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Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from Brazil: an Overview

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Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from Brazil: an Overview Black corals (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from Brazil: an overview Livia de Laia Loiola Abstract There are few records of black corals (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from Brazil, where there are previous reports of only 18 species from the families Antipathidae, Myrio- pathidae, and Schizopathidae. Most of these records are from the deep-sea, especially from southwestern Atlantic seamounts and the Brazilian continental shelf margins. Most specimens were collected between 13° and 22°S, during a study to survey the living resources off Brazil (REVIZEE Program), carried out by the Brazilian govern- ment. This paper is an historical overview concerning the geographic and bathymet- ric distribution of black coral species reported off Brazil. The genus Chrysopathes is herein reported for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean and the family Aphanipathidae (Subfamilies Acanthopathinae and Aphanipathinae) is reported for the first time in the southwestern Atlantic. Taxonomic studies of deep-sea black corals in Brazil were intensified during the 1990s, specifically due to material collected by the REVIZEE Program, an official project to survey the living resources of the Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone. The Antipatharia specimens provided by this program, collected between 13° and 22°S, were deposited in the Cnidaria Collection of the Museu Nacional–Rio de Janeiro, and they have been examined during the last 6 yrs, especially those from the family Myriopathidae (see Loiola and Castro, 2005). According to Castro et al. (2006), the greatest black coral richness off Brazil occurs in the area near the Cape of São Tomé (about 22°S), in depths between 100 and 500 m, with six species co-occurring there. This paper is an overview of the antipatharians reported off Brazil; the geographic and bathymetric distribution of the families are described and represented in tables and maps. Also, the first records of the genus Chrysopathes in the Atlantic Ocean, and of the family Aphanipathidae, both subfamilies Acanthopathinae and Aphanipathinae, in the southwestern Atlantic, are herein reported, and briefly de- scribed. Previous Records Order Antipatharia Family Antipathidae The majority of black corals reported off Brazil are assigned to Antipathidae, repre- sented by two genera: Antipathes, with three identified species and two different species yet to be identified at the specific level, andCirrhipathes , with one identified species and George, R. Y. and S. D. Cairns, eds. 2007. Conservation and adaptive 253 management of seamount and deep-sea coral ecosystems. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami. 254 LOIOLA Table 1. General information about Antipathidae species that occur off Brazil: species, localities, and references. Species Localities References Antipathes columnaris Northern Bahamas to Brazil (01°N); Opresko, 1974 (Duchassaing, 1870) Caribbean Antipathes atlantica Gray, 1857 West Indies, Brook, 1889; Gulf of Mexico; Cairns et al., 1993; Jamaica and Trinidad; Warner, 1981; Brazil (13°03ʹS–22°22ʹ57ʺS) Loiola and Castro, 2001; Castro et al., 2006 Antipathes furcata Gray, 1857 Madeira; Opresko, 1974; Caribbean; Barbados to Trinidad; Cairns et al., 1993; Gulf of Mexico; Loiola and Castro, 2001; Brazil (20°40ʹS–22°22ʹ57ʺS) Castro et al., 2006 Antipathes sp. 1 Brazil (13°20.87ʹS–19°45ʹ53ʺS) Castro et al., 2006 Antipathes sp. 2 Brazil (18°S) Castro, 1994 Cirrhipathes secchini Brazil (18°S) Castro, 1994; Echeverría, 2002 Echeverría, 2002 Cirrhipathes sp. 1 Brazil (13°03ʹ02ʺS) Castro et al., 2006 Cirrhipathes sp. 2 Brazil (19°37.49ʹS–22°22ʹ57ʺS) Castro et al., 2006 Cirrhipathes sp. 3 Brazil (20°40ʹ27ʺS) Castro et al., 2006 Cirrhipathes sp. 4 Brazil (12°58.65ʹS–22°22ʹ57ʺS) Castro et al., 2006 four species unidentified. General information about records of Antipathidae species that occur in Brazil are shown in Table 1. Genus Antipathes A single specimen of Antipathes columnaris was reported by Opresko (1974, see Ech- everría and Castro, 1995), only from off the Amazon River mouth. Antipathes atlantica is the Antipathidae species reported with a wider latitudinal distribution off the eastern coast of Brazil, in depths between 50–300 m (Loiola and Castro, 2001; Castro et al., 2006). Also from this region, Antipathes furcata was reported at depths of 100–300 m (Loiola and Castro, 2001; Castro et al., 2006). Two unidentifiedAntipathes species were reported: one from deeper areas (66–390 m, see Castro et al., 2006), and another from shallow reef areas (up to 20 m), on the Abrolhos Bank (Castro, 1994). These two species have fan-shaped corallum, branched in a single plane. The geographic