chnopturohgi.n, l: 219 252. Publicationsand OxL.d (JnivcrsityPress. warston,J., Drlide'n, P. & Mcn Soriyun.1$)t. A ||ildlde et^,er of J)rne Huy Huynh,ed. I 99:l [Che ktin ol ndhh.L in vjetnnul.H.noj: southrm MondutkinPturihLz. Ca,r,/ia. PhnomPcnh:Wildliie PublishineHouse Science andTcchni.i. (tn vienuDese.) Conle.vatio.SGicty Cambodia Prcgram. l)elacour,J. 1933 Dir ms d'cxplomtlonszool,)giqucs cn Irdochine. rerl. \\tanon. (1. H. 1957.,4, ".?/.,srtdl rrrdf d/ d?"r,rrrzl Novibossaureli c/ Yt,l:519 550. fUrr,d/. Manila:hr(itutc ofscien edd l ehnology (Monogaph5 ). )eh.our.J. I 940 I -isteprovisone de\ maDmii!res de l lndochincfrdgaise. Mtmnalia 1:2029,16 5A. J)c\ai,A. A.ard Lic Vuthy.I996.5tuta dntl dhtibutn n ofIary.ndnundtt n cauentCatnbodia. Phnotn Pelh:IUCN/FFI/^ ryF l)uckworth.lW 1997.SDxll.amivorcs in Laos:r sralus.e!icw wift nores onecology.bchaviouandcon\et\^tian SttuI L (: an iwrc Con s? rr. l6:l 2l IWCS CambodiaProgramme, IPO Box 1620 L)u.I$onh.l w. & Hcdees,S.199a.A rcriet rtthe \tuttso/Tit<.t,Ajiun PhnomPenh, Cambodia El.phaht. Ctur und Bantae ii Vtunun, Iao. Cahbo.li! unr! vunnan(Chirr). wrh ruarnn ml brs JorJunc. .o"servLtun 'East Redham Farm, Pilning d.rn,. Hanoi:W_WF Inddhin! PrArumme. Bristol BS354JG. UK ll The Stripe-necked Mongoose, Herpestesaitticollis

Hany VAN ROMPAEYTand M. N. JAYAKUMAR'

lhe Stripe nc.kcd Mongoose. dsr?ssldJ fitlnrlltr. Benoen. 1835,is urquesliorably lhc most splcndidas ell as rhe largelt of all AsilD niongooses.The flrsl specimenswere sert to England by l'hilip lbole in 1835.thcD AssistanlSurgeon of the MadrasMedical Eslablishme nt, w ith {n a.conrplnying notcslirling lhit lhev were oblainedin the tirests aboui 20 milcs inhDd lionr Kolu n ( now Quilon). in thc Tralrncore Countrj (Fraser.I lt.l9).The type specimenuas crughr in thc lhickcsl pltn of the Ghat Forest. by .rccident,ln 1829 (Elliot, l8l9).

Local names

Quokibalu aod Kati kem (in Coorg, Rylcy, l9l3): Gal- nnrgariyaor 1-ocomugalila (Sinhalcsc:Phillips. l92l): Malam kifi. Kiri I'ullie. Scwapn Kccri or Sare Keeree(Tan l: Phillip!. 1929: Hutton. 19,19:Prater. 1971)i Chcn Kccrcc (M.tlltyalami Pfater.1971)r Kemt Kerec (KanrrcselPrater. l97l). Also known rs thcCcylon Brdger ( Keliart. I 852 ) ol BddgerNrongoosc (R)cock, 19,11iPhillits, 198.1).

Distribution

IndiaiThc hills ncarrhewesl coastofhdia, fron DbaNar (Jcrdon. 187.1)or near Bombay iBlanford. 1888 1891) ro Cape Comorin.lntheNilgirisandhthchillsolCoorg(nowKodagu)and HapuhlcEslale (Phillips. l913)r HortonPlanrs (Phillips. 198,1)i Dharwar (Phillips, 1929).Although recordedlron North Kanara. Kodehy or Kandehy.25 niles from l rincofttlee(Kelanrt. 1 85 2) i probablya rare sraggler as far norlh !s thrl dislrict (Shortridgein KalulrrrDislrict (Phillips. 198'l): K idndi Or-!. near Lunuganwehera Ryley,lt)l:l). I1)cock(l9.ll:49) nolesabout a specinrenlabelled (Femnndo,l9l3). KunrbukkanOyN (IRSNB-3611). Kumbulga "Bombay : "Probably shippedfiom Bonrhay.bul killcd larther muwa(l'hillits. 198,1);Mcnik Cangi (River)reghn, I0 nrilcsN. louth on rhc wcstcm sidc ot' lndii . of Kalaraganla(Phillits. 1984/BMNH-57.51): Mousaktnda Anaikalti.NilgiriHilii(AMNH 161I Il0.I63 I IJ2);Anamalai (Pocock,1937)t Nuwara Bliya (Kelaart.1852)i Nikawewi. near Hills(Mudappr.2m1)i BandipurTigerReseNe(Johnsingh. 1983; Kantalal(l'hillifs. lg8,t)r Rubuna Nalional Park (Phillits. l9l0r Karanth.I 986; K.tr rnthIt a/.. 2001: R. Arunuganr. ia lir. ); Bhadrr Santiapillai.l d/.. 2000)iSinh!rujr MAB Resefre(Koragamr & w ildlifc Srncturry (Karanth.1982 r Karanth.r d/., 200I )t Chipgcn, Karunaratne.l98l). N. Kannra(Pocock, I 9-17)i Coor8 (wroughlon. I 9 I 8): Eravikula r National Park. Kerala (Midhusudan. 1995). Haler;. N. Coofg Habitat and status (Rr-ley. 19lI/BMNH 11.8.22.20)iHorselykorda. tsasternGhals (Allcn, l9l l) (doubtful recofd as the largely rrid,/scrubhabitat is Evefgreenlbrcst up ro the tops ofthe mountains(2.1:l:l m nnlikelyto supponthis species. D. Mudappr,l'.^. .o,?d. )rl(alakad- ad) (Wehb Pcploc. 1947): connorer in thc hills than in the MundanthuraiTigerResene(MudapF. 1998)rKotagiri(Pocock. lowldnds (Hill, l9l9). In deciduousforcs!! usually in swrmpy l9,ll)r Kudre'nukhNatioral ParklKarunth zrdl,2001); Kundahs. cle3rings.ahng warcrcourscs.ltnd inopen scruh(Krishnan, 1972) Nilgiri Hills (Adanrs,l9l1/AMNH 163180and 163182): and in rice ficlds (Anonymous. 1935).Out of l1 sightingsselen Mudunralai wildlifc Sanctuary.Madras Stare(Spillett, 1968rW. wcre in dry deciduousforcst. three in moist deciduousforest. and Ducftwol1h.itr 1/ri R. Artrnuganl i)r lil.): Nagafahole,S. Coorg one io a leak plantationlR. Arumugam, ,i 1t.). h Valprai in thc (Ryley,l9l3i Karanth& Nichols.2000:Karanth rr d1.,20{}l:R. Anamalaj Hills in rbout a dozen sighlings between April and Amnugam, nrlil.): Nilgin Hi11s(Pocock. 1937/tsMNH 88.2.5.19): December2(n2 ihey have beenobscrved loraging along ltreanrs Nilgiri Plateau(BMNH-1937. l. I 0.20)iNilgin Nodh (R.Arunnrgalll. in riverine forcsls.tndswamps, and dlso in ter phnrationsthatare in 1r.): Shambagamur,Nelliampathy PlateNu, Prlni Hills (Kinloch. cri!s crossedwith nrcamsand swanlps ( l). Mudlppn, pets.. onm.). 1923)tSrinnngala. S. Coorg(l'oc{{k. l9:17);Tra!ancore(RMNH' 2292ljiBMNH 86.9.6.1..16.5.13.5& 55.12.24.224): wotlckolli. lndia: Ra.e in the northem pans of ils rnnge.and mosl S. Coorg(P(r({k, 1937/BMNH'13.8.22.l9). abundantin Travrncorc (Jcrdon, 1874). G)mmon rll ovcr lhe Nilghin lind PalniPlateaur (Anonymous, 1935), in the Hj-shW,tvy Sri Lanka: Both in the high hills and in the lowlands.in Mountains (Hutton, 19,19)..tnd on the Valpar,ri Platcru in the both the Wet Zone and thc Dry Zone but only locally (l'hillips. Anmrlai Hilts(D. Mudappa.p.n..o'M-). lnCloorgnotuncomnon, 198.1).Gal Oya Nation. Prrl (Bibile, 1994):Galge. Uva I'rov., although less plentiful and more loc:tl |han the lndian Grey Yala River (AMNH 2,10922)rGrnaduwa. Ceniral Province Mongose, Hcrpsrrer.todrd'li (Shonndgein Ryley. 19ll).In the (Poco.k. 1937/BMNH-30.6.8.2.3.1.4.17.3 and 27.11.28.3); westem chats it is nxrc common between400 and 1,100m asl.

