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Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Deep (916 M–2542 M) Coral Sea, North-Eastern Australia

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Black Corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the Deep (916 M–2542 M) Coral Sea, North-Eastern Australia See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327551920 Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the deep (916 m–2542 m) Coral Sea, north-eastern Australia Article in Zootaxa · September 2018 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4472.2.5 CITATION READS 1 231 3 authors, including: Jeremy Horowitz Tom Bridge James Cook University Queensland Museum & Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral… 2 PUBLICATIONS 3 CITATIONS 69 PUBLICATIONS 2,135 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Adressing the ecological aspects of the depth refuge potential for coral reef fishes. View project coral reefs in Aceh View project All content following this page was uploaded by Jeremy Horowitz on 11 September 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Zootaxa 4472 (2): 307–326 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4472.2.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:542D5E73-A1E6-421A-8C4B-72487FA4789B Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the deep (916 m–2542 m) Coral Sea, north-eastern Australia JEREMY HOROWITZ1, DENNIS M. OPRESKO2 & TOM C.L. BRIDGE1,3 1Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 2National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) occur in all the world’s oceans in a wide range of habitats from shallow-water coral reefs to the deep-sea. However, the taxonomy of black corals is poorly known compared to many other anthozoan groups. This knowledge gap is particularly acute for the deep-sea, where collecting specimens is logistically difficult and costly. Here, we identify 21 black coral specimens collected from the western Coral Sea adjacent to north-east Australia. The specimens represent five nominal species from five genera and two families. All species represent new records for the region, including the first record for the family Cladopathidae Brook, 1889. We describe the morphology of these speci- mens, note geographic and bathymetric range expansions, and provide evidence to support the hypothesis that Bathy- pathes seculata Opresko, 2005 is the juvenile stage of Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889, thus warranting synonymization. Our findings demonstrate that deep-sea antipatharians in this region are much more diverse than previously reported. Fur- thermore, this study highlights the importance of museum collections in terms of increasing our understanding of taxon- omy and patterns of biodiversity, particularly for poorly-studied habitats such as the deep-sea. Key words: Biodiversity, Bathypathes, Schizopathes, Parantipathes, Abyssopathes, Heteropathes, Museum collections, CIDARIS expedition Introduction Deep-sea corals (>200 m deep) play important ecological roles by providing three-dimensionality to deep-sea habitats (Roberts & Cairns 2014) and preserving diversity during extreme temperature and sea level changes (Paulay 1990; Pellissier et al. 2014). However, deep-sea diversity and ecosystem functions are threatened by trawling (Pusceddu et al. 2014), mining (Sharma 2015), pollution (Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2013), ocean warming (Roberts & Cairns 2014), and acidification (Roberts & Cairns 2014), and recovery from disturbance is slow (Althaus et al. 2009). Deep-sea corals therefore require adequate protection, but knowledge gaps regarding the distribution of species in deep-sea ecosystems (Danovaro et al. 2010; Woolley et al. 2016) can inhibit effective conservation actions (Bridge et al. 2016; Mace 2004; Ponder et al. 2001). Black corals are found in every ocean and in all marine habitat types at depths from 2 m to 8,600 m (Wagner et al. 2012). Black corals provide important three-dimensional habitat structure and host a rich associated fauna, and are therefore an important component of many benthic ecosystems (Bo et al. 2012; Sánchez 1999; Wagner et al. 2012). However, over 75% of known black coral species occur deeper than 50 m (Cairns 2007), resulting in this group being relatively understudied (Brugler et al. 2013). Acquiring new information to better understand deep-sea black corals is difficult due to depth limitations associated with SCUBA (Bridge et al. 2013), and because expeditions that use unmanned survey technology (e.g., remotely operated vehicles or autonomous underwater vehicles) take years to organize and are expensive to execute (Brandt et