distribution of Antipathes species off Brazil, between 13° and 22°S, is shown in Figure 1. Genus Cirrhipathes A species of Cirrhipathes was reported from shallow reef areas (10–25 m) on the Abrolhos Bank (Castro, 1994), and later described as a new species: Cirrhipathes sec- chini. Four unidentified species were reported by Castro et al. (2006) at depths of 50–706 m, off the Brazilian eastern coast. These four species differ with regard to the size and shape of their spines (C. B. Castro, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pers. comm.). The geographic distribution of this genus off Brazil, between 13° and 22°S, is shown in Figure 2. BRAZILIAN BLACK CORALS 255 Figure 1. Distribution of Antipathidae—genus Antipathes, off Brazil, between 13°–22°S: n Anti- pathes atlantica; ▲ Antipathes furcata; ◆ Antipathes sp. 1; ✖ Antipathes sp. 2. Figure 2. Distribution of Antipathidae—genus Cirrhipathes, off Brazil, between 13°–22° S: n Cirrhipathes sp. 1; ◆ Cirrhipathes sp. 2; Cirrhipathes sp. 3; l Cirrhipathes sp. 4. 256 LOIOLA Figure 3. Distribution of Myriopathidae—genus Tanacetipathes, off Brazil, between 13°–22°S: l Tanacetipathes barbadensis (Brook, 1889); n Tanacetipathes tanacetum (Pourtalès, 1880); ◆ Tanacetipathes hirta (Gray, 1857); ✖ Tanacetipathes thamnea (Warner, 1981); ▲ Tanacetipathes longipinnula n. sp.; ✚ Tanacetipathes thalassoros n. sp. Family Myriopathidae Records of Myriopathidae from the eastern coast of Brazil between 13° and 22°S (Fig. 3) include one Plumapathes species and six Tanacetipathes species (Loiola and Castro, 2005). General information about records of Myriopathidae species that occur in Brazil are shown in Table 2. Plumapathes fernandezi (Pourtalès, 1874) was reported by Echeverría (2002) as a unique specimen, collected from off Rio Grande do Sul State, depth unknown. Tanacetipathes barbadensis was reported by Loiola and Castro (2005) in shallow reefs (8–20 m) on the Abrolhos Bank. These specimens are mentioned as Antipathes sp. in Castro (1994), and the same specimens were erroneously identified as Antipathes hirta Gray, 1857 by Echeverría (2002). Tanacetipathes hirta (Gray, 1857) occurs at two points along the Brazilian eastern coast, between 100–417 m (Loiola and Castro, 2005; Castro et al., 2006). Pérez et al. (2005) described Tanacetipathes paula Pérez, Costa and Opresko, 2005 as a new species from the Archipelago of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, but this species was later considered by Loiola and Castro (2005) to be a synonym of Tanacetipathes thamnea. The Myriopathidae species with greater latitudi- nal distribution along the Brazilian eastern coast is T. thamnea, which occurs at depths of 53–558 m (Loiola and Castro, 2005; Castro et al., 2006). Tanacetipathes tanacetum is the most abundant species along Brazilian seamounts and continental slope off the eastern coast. Opresko (1972) mentioned two records of this species (off the Parcel of Manoel Luís, and off the Atol das Rocas). Other records of T. tanacetum are from off southeastern Brazil, at depths ranging from 60 to 706 m (Echeverría and Castro, 1995; Loiola and Castro, 2005; Castro et al., 2006). BRAZILIAN BLACK CORALS 257 Table 2. General information about Myriopathidae species that occur off Brazil: species, localities, and references. Species Localities References Plumapathes fernandezi Eastern Pacific; Opresko, 2001; (Pourtalès, 1874) Brazil (29°–34°S) Echeverría, 2002 Tanacetipathes barbadensis Barbados; Brook, 1889; (Brook, 1889) Trinidad; Warner, 1981; Brazil (18°S) Loiola and Castro, 2005 Tanacetipathes hirta Florida; Brook, 1889; (Gray, 1857) Venezuela; Opresko, 1972 Caribbean; Warner, 1981; Trinidad; Loiola and Castro, 2005; Brazil (19°43.86ʹS–21°38ʹ57ʺS) Castro et al., 2006 Tanacetipathes tanacetum “Lesser Antilles”; Pourtalès, 1880; (Pourtalès, 1880) Brazil (00°17ʹN; 03°50ʹS; Brook, 1889; 19°37.49ʹS–23°01ʹS) Opresko, 1972; Echeverría and Castro, 2005; Loiola and Castro, 2005; Castro et al., 2006 Tanacetipathes thamnea Trinidad; Warner, 1981; (Warner, 1981) Brazil (00°55ʹN; 13°06.79ʹS–20°40, Pérez el al., 2005; 07ʹS) Loiola and Castro, 2005; Castro et al., 2006 Tanacetipathes longipinnula Brazil (20°29.06ʹS–22°22ʹ57˝ S) Loiola and Castro, 2005 Loiola and Castro, 2005 Castro et al., 2006 Tanacetipathes thalassoros Brazil (20°S–20°57ʹS) Loiola and Castro, 2005 Loiola and Castro, 2005 Castro et al., 2006 Two new species of Tanacetipathes were described by Loiola and Castro (2005), Tanacetipathes longipinnula and Tanacetipathes thalassoros, both from off the south- eastern coast of Brazil; the first one at Almirante Saldanha Bank, from 50–300 m, and the second restricted to the Vitória Trindade seamounts chain, at depths of 50–100 m (Loiola and Castro, 2005). Family Schizopathidae The Schizopathidae from Brazil is represented by two specimens, collected off the Bahia State coast (Fig. 4), 2137 m, and identified as Schizopathes affinis
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