l4

sludiedby ogilby (1835) (1864). Character HoloiypeN X Min Max and Gray The sFrr srudiedby Panabiiamand dl. (t981). GSL 99.5 l4 102.6 98.8 10'7.4 C]BL l0 99.3 96.9 I0:t.5 Measurencnts for Sri Lanka nates (n=4.): mean tenglh of ROL 33.0 l5 34.0 3l.l 16.5 head& body is 48.9 cm: mean lengthoflail is:t2.5 cm: weighr up 53.3 56.0 52.2 59.6 to 3.1 tg. Females(n=2): rneanlength ofhead & bodl is 46..1cm: M,{\ 31.1 l-5 37.9 35.2 39.5 nean lengrhoftail is 30.4cmi weighrupto 1.7kg (philljps. 1935). 1'YM t3 18.2 16.9 I8.8 h Sri Lanka males were found 1() be larger. healier, and more C]AN t].1 t5 t9.1 21.6 numerousthan fenales (Phillips. 1984). ROB 21.5 22.0 26.9 IOB 15 20.1 18.1 23.0 Measurementsfor Indian nales (n=.li: meanlengih of hed PAB 29.9 t5 30.'7 29.0 32.4 & body is 52.9cmr meanlenglh oftail is 31.5 cn; weight up ro:1..t .19.5 7:{G l3 54.9 50.7 51.'1 kS. Females(n=3): meanlength ofhead & body is 47.4 cm; mean BRB 36.3 l5 37.6 36.0 39.4 lengftoftril is 29.7cmi weighi2.7 kg (n=l) (pocock.1941) MAS 36.3 t4 18.7 3'7.1 40_8 BRH l5 30.7 28.6 32.0 Habits MAL 66.5 70.3 66.5 14.9 MAN 41.3 l4 44.1 41.6 45.9 Diurnal. Crossinga jungle track ar midday (Shonridgein CMB 26.2 14 28.6 25.9 31.2 Ryley. l9l3)r shor in the allemoon (Phillips, 1933)t observed leeding at 14:00 (Ramachandrm, ,-r /- H.,p€ns viturn /r.bttpawar! hrs 1985)ioflen scenduring thc BvxH t3t5 )2 21221 N. nmtur4 day in thc open on rocks (Hutton. 1949).More otien cncountered .iv- .r. e?: L^t ,l * t thr'ru in lhe carly momings and evenings(Phillips, 1984)i mosr active betwe€n()7:00 09:00 hrs (Sanuapillaier aa. 2000).One crossing airack aboul i6:00 hrsandtwocrossinga sandy srre.m bed at l8il5 Sri l-anka:Usedtobe fairlycomnon in rhehigherhj s of and probably the samepltir next day working theij way atong a rhe C€ntral Provincesibut seemsto be rathcrdying out. Not sandysteam bed amid open deciduouslbrcst at about 07j00 hrs uncommonin the inte.ior(Blyrh, l85l). Moderatelyplenrifut in (W. Duckworth.l4 hr). Ourof I I sighringsin MudumataiWitdlife the HortonPlains arer and around Grnaduwa;in the low-country Sanctuary.seven were between 07:25 and 09:45 :rndtbur berwe€n l)ry Zonenor uncommon along the banks of theMenik cangar jn 13:20 and 17:20(R. Aiumugam. tr lr.). rheWet Zoneprescnr iD the KaluraraDistric! but not colnmon rPhiilips.1984). Usually lolitary bul allo seenin pairs (Blanford, I 888-9I ; K inloch, I 923). The only stablesocial u' ir consisisof rhe mother Description and her offspring (Sanliapillai cr at., 2m0). Out of 1l sighrings eight werc ofa singleanimal and hree oia pair (R. Arumugam,d Head iron g.ey to purplish brown, finely speckled witb lt.). In Valprai in the AnamahiHills abouradozensighrings were \ellow. drrkest on thc forehead,pale. on ihe side,j.Fronr prn of all ofsolitary animals(D Mudappa,?ir^. .rnn.). Very olien scen body reddish-yellow,grizzled wjth browni .ear parr orange-red, earlyin rhemoming aswell as latein ihe cvening on grassyparches obscurelygrizzle.d. A black bandruns fron behindthe ears,rlong closc to water holes in Bandipur rnd NagarholeNational parks. rhesidcs of ihe nect to rheshoulders. Chin andttuoar are the satne mostly single but occasionallyin pairs. .olou. asthe cheeks but less gnzzled. Under surfac€of theneck and .hesl b.own,yellow.Belty orangeyellow bul not abruptlydefined Appeffs to spendmuch rime grubbing about in sofr.damp lrom the colour of the chest.Underfur spane,palc yellow-brown. soil and swamps (Phillips. 198:1).Less ptenriful in rhe Hairs on the sidcs >6 cm long. bandedwith black and grcy and neighbourhoodof habitationsthan rhe Indian Gey Mongoose .nding in long, ordDge-redtips. Mean lcngrh of rail: 6,17.of rhe HelpestesedhaftI\ii (Shodridgein Ryley. 19t3) bu1a specimen leoglhol (n=12)_ head & body Generalcolour of rhe rait orange- was shot when it was chrsing chickens(phillips, 1933).Seens to red exceplli). rhe 9 cm long black rip. Hairs at rhe haseofthe tail havea frvourite rock asalatrineirpair wasseen nesting among the rre ca. 8 cn long but rlecreasein lengtb towards the rip. Ears roots ofa laige tree nearthe wrler's edge (Hulton, 1949). .ounded.covered with shon, finc, reddish-brownhairs. turelegs trndfiont ofhindlegs and tarsusdart purplish-brown.Cenrre linc Food .l tarsusnude. Thcre is agradual increasein reddishtoncs towards rhcsouth (Pocock, 1941; Corbet& Hill, I 992).Toes 5/5. The snout Snallgame suchas small mxnmals. birds.bird!'eggs, and hasaslight upwardcurve and there is a idrgeandconspicuous sack- reptilesform it! maindietbur fresh-$arercrabs, ff ogs,and probably likc depressionbeneath rhe lail (Shortridgein Ryley, I 9 t 3). Small lish as well as insccls.grubs, and roots of cerrainplants aje also Lntestines:200 cm: largeinresrines:25 cmt caecum:5cmt stomach irken. It also preys on anirnalsas large as ilsclf of larger su.h as $ irh disrincttylorus: I 2.7 cm: and sple€n:10 cm (Kelaan, I 852). Black napedHrre. acp,s zrslt.orls. A Sripe neckedMongoose Ihe skull is recognisedby its iargc size and by its flattenedand was seenchasns a youngCbital.tar'r .rrir fawn (Krishnan. 1972). .\panded fiontal region, also by irs projected.rather narrow and Capable of &illing even lndian Spotud Che\rcrajn Morchi.,tn long muzzle. and powerful lecth (Anderson. 1878),as we as by r,?,rir"a (Johnsingh, 1983). ln Penlxr Tiger Reservc rwo H. 'he pronounccd inferior projection of rhe posterior chamber ot fnrt.r/lir were observedfeeding on a two-days otd Tiger's kill (hc auditory (Pocock. bulla 1941). Sktrll neasuremenN: see of a Sanbar Cen'us unicoLoff st^g (Ranachandran. 1985). A l{ble i. Slnpc neckedMongoosewas lbund scavengingonr Btack-naped harc found derd in I small down by the side of a forest road in Dental formula: I l/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4/. M 2/2 = 10. Atl Bandipur National Park at 07:00 hours in the moming dunng a ,rlditional molar is presenlin the type specimen.The tceth were rainy day (Fig. | ). ln captivity. fbnd ol bananrs( Krishnan.I 972)