al. 2016). Specimens housed in museum collections provide an inexpensive alternative to in-situ surveys of deep-sea Accepted by M. Daly: 7 Aug. 2018; published: 10 Sept. 2018 307 habitats, and can provide a valuable source of information on global biodiversity, particularly for poorly-known invertebrate taxa (Ponder et al. 2001). Museum collections have been utilized to examine species geographic distributions (Skelton et al.1995; Väisänen et al. 1994), including species range expansions (Drinkrow & Cherry 1995; Wernberg et al. 2011), and also to inform conservation actions (Prendergast et al. 1993; Vane-Wright et al. 1994). Given the logistical difficulties associated with studying black corals in the deep-sea, museum records present a unique opportunity to provide information on biodiversity at depth. The western Coral Sea is a global hotspot for marine biodiversity (Tittensor et al. 2010). While the diversity of the continental shelf off north-east Australia, particularly the shallow reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is well established, the vast majority of the Coral Sea consists of deep-sea habitats in depths of 1,000 m–5,000 m. The biodiversity associated with deep-sea habitats in the western Coral Sea remain poorly known compared to the continental shelf (Beaman et al. 2016). For example, only one antipatharian species, Abyssopathes lyra Brook, 1889, has been recorded from the western Coral Sea below 700 m depth (OBIS 2017). This is surprising given that the region lies within the Indo-West Pacific hotspot of marine biodiversity and is known to support a diverse fauna of shallow-water anthozoans, including antipatharians. The CIDARIS project, conducted by the Queensland Museum from 1986 to 1992, collected specimens from the western Coral Sea, and remains one of the few studies of the deep-sea benthos in the region (Davie 2006). Specimens collected during this project led to numerous new species and range expansions of known species (Ahyong 2012; Baba 1994; Crowther et al. 2011). However, the black corals collected during these expeditions were never identified beyond the order level due to a lack of appropriate taxonomic expertise. To address gaps in our understanding of the diversity of deep-sea antipatharians in the region, we used morphological characteristics to identify 21 antipatharian colonies collected during the CIDARIS expeditions from depths of 916 m to 2,542 m. We identified and expanded the ranges of three nominal species including Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889, Schizopathes affinis Brook, 1889, and Abyssopathes lyriformis Opresko, 2002. We also cautiously identified two additional nominal species Parantipathes cf. hirondelle Molodtsova, 2006, and Heteropathes cf. americana Opresko, 2003, although these identifications could not be confirmed conclusively because the specimens lacked polyps and/or stems required to confirm species-level identification. Assuming these identifications are correct, our records would also represent range expansions for P. hirondell e and H. americana. In addition, we developed a growth profile for specimens identified as B. seculata and B. patula to investigate the boundary between these two species. Materials and methods Species identification. We examined 21 specimens collected on CIDARIS expeditions I–III between 1986 and 1992, which are housed in the collections of the Museum of Tropical Queensland (MTQ) (Table 1). Each specimen was identified to the species level based on corallum and skeletal spine attributes as defined in the literature. Corallum attributes examined were branching pattern, stem length, pinnule and subpinnule length and arrangement, and skeletal spine attributes were size, density, morphology and ornamentation (Brook 1889; de Matos et al. 2014, Braga-Henriques et al. 2014; Molodtsova 2006; Opresko 2002; Opresko 2005). Morphological information regarding polyps was included wherever possible, but in most cases, specimens were lacking soft tissue. Skeletal images of specimens were taken using JEOL 5410 LV and Hitachi TM1000 scanning electron microscopes. To prepare specimens for imaging, ~5 cm fragments were cut from the pinnules and/or subpinnules of each specimen. Fragments were immersed in bleach for one to ten minutes (depending on the amount of tissue) to remove the soft tissue and expose the skeleton. Fragments were periodically immersed in 90% ethanol towards the end of the bleaching process to inspect the skeleton, determine if all of the tissue was removed, and ensure that the bleach did not erode the skeleton. Specimens were then dried for 24 hours before being coated with gold. When using the
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