l5 Reproduction ,aJo. becaur this bears nurked similffities. elFcially to H rirndlii. They conclude.however. that nonc of the djfTefences The usual litter atpears 11)nunbertwo orthree. A icrnltle between spcciesare sufficiendy di(incl to warant mdntaining gave birth 10 three young in May on bare dry earlh under an subgenericdistinctions. over hanging rock. amongn a iunrble of rocks. Thc young rcmainand hunt with thcir parentsuniil they rre wcll gro\rn Two subsp€cieshave beendescribed: (Pocock,l94l). H.ryevet rilti(nLis rilli.ollir Bennett. lE35 Range:We\lem Ghats.Coorg. Trrlancore (lndia) and Sri Parasites Lanka. Domirancc ol cheshut red on r1scoal.

reli na .(,-Lo|itus frcm r specintenfiom Ganradtrwa. ll.rpenes rittilLlb lrorrdlrs Pocock. l91l FdMa Btit. MousNlmde (Werneck.l948) nl Ct"noephtlittus pntudo\un frcm lhc banksof fte Menik Cansr (Phillips, 198,1). BMNI{ No. 1909.3.13.1.Young male collcctcd by A. G. [dic.2] Decen$er 1908atChipgeri, Notth Krnara.India. Range: In 1987 a new nenatode r{.r^s;t (Spnoter.a skraiabvti) Kanara.This subspeciesis distinguishedfroln thc typical raceby was dcscribedfron cysts and nntules of abdominalmuscles ofa thcgcneralabsence ofred rlmostall o\erthc uppersideofthe body Hopest?s ritticollis rrpdmen lrom Udaiput.Rajasihnn (Trivedj& The two subspecicscompletely intergr.tde in internedirlc locali- Gupta, 1987). uithe. thc host sp€cieswas misidentilied or the 1ies,both red and dlrk grey specimensftculring in the Nilghiri l'(dlll) $ds "rcnr J' Hctttc\k',tln,Jr',1,k. r,l,(.ur in Hills and Coorg. Therc appearsto be r gradual increasein thc devcbpmenl ol the redtignrcnt iiomnofth to $ulh, whichmay be associacd with increasciD the averagelnnual rainlall (l'oc(k. Predators r94r). Nothing is kno$n about thc prcdaton: probably lrrgcr Conservationstatus cnrnivoresand birdsol prey. All nrngoose spcciesare ln denrand lbrthe wildlifetrade.Thcmeat isealenbyselerullribcs and the hair The Stripe ncckedMongoose is lisredin SchedulelVoflhe (India) is uscdtbr making shavingbrushes. paint brushes.rnd soodluck Indian Wildlife (Protcclion)Act (1972). Appendix 111 of channs(Hanfee & Ahmcd, 1999)but notas frcqucntly as tbar ofthe CITES (tiNLP WCMC, 2001). and, nadonally tir India. LR nt Indian Grey Mongoosc lJ. el.'littsii .]ni thc Small lndian (LowerRisk nearthrealened)duringtbeCAMPWorkshop(BCPP Mongoose}/ .u,/'trn.,41"r (D. Mudappa.,'e^. cor"/r.). Althotrgh CampRcport, 1999).ChicfLhreal is lossofhrbital. Reconmended thcy lre supposedlo havc exlraordinarily though skins lbr caprive bfeeding lbt educationas i1 is not known ro people (Anonymons. 1935) they are rcgularl) killed by dogs (Adans, (BCPP Canp Repon. 1999). l93lr Wehb Peploe. 19.17). Acknowledgements LongeYity We are gralcirl 1()the cufatorsoi lhe AMNH. Ncw Yorki A malc Stripe-neckedMongoose lived tbr 12 ye.trs 10 BMNH. London: RMNH, Leiden: and IRSNB. Brulsels for monthsand l8 days in Tnvandrum Zoo (Fbwer, l9l1). inlbrnation about rheir collections. Special thanks to Divya Mudappa. RathinasamyArumuganr. and Will Duckwotlh who Taxonomy generouslyprorided unpublisheddala.

Heryest?s ,htircllis Bcnnetl, 1835 Pro.. Zool. Soc. Londoh Gazctteer 1835:67.Hobrype: BNMN No. I 855.12.2'1.224.Collcctcd by P. Poole in rhc Ghar forestsabout 20 miles inland fro'n Abbreviations:I: lndia:SL: Sri Lanka. Kolun (Quilon) in 1829.Type locality: Travancore. BandipurNP.l:I l'37' 1l'57'N,76'12'76'46'E;tshadrawildliie Mun|os rittitoLlis Ogil'y. l8f5 Pro(. Zbol. So.:'.I.ndon 1835:lO3. Sanctuary.l:Il'22'l:l'47 N,75'29' 75'47 EiBombay.I: l8'56 N. Mdh|utta vittito n Ellior. 1879Mdrbus J. Ln. & S.i. 10:103. 72'5l EiClonorin.Crpc.I:0tl'tg'N.77'15'E:Dharwar,I:l5'30'N. Cnssarchus rubisinasus\\ ^En t. lall S. hrcber Stiug.th. SUPPI. 75'048: EravikulamNP, I: l0'10' 10'20N.77'00' 77'10 E: 2:329. Galge,SL: 06'32'N.81"18 8i HNputale.SL: fti'46 N,80"58Ei Taenioqal? titticollis Gray. 186,1 Pr,.. Zool. So. t'ondon Kalulara,SL:06'15'N. 79'59'E: Kantalai. SL: 08'22 N. 81'00'E: '20 1864:569. Kataragamr,SL:06"26'N, 81 E;Kotagiri.I:I l'21'N.76'4'l'E; KudrcmukhNP.I:l3'01' 11"29'N.75') -75'25'ErRrjivGhandi Bechthotd (1939) cllegorised fJ. llni.ollis logether with NP.Nagaraholc, I: I l'I5 12'I5'N,76'00 76'I5'E; Mudumalai. theAsian nx)ngooses H. arra,lL senitorquatus,antlH.hrd.ll\utus I: I l'3.1.6'N.76.32.8'E: Nilgiri Nonh. I: l l'32.1'N,76"10 8 ts; inthesubgencricgroup of Und. ^nd H. jawni.: ut ^nl H. edvatursii Nu* araEliya. S L: 06'58'N. 80"46'Er Quilon. i: 08'5:1N,76'3E El in rhesubg€neric group of l/?/peslsr. Hi nton& Dunn ( I 967) added SinharajaMAB Reserve.SI-: 06'21'-06'27N. 80'21'-80"148i the Asian llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllaunputl.latus,d. /r."! rnd A r'rilrii, and thc Trincomalee. SL: 08"3,1 N,8l'13 E. AJnc^r, H. i.hntumon and lJ. ndro to thc stibgeneflc grcul ol fielpcrr€r. Wozencraft( 1989)inclnded H. urvtl, 11.\enitotquatus, Museum abbreviations Il. riuicoLlis.H. bra(hrurur as well as l/. losei and H. /!!i rs in !ubgenusa/a d: his subgenusHerpert?r included H. auroPuncktt us, AMNH: ArnericanMuseum oiNatural History, New York. London.UKI H. cdwardtii. H. Jaranicur andH. r,rtrii. A cranbmctric analysis NY. USA; BMNH: The NaturalHistory Museum, by Taylor & Malh€son(1999) indicates thar if the Un? subgenus IRSNIT:I nstitulRoyal des Scienccs Naturel les. B russels. BelSiunri were to be mainlained.it should include the Africa. spccicsH RMNH: Naruralis.l€idcn. TheNelherllnds. References Krishnan,M 1972.An eolosicll suNeyof rhe ldser mamah oi PeninsulafIndia. .t. Ronba! Nal.Hilt. Sor.,69:26 54. \daN, E.G. P. I 931.The Sripe-necked Mungoose (H./pe stes tutiLaUn). Madhusudan.M. D. | 995.Sightlngs of$e Nilgirimddcn (Md net s\|atkitsi) J. RohbarNut. Hi\t Sd.. 3,1:1054. ar E.alitullm Nallo.rl Part. Kemla,lndir. .lroll Calrivore lllcn. P R.19ll. Mungoosesjn tbeEasteh Cha$..L Bd,,Dal Nar Hii Lnnsen., 13:67. .%.- ?1:237ll8. MDdappa.D. | 99il tlseof camera-rmps10suNcy small cdmivores in rbe \ ndc$on.l.I Ii78.A,ar.ar.? lutulTrnogiral resefth?s.London: Bendd lropic.lrai.fodsrol KalakadMundan ruraiTige.Rcsene.tndia. Qutunch. snoll Caniror. C)ns.n, lu:9 ll. \nonynous.1915. Thc wild rn;nals of thc Indl Empne parl tV. "/. Mudrpp4D.2001E olog)oilhe Brown Paln C|\er Para4oturus jetuL,ti Bo,tbu)^Ndt. Hin. Sot:.,38:lu9215. in lhetropi.al rainiorcsrs ofthe Westeh Ch!K,lndia. Ph. D. rhesis_ rl(lPP CAMP ReporL 1999.Endemic and non endenic civcls and Bhaftthi Udvenny.Coimbatofe, Idia Dongoosesin and our ol lndian zoos Pan ttt. ZoDr prinr og'lb). w. 1E15.[AccounLof some Manmaliaandbndsbroughifrom rhe 1.l(li)rlol8 Cambiaby Mr. Rendalll.Proc. Zool. So.. London1835:97 l0s. Ben.ett,Id T. 1835.lRema.ks on sone Mrmnlli. froh Tralancorc, Prrrbiraman.S. R.. N.nsinhdn, K S.,Pe€., A.'I & Davrd,C. 1981. incrudjn8.rew speciesofA.ry^t.rl Pro. 7nol. tot. I'ndon ObservaLn)non thcspe.nratozo. ol nongooscUJ.p"rr3r ydr'.ottij). llil5:66 67. Cn.'r,, l0:8li-90. B,bile,R.1994. Some notes on the calOya Valley&Nationalparr ldtj Phillips.W. w A. 1922.A list ol rhemaDnals of Ceylon..lpotid Zp)t.. 20111-179. 12:211293. llcclrtoid.G. 1939.Dic asiarischenI'i)men dcr catrungH./p.rr.r. ihre Phillips,w.w.A. l930.Surveyof{rdistriburionof namnalsinCeylon. SystemrLir,Okolo-eie. Verb.eitung und ihre Zu!amnenhiinee !]it (-.)lo,I 5.,. l6:ll7-151. denafiitdnischcn Aned. Z .5t!s,rr./t, 14:1ll 219 Phillips.w. w. A. 1913.S urve) of rhcdisrributiod of mamnralsh Ceylon. Irrlntbrd, W. 1. 1888- | 891. fl, ( t'aunaoJ Rritilh lh.ltu nLLudins Celtonand ReponNo. 10.a'a/,z.r.S.i., l8B:133 142. Burda.Mannalid. |.ondoi:Taylor & Francis. Phillips. w. w A. 1935.Mtnuat of the hdhnals ol cetton. Ccyton: BlrLh.E 1851Reporr on rhcMlmmalia and morc rcntrkabte species of ColonrboMuscum London; Dulau & Co. bifdsinhahiring Ccylon. ./. As,ar. 5,r.. A.rgdl 20:I 53 I E5 Phillips,w. w.A l9a+ Manut ofthehatuhak.y'Sr; kata. Wildlifedd ( (ftet,0. B. & Hill.J. E. r992.The tuunml.\ oftheldotuuturan Reeion: NatureProtcction Societl olSri Llnka. ,1 rlrlz,narn /.rl.r. Oxford;Oxlod Udyenny Pre\s. Pocock.R. l. 1937.The nonsooscs of BritishIndia. inctuding Ceylon and i ll or. W. 1819.A cataloeueof rhespecie\ of Marnalia iaund h the tttna. .1.Bonbo Na| Hitr. .to... 39:2I I 2.15. SouthemMahralta Counry; wnh then synonynsi. ihe nalive Pococl.R. 1 1941.Zncirena oJ Brnish lhtlia inLlutln\ cerLn andBurna. lrneuagesin usethcrc. ,lr,lrar / an d .5.r.. 10:92-| oli VnuhnlLtvul. ll. |,,n\1,,rlcilora I nn s. l cmando,lL Ir. 1913 Noles 12. H.rp.r&,r rifu;.olln . Cqbn.t. S.i _ Pratcf,S. H. l97l. rr. rDoi,/ lntliunaiiMls BoDrb.y:BombayNatural 8:299300. HisrorySociely. I oscr.S S l9l L l hedu.ltion of life in lertcbmteaninrllx Mamnah. Ramachandran,K. K. 1985.A no1con thescalenging behavjou ofrhe Pro.. Zool.Sa(. Inn.lon 193l:16l tl\ Sbipe'neckedMongoose on Tisel sr ill../.,orrd)/Var tirr. to.. , I tr:er.l. 1819.ZtologiaTip(a. LondoniPublishcd bv theau$or. 82:182-181. i.ry.J.E lli64.Arcyision oflhc Scneraa.dspecies of!iveninednima\ Rylcy,K. V. I 9l l. RomblyN.nr.lHlrory 5de1y\ Mlmnal SuNeyoftndia. lvivcrldae), nrundedon rlE collecLionin rhc BririshMuseum. Collecd)nNo. 11. C@rg. J. a,/ba\ Ndi Hist.Soc..22:4a6-5t1. Pro..7nd So(.Lt,ndon lA61:502 579 Santiapilhi.C. De Silva,M. & Dissanayate.S. R 2000.The slrrus of ,l.rDfcc,F. &Ahned. A. 1999.Some obsenltions or lndia s itlcgalrade nongooses(Frmily : Herpcstid.e)in RuhunaNrtunal Park.S.i 'nmunelids,vrvcrrids dd herpenins.El,MS Bulletin: WiLtLile anrt l-nl.' IB,ra,r, \rr tr., \,,..oa208r1r prat.cte.ldreas. 2(2): t13 ll5. Spillelt,J. J. 1968.A repodon wild life srrvelsin southand wesr India. 'lrll-w.C.O.l939.Areviscdche.khtolrhemammaisofceylon. C.)tdn J. Bo,,bd)Nrr. dnl. .S,...65:611 663. 1sii. ts21: l19 18:l Tryl(tr,M. l. & Mr$eson,l. 1999.A craniodefi. (n"lD rsotror ure ILtror,H. E.&Dunn, A M.1967.Moneook\. Their tktt"rdt hitta\- uhtl Afticanlnd Asiannonsoose\ in thcgenus dcrp.sr.r (Clnrtvon: ,.r'.",!r Ldinbu.gh& Londo.:Olile.& Boyd. Herpenidac).Mrnndlil 6l:.,149-:164. 'I trrron,A. F. | 9,19Notes on rhe\nakc\ and marnDrls of thcHigh W.!} Tnledi. K K. & Grpta.S. P. I 987.Nem.tode p:risites of rcrtcbnles.V. Mounlains.Madura Disricl. soulh lndia../ ronld)Nar tis. .t,.., A ncw spirurid.Spt/,.zr.a sr4rfiri. ncw species(Spnuride .rE:68169.1. Oerle!.| 885)lioni anongoose, A./p.rr.J rtrr.,tt;r Benneltliom .rdon.T. C lll74. I'. urnnal! o/ 1trdla.London:.lohn Wheldon. tJdljpuf.Rajasthan, lndia. Pa kdtun .1. z.d., t9:141l5l . ,hnsnr-eh.A. J. T. 1981.Lrfge mammdlianp.cy predatd\in 8lndipur. UNEP WCMC.2m L Checklhlof halmlls lsted in theCIftiS AplEndices J. Bonh6 Ndt.Hiti SoL.,8l):l-51. andinthcAnnexes otuheCouncilof rbeEuropern Untun Rcgul.tion \.Ianrlr. K. L l9lJ2.Bhadra Wildlilc SlnctLraryand irs cndangeed (tic) No. 338/975d ed../Ncc&pdrls No. 291. ccosynen./ aodrdfNal. dtrr.S,.,79:79 86. WebbPeplm- C G. 19,17.Field nore\ on ftc mlmmalsofsourh Tinncvclly. \.tr!nrh, K lr. 1986.srru\ of wildllfe and habilatconserrarion in sothdntntti^. J. Bonbq, Nal Hist. Sot_.46:629 614. Kamalaka.1A,,,ldr- Nat. Hisr. So(., /it86,1986CenLdut! wemeck,IrL. 1948.or rdl,/i,sr t &, r,'u,/zmr. RtudeJancirc:Ediqao saDL:166179. daRevista tsrasileira dc Biologia. \ (nrh. K. U. &Nichols,J. D.2000. Ecological statusand conservation Wozencrrlr-w. C. 1989.Classificarion ofthc [email protected] Cdnivotu tn(:amiwte of lige.s in India. Final Tcchnicalrepofl to thc Divisionol behot,itt,c.oloFt-, dnd et.nuln,Let1.J. t, Ciltlcman.569 593. lntematiomlConse^arion,USFish& WildlibScrvice.Wasbinsron, London:ChapraD & Hall. D(l andwCS. Nes York BlnCalore:CenLre.lor witdlife Srudies. wrouehrod.R. C. | 9 | 8.Sum marl of rheresulrs liom rhcIndiar Mrmmals \.nnlb. K. tJ . Bhargav,P. & Kumar,S 2001.KmrrdtaTigcrconsefladon SuFeyofrhe Bomba! Natu..lHistory Sociely. Pdn II.1B,,bd,- Prolecr.linal Repot to Sale rheTilcr Fund NrrionalFish & dat ftir..t,., 26:1958. wildlilt Foundxrbn,Ex{onMobilCorp. and olhef donor\. New rJan Verbertlei, 15, 2650 Fldegem,B€lgium \. i!i.I,E. F r852. pfinted P/odfr,',s,arMe Z4)lani.d?.Ce\'1\'r: ibrthe Harry.VanRompaey@ tijd.com zconservator .. nloch,A. P. 1923.The hrgcr mamnah ol rheNclli.mparhy HiI\ 1 of Forests,Mysor€ Circle Ronb.ttNai Hin. 5o..,29:552551. Aranya Bhavan, Ashokapuram .. {xgama,s. w. & Karuna.anrnc,P. B. 198.1.Checkli \t of fte lrmnrls Mysore 5?0 001i,India ofSinharajrM.^B Reserve.Itita&d Forestt6:29-a5 [email protected] t1 Pestsin France

A legala.tof1988 put l2 spcciesof mamnulsand6ofbirds Hrd you asinglc d&umcntcdcrse ofheavy danngeslinked on aDNti(rrallistof potcmtialp(stssp..icf. Thcsanrc lcgishlion ro wcrsclssincc 1988? orgrnircd in c!cry "d6parlcmenf',lhc 96 rdninislralilc di!isions litc counticsor parishcs o!er the counlrl. ltn ad!i$ry hunling Why is rhesroat out ofrhe list when weaseland polecatare and wildlife colnmittcc (Comili D6pa4cmcntalpour l,r Chasscct in? la FauneSauvage) in charge,amolrg orherduries, ofdeciding, each yc!r,whichfr)mrhcnationrl lisrwouldbc locallychssificdrspcn Why arc you pnLling brck the polecat which has been (i.e. huniing authorizedduring the hunting closed season.cvcn decrc^ing all ovcr the country since 19501 wiih tmp!. snrrcs.....).Thrcc rcasonslrc officirlly tur forwud: publirh,.,lth prrr..1iun. prr.(ntiun ul h(J\) dJmr!r ru(r"norni. \\ h) Ju .o leq rdpper\ gr\( rh( r(.uli. ol rhe,rr,lttrn! inlcrcstsor pri vatcpropcrtics and bnJdiversily protection. Howe!er. bags1o the administration,even though they shoulddo sol "habits" the annualdecisions tlre usuallv nore on than on facts. "ddpanemenl!" sonre putling e!e.y specieson the lin, evcn thosc On Novcmbcr thc 6" 2(X)2.at a neetirg of the national advisory hunrirg and wildlife conmittee (CNC|S), whcrc rhis proposalhad to be submittedbut which is just givinr advice, I For inslrncc. it is sigDificant thal the camilore species commentedthal noihing ne$' nr |he biology of thesespec'e! had prescntin Fruce. nltti!e orintroduced.are eitherprotec|ed (Brown beenpublished since April2txll2. The answefwas.from one ofthe bear U^,r d..t.r, Grey Wolf C.nis /r?,J, EurasianOner a,/rd panicipants: right. but in the mean iime thcrc wcrc clc.lions 1". /rird. European mink Mutt(La luteoLa. Srorr Must(la ernil?a. Wild cat Feli'Jilr"'l.d, Eurasianlynx a)zr /_ur. CommonGenet Three poirts should be mentioned: G?n.tta g(n.tu). ot arc potentialpests (Red Fox vulryt rulpct. RacoonDog Nr.k r.rk r prdgdnorileJ, Arnericann nk Mrtdd l rappingis alk)wedwhen hunlingscasonis closedfbrFox, risrn. Stone Marten Md./.rlbir.r. Pine Manen Mdrk's |l,r,i't. Stone Maften. Arnerican Mink, Raccoon.Raccoon Dog. WesternPoleca! Mriddprrolnlj. l-eastWeasel M!st.la n[nlis. Nutria M)o.aster .or7rrr. rntlMUJ|lar OnLIatro . ibeth i. us. RaccoonP/?.lon l,rdl), none being in thc nriddlc, classificdas r1l thc h( 5 speciesb€ing introduced. The othef two "potertial iust ganle species.i.e. speciesthat could be regulatedduring the pe!t" mammals rrc the Europern Rabbit hurting leason by hunting. It look! a! il this classilicrlion was Ory.rohsu\ .unitalus and the Eurasiar Wild Pig Srr rimed minly arkeeping oper the possibilityof practicinghuntirg. s.,"iy'r.Iwo very popularganrespcics in thesamc 1ime. Thc including speciesother than classicil gltnle species.dunng the control and nlo loring of catchcswill bc imtx)flot. This hunting closed season. hasbeen in the law since | 988, hur cxpericncchas provcn it is ditTi.ult to obrain.lt hrs ycl no1been possible lo analyse To be hones!.ihere is one exception.thc EumsianIladgcr an) trappi.g bng properly. M./.r n.,/.s. which is indeedcla\sified asa gamespecies. Howe!er. in this crsc. uDdcrground buniing is slill legally practisedand is ln the same tine, surveysfof a better approrch ol thcsc increasing.out of the hunting sealon.even in sprjng when sow! mNmmals' populadons,dynamics and status should be havecubs. ofilcially. this is to protectwheator nraizefields.In thi! devek)Fd, which hNsnolbccnthe case up to now. Trapping case.as with many otherpe!t!. iiis easiertoknow how much costs thc way ir is pmcliccd,for pcstcontrol. is certainlynot like the huntinSofhadgcrtha! to know thc amounlof thc damagesthal rre clained ro have been prevenied. Last but not least. thii legisla(ionhas not preventedpoaching of individuals withir all The ltatus of the Stoat.a spccies*hich is apparen(lyseen the protectedspecies. aspositive (it is an ofTiciallyprotected species). is difficult to understandon biological gfounds,whcn thc wcascl and Aftef nranyyears ofdiscussir)ns betwecn diffc.cnl padncrs thePoleca(areonthelistofpotentiaipests lnthesametime. and lobbies.the weasel.the polecat,rndthe pine m{.ten hrlc bccn trapping rhesetwo speciesreally put Stoatsat risk. when takenoutof ihelist(!ctof 2l M{.ch2002,publishedonthc(}lApril someof thesllowed trapsa.e both non selectile and lclhal. 2002).Thc weasel(r 50-l0Og specialistvole hunter),the polecat. It hasto b€ mentionedthat in Frrncc, fte Stoalis ihe synbol whosenatus is certainlyno( at its healrhiestfiom thebestwe know of Bdttany and of hwycrs. Could (his be an explanaiionl (manyconfusions wrth ferdtAmericanmink, andwilh thc rareand endangercdEuropean Mink in south-westFrance) and the pine lhe act putting back the thrce specieson the nationallisr mai{en.a specieswhefethepeltt.ade has b€en bNnnedformorcthan *asindeed signedon Novemberihe 6'hdndpuhlishedon No!crnber 20 years.cenainly dese|ae,all three.betterthr a fx)lentirl" pcsl thc 27d'-11 seems thrt really, Fren€h national pest legislatioD morivalions are outside of biology, {t le{sl in ils evcrydr} application.when the real strtus of thesecamivores is really of I lowe!er, soon afier this good news. the governnent changed through generulclcctbns (spring 2m2) and the hunters lobby camc brck wilh their vision of wildlife (i.e. same species) nanaSement.The new govemmcnt,who ch.tngedthe Ministry of FraneoisMoutou, DVM Enyironmenl into the Ministry of Ecology lDd Susllinable Use, decided to pul back the threc spccicson the nxlion pesl lisl, Member of the CNCFS without rrguing. All of our questionsstayed without answer. French Mammal Societv

18 IUCN/SSC Musteli4 Viverid and Procyonid Specialist Group: Vietnam working group

Nonhem Victram andadjacent areas in ChinaandLaosare . lnprove proteciion of muslelids and viyenids by Foresiry hishlishlcd in thc IUCN/SSC Acrion PlanforMustelids. Vivedds Prolection ofticials. rnd kocyonids (Schreiberet al., 1989)as core arcasfor mustelid ' lmprcve our underctandingof the level of useboih locally ind viverrid conservation-Thc Brck striped Weasel rlt&rkld and wider ttuough the wildlife trade. !rr8tdorud, SponedLinsang P rionodon pardicolor, Large-srytred . lmprove understandingon the statusand distribution of CiverViv? tro meEaspilo'nelisted .rs prionly spe.iesf{)r conseNati{)n nustelids and viveffids throughoutVietnam. cl liJns.Owslon's Palrn Civer Chroto g a Ie ow toni.nd Lowe's Otter ' lmprove c.( rn! conservation strategies for species of C;\cr Cvosale l,wei are listed as speciesof hiShestconcern mustelids and vivemds where conservation breeding is $ithin the IDdomalayan.egion. thought necessary. . Update consenation recomme.dationsand action plans Allhough somc progrcsshas bccn made in fulfilling the for menbers of mustelids and viveffids families native to 'pecific actionsrecommended for th€sespecies there is cunenlly rrrl<(u ,'rJinuri,'nur reponin!.'[ $orl ro impro!econtenarron rction planning and speciesslaius assessmenls. Working Group organisation The working group will beco o.dinatedby Scoti Roberton Vietnam s foresl covcr hrs rcduccd from 44./.,in 1950 |{) (OCP). Nguyen Cons Minh (IUCN) and Dr Nguyen Xuan Dang 17.57.in 1995a reductionof 1.6 million hectares.Al thc cuncnt (IEBR) underthe supeNisionofthe IUCN/SSCMustelid, Viverrid rrre of defbrestationby 2090 all tbrest in Vietnam will bc lost. and ProcyonidSpecialist Group steeringconmittee. Thesethree \ rernumneed, mrjur improremenr\in pmtertjngitr remaining people will be lhe point of conlact loi other individuals and Iaresl biodiversity, betler underslandingol spccicsdislributn)n, or-qdnisationswithh thegroup and will berespoDsible fororganjsing habitat rcquir€ments and minimum viable afeas for species meerrng\.dr\rnburrng Infonnaron and mJrntarrungcommuruca- persistenceand .equifes urdentanding on how e-rrna conservation tion between group lnernbers. nralegiescan apply to the currentloss of biodiversity facing the At the hean of all the work described in this concept is the stronginvolvement of Vietnameseconservationists and scientists Uusl€lid & Viv€rrid Cons€rvation Programs in Vietnam in all projecls who will ultimately make the differencein smrll The Owston's Palm Civet Conservaiion Progrrln based in camivore conservationin Vietnam- Cuc PbuongNaiionalPllrk hasnadc progressin captivebreeding 'Ihe 'nJ rf\'rr.h,,f thi'.peri,\. in aJditi,'nt,' t re.t tn'tefri,'nrrnger co odinators ofthe group will assisiorganisalions k) (.!ining ind awuenessrrising amongstrangers and communities, raisefunds,design and implelnentprciects. At presenrthere are no \cr (he lauer are reslricred lo Cuc Phuong National Part md its funds for ldninislralion of the sroup so fbr now these will be .urrounding provinces. covered by the IUCN. IEBR and ihe OCP but will b€ kept to a rninimum until such funds are located. Field surveyscanied out by IntemationalNGO's. national ,'rgarisaiionsand instiiuiions in Vieham hrve increased The group is cunently developing and seekrngtunds to Inowledge on the smtusand distribuiion of certninspecies, lolal hold a rwo day syrnposiurnto be held in July 2txl3. Thmugh a o\es and |hreats. This infbrmarion is currently not being compiled panicipaloryprocess of group discussionsted by nationalleaders nr.onse.vationplanning and status assessments for smallcarn ivore in small carnivo.e consewationand resedh od facilitated by .peciesis greally hampered. intemalional exp€ns frorn the IUCN/SSC specialist groups this symposiurnwill idcntify nalionalconservation priorities. Prionties This working group hasbeen developedas it is felt that il wiu not just fffus on academicquestiors. but will be deyeloped ntfeh a solution to co ordinating this much neededwork in the into rankedactivities. Detailed project pr)rx,sals brscd on the lop .ountry. The IUCN/SSCis a largelyapolitical organisation that has ten nnked priority activities will then be prcduced. The IUCN/SSC .rnestablished network of personsirvolyed in the conservarionof representarives wilt then admirister funding to the best projects drustelidsand viverrids from manydifferent organ isations thal will and assistin applying for funding for thc prcjecls not funding on hopefully help prevenl the counterpioductive compeiilion. Funher nurc, it will allow expenisc and resourceslo bc shared and a rnore Thc synposium will: Nwerful nessage to be conveyed a! several voices conbine in orc. . Motivate national conseFarionistsand scienlisls. . Idenlify pnonty ncedsto be done and, Norkins group objective . Identify the bestconservation and rcsdrcb mcthodsto be lnprove ihe conservalionof musGlids and vivenids in \ reham by deleloping a co'ordinated program ofaciivities carried . AssistV ietnamesescientists od conservationists1() develop ,'ut by a numbc. of intcrnationll lnd nrtional spccialist and(m) oura numberol welldeigned p.ojecr' ,.grnisationsand instituti()nsfollowing commoD marlgemeDt . Createaclear workplanfor tbe Vie.nam working g.oup to .rategies and methods.All work will be cnffiedout in sucha way iollow ovcr thc following year- :hrt directs training and responsibilit] to Viclnamese scrcnrists lf you would lil(e norc information on the group plc$c conlacl: lrd conservationists.Speciflc afeasof work are as follows: - . vivenids ScottRoberton [email protected] Raisethe awarenessofmustelids and in Protected - area comnrunitiesby developing training and resources NguyenCong Minh [email protected] w ith Nlrcldycslablishcd cDvironmcntal cducalion aclivitics. Dr NguyenXuan Dang - [email protected]

t9 The status of stoats and weasels in Britain

RobbieA. McDONALD

Elcn in Westcm Enrope, where fic slalus oi mosl small A seriesofinvestigations in|o the changingstalus otStoats camivore species is rclativcly well know!, thc inconspicu&s .rndWcxsels hare beenconducted over the last five years.and aU nature of the smallest carnivores. Sloats ,ltrrn d erni,rca ^nrl arenuq puhli.hc,lIn Ih, \Lh ntilr lrterarure.ln n,n\r\rtuatron\ Weasls M. nil.llir. causcsnumcrous conservation and mmagement populationsof S{oatsand Weaselsa-re extfenrely sensiti!e to the problems.while bothsp€.ies are afforded lim itedprotection uDder rv,ihbility of their prcy. hcnccan importnnlarea of invesigation the Bern Clonyeniion.lhey areofien in conflict with economi. and was ofchrnges in prcy llrihbiliry and how this aflectedthe dier consewali,onconcems because of the; tredat(try habits.Monit() of thc rwo lpcics (McDonald "r d1.,2tXJ0). Analysis of the gui ring rlE statusof skur and wcasclFlpuhtbns is cspcci ly Foble conientsof 792 Stoatsand :158Weasels found that both species matic, be.aus€they leavefew field signs and direct sighliDgsarc !pp.a'cd to h:rvebenetiied trom ihe recoveryofRabbits Ory.rol.r' scarceand sporadic (King,19tt9). This meansthat large-scale direct gar.rri.r/rr froln nyromarosis which wasrilt in the la(e l95(X snrveysof thekind thathave beenconducred for OttersLutnlutn. dnde.rly 1960s.Both sF,cicsdicts weremore specialisedand both Badgea nr'sl"rn"ler, PincMrnens Md./?smdtcs andoiherlarger speciestook more mammalianprey. ratherthan avian prcy which mustelidsare inprrclicrl. Ecobgists inlercded in thc statusof is their iall-bnck when prettned prey itenrsare sclrce. Stoats.mdWeasels. have. howeverfoundallics in rn unusualphce. More sinisterwas ihe possibility that Storts rnd Wcascls In GrearBritain, Stoa6 a.d Weaselsare the ttrgels of tegal were secondarilyexposed to anlicoagulantulcniicides thrl a.e p.edatorcontrol undenaker by ganekeepeh to enhancepopula widely uled forcontrolling rodcntpesls on farmland in Britain. A lionsofgame bi.ds..olably Grey Prnridgc P..&ferdnod Red screeningexercise of,l0 Sroatsand l0 wealels collectedon game Grct'llelasopus la&opuss.rri{!r. The meticulousrecords keptby estatesfound that 9 Stoars(2:19.) lnd I weisels (307.) had been garnekeepersarecollaedby The GameConservancy Trust as pan exposed to rodenticides(McDonald e, d1.. 1998). while tbese of the National Gamebag Census (Tapper, 1992). This long- numbersare snlall (analyses.osiatpr)ximarcly US$/€5m each), running schemehas indicated adecline in the numberofwersels there was ! signifi.$t diffcrcncc in the Fevnlence ofrodenricide beingtapped per 1.000ba sincethestaft ofthe scheme.lnconrrrst. cxtx)surcb.rwccn n le andlemale Sloats. rellectirg differercesin Sloart.rpping recordsincreased between the early 1960suntllthe their diet.Smaller fenale Stoat!eatmorcrxlcnts thrn largernales, mid-1970s and have remanredstatic or shown a slight decline which eatmore rabbirs. A risl rnalysisproieclusing small nustelids since.Thcse trcnds hnve lead roconcem lhrt actunlpopularions of andolher carniyoresandraptor! is curenlly in Fogrcss iD Brihin rhesespccies rn.ty b. in declinc thenselles. (o assessthe gravity ofthe rodeniicideproblem for native prcdrlors.

4

o - (g Stoats !?? -Weasels

o o-2 ,/ ! o ...- - / \- .,,,

ol c zf

0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 ru t Ih' t4 tw n nsat<^ oi v. t\rr 1''n ttr \t'int.ui,h!? I

20 Ofcoursc, trappingby gamckecpersthcmsclvcs. may bc t() In sumnrary.Wcascls and St)ats arc probablynot doing rs 5l.rmc.Byoxamining thepopulationbiology oftrapped Stoat! and badly in Britain as their relords at first suggested.In somepansof \\'easelsand construcringa sinple prospectlvepoprlatior n(xlel, Brirain, ihey are scxrcerthan crn be explained by variation in r was possiblelo exanine the e|ecl of trapping on popuhlion effort. and sccoDdffy exposureto rodenticidesapperrs lo be a J('wlh rales(McDonald & Hanis,20{12). Despite intensive lrapping. general problcm- Thus lrturc monitoring of their popularions ihe prtlem ol monalily that gamekeeperscruse in Wcasclsis not usingimprolcd gamckccpcrbascd schcines will be very valuablc. .ulllcient to incur long'termpopulationdecline.ln ettect,weasels ln pnrticularlr sl dy of lheir spatialecology and inGractionswilh .rn breedsufticiently quickly. so long as thereis enoughtbod. to eacholher and other predalorswill make a valuablecontribxtion Ircp aheadol the gamekecperscllbns. Trappcdstoat popularions. 10undcrslanding thc !.onscrvationand s1a1usoflhese widespread, ,!r the other hand, exhibiEd a growth r3te of nol significantly bur challenging, species. Jillerent lron 1.0,suggesling that populilions were stablcin the ong rerm. Thesemodels, howcver. did nor includc immigrrlion, References shich is thc kcy lo long tcrm populalion grcwth and futurc King, C. M. 1989. 7he natunl history of weaselsand stodts. nrodellingsludies will incorporalea sFtial elemenlto in!esdgaling London: ChrisropherHelm. ho$ rrappingafiacB Stoarand Weasel status locally andna(ionally. McDonald,R. A. & Hanis. S. 1999.The useoftnpping record!to monitd populxlionsofnoats Mrrreld ?miz?d and weasels tppl. So.il lbod docsnot appcxr1() bc.r problcm andncilhcrdocs Must?LdnitlrLis: the imponanceof trappingeffor1. J. ;.o1.. 16:679688. .rtping, secondafypoisoning a solutjonto the lresents |)olsible McDonald. R. A. & Hanis. S. 2002. Populadonbioiogy ot srca(s .'ppafentdecline ofWeasels and Stoats.Howeler. further investi- tluneLa ernined rnd wcascls Mrsrdld nnul;r on gi.nc artion of lhe recording schene irselt: lhrew up an rddilional cstalesin Great Btlr^in. .1.Aptl. L.rI.. 19:793 805. r,)ssibility(McDonald & Hanis. 1999).Since ihe i960s lhejob of McDonald.R. A.. Wcbbon,C. & Illnis, S.2000.Thedier ofs|oa|s lrmekeepersnr Bitain has changeddranatically. Mosr keepers \Musteld ennined) and wensels(Mhrlla nn?/ir) in Great ro\ rcly on rcaring rnd rclcrsine PhcrsaDrsPr,rznri .?lrnnzr ltrir^i. J. Zool.,252:163371. :xrhefthan ercouraging wild gamebirds like partridgeand grouse. McDooald.R. A., Harris,S.. Turnbull, G.. Brcwn. P. &Fletcher.M. lhis ncans that they hxvc less time a!.til.rblc li)r lrrpping snall 1998. Antico!gulan( rodenticidesin stoals (Mrrrcla :.rcdat(8.As thcimpnance of .eNriDggrme hasincreased. trapping eminea) ^nl weascls(M,s/dld ,Ddl;s) in England. rtn)ft has de.reased.Since the numbersof weasels and Sbats Lnrinnnt. Pollution t0l:t1 23. rrpted is directly relatedto effort. the number of weasels and Trppcr. S. 1992. Cdnte Heitdse. Fordingbridge, UK: Camc Conscrvrncy Ltd. il()ats lrrppcd rnd rccordcd in thc ccnsuscotrld halc declincd 'tely becauseofchanges in the tfappingpractice ofgamekeepers. This highlighls again the inportance of rccuracy in namrnd The G:rmeConservancy Trust, Forestin Teesdale, nonibrin-gscheme!. and in the caseof trapping recordlchemes, Barnard CasdeDL12 OHA,UK he ilnpollance of recordingtrapping effort. [email protected]

International Conferenceon the Recentpublication Conservationof the EuropeanMink 5-8 November2003 Pine Marten Logrono.LN Rio.F, SpNin Noblel. J.-F. 2002. llr Mdr.c. Saint-Yrieix-surCharente: q$q for lunh(rinlorn,JriuL lunddcion-.dldmojr.e. Eveil Nalure. 72 pp. tundacionG)tundacioncajarioja.es Fax:34 9:1125 99 ll This beauti- fully illustratedbook IA fiAN?NE rclaleslhc li(lc thal is 9thAfrican Small Mammal known aboul the bio k)gy ,nd ccok)gy of Symposium this persecuted.rmi vorc.It is alsolhc sluy Thc9"'Africm Smrll Mrmnal Synposium will lrkc of lhefight tbr ns right place in Morogoro. Tanzanill.trom I'l to llt July 2001. The websitefor this conferencecan be accessedat As is explai ww$.dpil.dk/asms k provides gener.tl inlbrn.rlion and ded in nore detail on online registation andabstact subnis!iolr forns. we have prgc 18.thcPinc Mar nradeit asimple websitewithoutfarcy pictures.etc. sothat tcn, t()gcthcrwith thc || . JneJ,rr) he c 'n.ulredrl,.u\ er.1,'$ e .nailco'rnc.rnn. Wcascl ud Polecat Thc Eurlpcrn Unrcnod theFlemish Intcrunivcrsity hld finrlly bccD remoled from rhe lisl of harmful aninals in Council hrve provided linancial issistance to coler the France.and this afier a long and ditlicult campaignby French paflicipatnrnol a numbcr of Alncan scicnlistsand young conscrvrlionisLs.Sclen months later all three vnall carnivores Europeanscienlists who olherwise could not attend this were put back on the haniful lisi' again by Mad. Roselyne slmposiunr.Appli.ations f(rthcse granlscrn be subnritted Brchelol. Minisrer of Ecology. Tr.tppingis allowed all year long thr)ugh the $,ehsite. and one can inugine ! trNppedfemalc slowly dying rlilh her Ifyou haveany prohlemsin accessingthis website offsprinS.Is thereno limit to w hNiv)mc politicianswill do in order coDtaclus al [email protected] to obtiin volcs, in this caseliom the nassive hunling lobbyl

A recently discovered specimen of Indonesian Mountain Weasel (Mustela lutreolina Robinson & Thomas 1917)from Sumatra

DarrinP LUNDE and Guv G. MUSSER

Restricted10 the high altitude lirrcsrsofJxvr.ind soulhern Additiooal specimenswould help rcsolvc thc questionol Sumana. lhc Indoncsian Mountain \Neasel Musteh lutreoLina the statusof SumatranM /rrredird bul lhe speciesis curfently ranks among the least known of all musrclid spccics.The no\1 listed as IUCN Endangefed(ltJCN, 2002) so wc cannoladvocrle rccenl revlew placedthe total nu'nber of specimensrt |ncagcr thc rctivc colleclion of this species.Alternatilely. thc analysisof elelen: nine fiom Jala and only two from Sumrrrr (!rn Brcc & sequencedati extracted tronr ihe l)NA of cxisling museum Boexdi, 1978). Vrn Brcc & Bocrdi inquired ol the curators of specinrensnray shed some light upon thc slalus of the Su ntran selefal major naturalhist(') collccrionsabour additional natenal population. bul rt thatrine theresponsefrontheAmerican Muieum ofNalural History was thar there were rore (van Brec & Bocadi, 1978). The localirywhere the AMNH M /&t",1'rd wascollecled. However.this wrs bcli)rc (hc slstenatic curaiionofourcarnilofe Sumatra'! Ml. Dcnrfo, is p.rrl of a protected afea system collectionandwe havesinccdisco!crcd thar a specimenpreviously (MacKn on, 1997)yet therc hrlc bccn no repons ofthe species identii-1edas Mutcla st. a.tually rcprcscnts! lhird known jnce \.t . v

)2 Recent literature

Mustelidae Lod6. l. 2002. An endangcredspecies as indicator of freshwalcr qu.rlity: liactal diagnosis of fragmcntrrion wilhin a \pps. C. D.. Newhouse.N. J. & Kinley, T. A. 2002. Habitat Eufopean mink, Munela lutrcoLa. populati()D. rtl.r. associationof American badgersin southeasternBritish HJ.lrobioL.. 155:161 116. Columbia. (dr J. ;aool.,80:1228 1239. May, R.2002. Veelvralcnin Noorwegen.Onhekend malkl Badow, N. D. & Norbury. G. L. 2001. A simple model fo. ferct onbcschcrrnd.Z,os./ierl313)13 5. (Cub sub) populatrcndynamics andcontrolinsen -arid New Zealand Macdonald,D. W. er at 2002. Density dependcntregulalion of habirars.lvildl. Rcr., 28:87 94. body mass and condition in badgers(M./.r mei.s) frcm (-aley. P. & Hone. J. 2002. Eslimating the force of infection: Wllh.rm Wo,'d,. l," i rr I1r.20562061 Ibtubacteriun bovis i$ection ir feral fer.ets M6r"la f{/, Macdonild. D. w. et al. 2002. The implct of Anencan nink nr New Zcrl.rnd..l A,m. tr o1.,7l:4'l 54. Musteh rison and Euopean m;nk Mustelu lutrcola ot Ilavilon. A. er dl. 2001. Milochondial phylogeoSraphy{nd water lolcs Ani.?td tetrcstris i1 Bclatr.. Ecogruph! popuhlion historyof pinerna.tens Marrer Mdrr"s compnred 25:295-302. wilh polecatsMrrr?Ia /rr orius. MoL r:col.,10:2419 2188. McDonald, R. A. 2002. The perfectdisciple The perlecl hunter. Dijkstra. V. 2001. VallcDdc boonnarers niet kapot te kr|ijgenl The myths and realilies of Mustela. Brit. Wi1.11..13:419- Zooqdi(r l4l1):20. (Maftes nnn.s) 126. I)ooringo-Roura,X. 2002.Genetic dislinction of mnnenspecies by McDonald. R. A. & Harris, S. 2ryd2.The populaln)nbblogy of fixarion of a nicrosatellite rcg;on..1. Mamn.,83:901-912. stoatsMrrt?ld eminea ar'd weaselsMrrkld ,itdlir on l)rrsoo, J.w-. Honeycurt.R.l-.&Schmidly.D. J.2003. Taxonomic game estatesin Great Britain. J. AppL.Ecol..'7918O5. shlusofwhite backedhog nosedskunks.genus Cdr?ar!t McDonald. R. A. & Ldviare. S.2OOl. Reri.r of inte ational (Carnivom: Mephilidae).I Mdmm.. 84:159-116. Iterdture relerantto stoatcdrrrol. DepartmentofConse a- l:dwards,M. A..Forbes.G.J.&Bowman. J.2ml. Fractaldinension tion, Wellington, New Zealand. of ernine. Mxrl?ld "rnized (Carnivora, Mustelidae), McDonald.R. A. & Lffivibre. S.2002.Captilc hrsbxndryofsloals movenenlpatterns as an indicat{)r of.esourcc usc. Manndlid Mustela emin a. Nerr ZealantlJ. Zool..29177 186. 65:220 224. McDonald. R. A.. Day. M. J. & Binles, R. J. 2001. Hiltok)gical lrb. J..Boycc, M- S. & Slenseth,N.2001. SpatialvNriNrion in mink evidence of diseasein wild stoais Must.la ennined in and muskrat intera.tions in Canada.Oikor 93:365- England. Yzr Re(.. 149:6'71-615. I l.(r. 1 |\. p/ d/ )ml. An c!Jluflronol temtorym.pprng t,, Miller. C., Elliot, M. & Alterio. N. 20Ol- Home range of stoats estimatefishe. density. Can. .L ZnL,19:1691-1696. (M urtela emineo) illpodocarpfo.est. soulh Westland, New ( irires. K. F. ?idl. 2U)2. 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